Crazy Courage

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Crazy Courage

In her poem, "Crazy Courage," Alma Luz Villanueva asserts that nonconformist

behavior takes immense courage. She is first introduced to Michael B. when he enters her fiction class dressed, as any man would be, in men's clothing. "Moved by the gentleness of his masculinity," she notices the same mild mannered man dressed in a "mini skirt, high boots…and purple tights" enter her poetry class. Daringly carrying "a single, living, red rose, in a vase, to the podium," he "shock[s] the young, seen-it-all MTV crowd-into silence." Not only is it difficult for the visitors to accept his distinctly different attire, but also his mannerisms involving the rose. The sixth stanza describes Michael as having "perfect dignity" while offering this red rose to all those in the crowd vividly watching him. No doubt the awe-struck congregation curiously awaits to investigate the motives of Michael, the scantily clad fellow. And as he holds the rose innocently above the people, he is filled with pride. Not because he feels he is any better than them, but because he wants to offer his way of living to all those who are unwilling to accept his innocent presence. Even to the people "who would kill him, and to those who would love him," Michael expresses his unconventional behavior to both. Strange as is may be to them, he is stronger than anyone who discriminates against him. He knows what he likes and he knows who he is. He has "the crazy courage to be whole, as a rose is whole, as a child is whole." We realize that the nonconformity he cherishes takes immense courage, and he should not be punished for the standards which the visitors believe in, no matter how much they think they are right.

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Pharmacy Technician

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WHAT IS A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN?

A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN is an individual who, under the direct supervision and control of a pharmacist, performs packaging, manipulative, repetitive, or other non-discretionary tasks related to the processing of a prescription in a licensed pharmacy, but excludes all functions restricted to a registered pharmacist. To work as a pharmacy technician in California, you must possess and keep current registration as a pharmacy technician. It takes approximately six weeks to issue a pharmacy technician permit after submission of a complete application package. The board will notify you if it needs additional information.

Effective January 1, 000, an applicant for registration as a pharmacy technician must be a high school graduate or possess a general education development (GED) equivalent AND meet one of the qualification methods (described below). If you were registered as a pharmacy technician in the past and are reapplying, you must meet the educational requirement.

HOW TO APPLY TO BECOME A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN Write your Pharmacy Technician research paper

Your application must include the following

1. A non-refundable fee of $50.

. A completed Application for Registration as a Pharmacy

Technician (17A-5), with all questions answered. You must

sign this form and attach a photograph.

. A copy of Request for Live Scan Service Form verifying that

your fingerprints have been scanned and all applicable fees paid.

4. Documentation demonstrating that you have completed the

qualification requirements

5. Yellow postcard that you have addressed to yourself (this is

your notification that the board has received your application).

QUALIFYING METHODS AND REQUIRED DOCUMENTS

Identify which of the following methods qualifies you for registration as a pharmacy technician, and submit the required document(s) for that method

M e t h o d A

At least an associate of arts degree in a field of study directly related to the duties performed by a pharmacy technician. Directly related fields of study include; but are not limited to, health sciences, biological sciences, physical sciences, or natural sciences.

Submit An official transcript, indicating date of graduation and degree earned, must be sent DIRECTLY to this office from the school(s) you attended.

M e t h o d B

Completion of a training course accredited by the American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP); training provided by a branch of the federal armed forces; or any other course that provides a minimum of 40 hours of theoretical and practical instruction, provided that at least 10 of these hours are in theoretical instruction.

S u b m i t If the course you attended was accredited by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), submit the original certificate displaying the ASHP accreditation seal. If your training was provided by a branch of the federal armed services, submit the original certificate or a certified true copy of your DD14. If you completed any other course, you must request that the course provider send us a transcript or other documentation indicating the date of completion and the number of hours completed in theoretical and practical instruction. Copies of diplomas cannot be accepted.

M e t h o d C

Eligible to take the boards pharmacist licensure examination.

S u b m i t Identify yourself as being a candidate for the licensure examination on the face of the application.

M e t h o d D

At least one year of experience (to include a minimum of 1,500 hours) performing the tasks of a pharmacy technician as outlined in section 17. of the California Code of Regulations in an inpatient hospital, correctional facility, federal installation, out-of-state retail or hospital pharmacy, or within the last three years, as a registered pharmacy technician in California.

S u b m i t Experience affidavit (17A-10) completed by the pharmacist(s) having direct knowledge of your experience certifying that you have completed a minimum of 1,500 hours performing the duties of a pharmacy technician in an inpatient hospital, correctional facility; federal installation, out-of-state retail or hospital pharmacy, or within the last three years, as a registered pharmacy technician in California. If the qualifying experience was obtained in more than one pharmacy, each employer must complete an experience affidavit. Out-of-state pharmacy technicians must request that the board of pharmacy of the state where the experience was gained verify the license status of the pharmacy and the pharmacist completing the experience affidavit. The verification must be sent directly to this office by the out of state board. Failure to do so will delay the issuance of your registration.

M e t h o d E

A minimum of 1,500 hours experience working in a community or outpatient pharmacy performing the duties of a clerk-typist, as specified in section 17. of the California Code of Regulations.

S u b m i t Equivalent experience affidavit (17A-6) certifying to the completion of at least 1,500 hours experience within the last three years in an outpatient or community pharmacy. The form must be completed by the pharmacist having direct knowledge of your experience. If the qualifying experience was obtained in more than one pharmacy, each employer must complete an experience affidavit.

RENEWAL OF REGISTRATION

Approximately six weeks prior to the expiration date of the technician registration, a renewal application is mailed to the last known address of record. It is your responsibility to renew in a timely manner regardless of whether you receive a courtesy renewal notice.

The renewal application and fee are to be returned to the board office allowing sufficient time for processing. Currently it takes approximately 4 to 5 weeks for processing.

CHANGE OF NAME AND/OR ADDRESS

You are required to notify the board of any change in name or address within 0 days. Change of name and/or address may be made on the renewal notice or in writing to the board. Any change of name must be supported with one of the following

Copy of marriage certificate.

Copy of court document authorizing a legal name change.

Clear copy of driver's license and social security card.

ADDRESS CHANGES CANNOT BE ACCEPTED BY E-MAIL - the board must receive a document which bears the applicant/licensee signature in order to change an official address of record.

DUPLICATE/REPLACEMENT LICENSE

If a license has been misplaced or lost, a duplicate license will be issued upon receipt of a complete. Application for Reissue of License and $0 reissue fee.

If you fail to receive a license, the board will reissue a replacement after sufficient time has elapsed for delivery by the postal service. A completed Request for Duplicate/Replacement License, certifying under penalty of perjury that the license has not received, must be received before the printing of a new license will be requested.

RETIRED PHARMACISTS

A pharmacist who has been licensed in California for 0 years or longer and who holds a current, renewable license that is not suspended, revoked, or otherwise disciplined or subject to pending discipline, may request that the license be placed on retired status. A pharmacist holding a retired license cannot engage in any activity for which an active license is required. The retired license does not need to be renewed. However, to restore the license to active status, the pharmacist must take and pass the examination required for initial licensure.

BEING A PRECEPTOR

A preceptor is a pharmacist, licensed in good standing, who accepts the responsibility and takes the time to educate and train an intern in practical experiences. The preceptor is ultimately responsible for the professional activities performed by the intern while under his or her supervision.

When considering whether to serve as a preceptor ask yourself

What is the breadth of my experience as a pharmacist

and can I share this with an intern?

Do I actively participate in continuing education programs

and preceptor training conferences?

Am I able to spend time providing instruction to an intern?

Am I able to use effective communication skills from which

the intern can learn?

The setting in which you practice is as important as your willingness to teach. The ideal pharmacy for pharmacy interns incorporates practices and attitudes befitting the professional activities that are performed. It has an adequate set of reference materials, a computerized patient profile system, sufficient clerical help to enable you time to work with the intern, and a clean and inviting environment. The pharmacy should exemplify the highest standards of the profession.

CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION

A pharmacy technician registration may be cancelled 60 days after the expiration date. If a technician registration is cancelled, it may not be renewed. Returning to work as a technician in California will require the submission of a new application with the appropriate fees and meeting the current requirements.

Things You Always Wanted to Know

About the Board of Pharmacy

but were afraid to ask!

What is the California State Board of Pharmacy?

The California Board of Pharmacy was formed in 181 to function as a state health regulatory agency. In 171, the Board became part of the Department of Consumer Affairs, which is part of the executive branch of the government of the State of California.

The Board of Pharmacy consists of 11 members who are appointed to four year terms. Members can serve only two terms. The governor appoints seven registered pharmacists who reside in different parts of the state and two public members. The Senate Rules Committee and the Speaker of the Assembly each appoint one public member. Public members are not licentiates of this Board or any other Board under this division.

Members of the Board appoint the executive officer who directs the Boards operations and oversees a staff of 50, including 18 inspectors who are registered pharmacists.

The Board is totally self-funded and receives no tax money from the General Revenue Fund of the State of California. Funds necessary for its operation are generated primarily through its licensing fees.

What is the Boards purpose?

The Boards purpose is to serve the public by

Protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the people of California with integrity and honesty;

Advocating the highest quality of affordable pharmaceutical care;

Providing the best available information on pharmaceutical care; and

Promoting education, wellness and quality of life.

How does the Board accomplish its purpose?

The Board accomplishes its purpose by ensuring that pharmacists provide patients with pharmaceutical care by dispensing information; by protecting patients from drug misadventures; and by taking responsibility for therapeutic outcomes resulting from their decisions.

The Board further ensures that

The quality skills of those entering pharmacy practice are maintained by requiring candidates for the Boards licensing examination to have graduated from accredited pharmacy schools and have completed a minimum of 1,500 hours of internship in both community and hospital pharmacies. Additionally, continuing education is required for pharmacist license renewal.

The Boards enforcement of regulations is another way in which the Board seeks to protect the public from the misuse and diversion of prescription drugs from pharmacies.

The Boards enforcement efforts are focused toward the improvement of therapeutic outcomes and compliance with the highest standards of pharmaceutical care.

Who does the Board regulate?

The Board of Pharmacy regulates the pharmacy practice of pharmacists, interns, pharmacy technicians, and exemptees (those who are involved with the wholesale or manufacturer of drugs and medical devices, but not required to hold a pharmacist license).

The Board also regulates all types of firms that distribute prescription drugs and devices in California, including community pharmacies and those located in hospitals, clinics, home and community support services facilities, and out-of-state

How does the Board resolve complaints?

A primary way the Board protects the public is through the investigation of consumer inquiries and complaints involving the pharmaceutical care patients have received. The Board advocates and enforces laws that protect the health and safety of patients and encourages the submission of complaints and inquiries from the public.

Each complaint is evaluated to determine if the complaint involves a pharmacist, pharmacy, or firm regulated by the Board, and whether the complaint involves a violation of California Pharmacy Law.

If the complaint is within the Boards jurisdiction, the complaint may be referred to an inspector who will contact you for additional information about the complaint, or a consumer services representative may resolve your complaint.

If the complaint is not within Boards jurisdiction, it may be closed with no action taken or referred to another agency. In any case, you will be advised of the Boards action on your complaint.

Many complaints are closed with a verbal or written warning that becomes part of the licensees record. However, a complaint could result in disciplinary action being taken against the licensee. The action may range from reprimand to revocation of the license with loss of the right to practice or operate a pharmacy.

The Board does not represent the person making the complaint individually and does not seek restitution or money damages on behalf of any individual.

How do I file a complaint with the Board?

Complaints may be filed by writing to

Board of Pharmacy

400 R Street, Suite 4070

Sacramento, CA 5814-67

(16) 445-5014

Will I be told of the status and resolution of my complaint?

The Board will notify you in writing when the complaint is resolved unless you inform us that you would prefer not to receive written notification. However, no information may be released if an investigation relating to the complaint is in progress.

How does the Board discipline pharmacists or pharmacies?

The Board may reprimand, cancel, suspend, or revoke the license of a pharmacist or pharmacy that is found to have violated pharmacy or drug laws.

During disciplinary proceedings, licensees may be represented by an attorney and are given an opportunity to demonstrate their compliance with the law. Once the Board has taken action against the licensee, he or she has the right to appeal the action to state courts.

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In consultation with your supervisor select a broad research topic (the obvious choice would be your own research area). Then select of the perspectives covered in Part A. At least one of these must be from A or A. Discuss the ways in which each perspective (i) might affect the selection of research questions to be addressed and (ii) the methodological approach taken to your selected research area.

The term positivism is commonly supposed to have originated with Comte, and in particular his Cours de philosophie positive (6 vols, 180-4), and is often used by social scientists to refer to a group of approaches to research practise that share a number of characteristics. The most important of these characteristics are,

(i) the view that a material world exists independently of our knowledge of it, and

(ii) that we must rely upon observation of this material world to develop successful theories.

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Positivism in philosophy has come to be associated with epistemologies, (theories of knowledge and how it is acquired), which make the experience the foundation of all knowledge, and also with their complementary ontologies, (theories of what exists), which propose a division between objects which are accessible and to observation and objects which are not. This has led to positivism in sociology coming to be associated with the very idea of a social science and the quest to make sociology scientific.

The earliest ideas of positivism were developed from attempts to systematically arrange the successful approaches of natural scientists. A vast amount of today's natural scientists still remain in the belief of positivism and they claim that this is the only proper way to pursue knowledge.

It has been common for logical positivists to also be known as the Vienna Circle, named after the group of philosophers, mathematicians and scientists who founded and developed the ideas relating to positivism in Vienna during the 10s and 10s. Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath and Karl Menger were included within this group and they built on earlier positivist ideas (often related to as classical positivism) particularly associated with the work of Comte.

The positivist perspective might affect the selection of research questions to be addressed as assumptions of the positivist approach are that reality is objective and singular, apart from the researcher and the researcher themselves are independent from that which is being researched. The role of values within a positivist approach is that it is value-free and unbiased, meaning that all angles are covered, while the language of the research is very much formal, with an impersonal voice and is based on a key set of definitions. Positivists have a strong belief in empiricism, the idea that observation and measurement are the core of scientific endeavour and they reject primacy of deductive reasoning. All these might affect the selection of research questions as the assumptions must be met for the approach to be a positivist one. 1

In his overall view, Kolakowski presents positivism as a collection of rules and evaluative criteria for referring to human knowledge, and he regulated four main rules that indicate what accounts as knowledge and what may reasonably be asked (Kolakowski, 166). These rules might affect the selection of research questions to be addressed, and are as follows

1) The rule of phenomenalism,

) The rule of nominalism,

) The rule that refuses to call value judgements and normative statements knowledge, and

4) Beliefs in the essential unity of the scientific method.

The rule of phenomenalism states that "We are entitled to record only that which is actually manifested in experience" (p.11). Kolakowski stresses that "positivists do not object to inquiry into the immediately invisible causes of any observed phenomenon, they object only to any accounting for it in terms of occult entities that are by definition inaccessible to human knowledge" (p.1). This rule presents three difficulties which might affect the selection of research questions. First is the idea that we can know reality only on the basis of experience may be thought to provide a warrant for empiricism and induction, second is that the emphasis on experience would seem to necessitate a neutral observation language for the recording of experience and third, it is difficult to be sure just what is in principle accessible to observation.

The rule of nominalism follows from the first rule and is often merged with it. It states "that we may not assume that any insight formulated in general terms can have any real referents other than individual facts" (p.15). Kolakowski continues stating "according to nominalism, every abstract science is a method of abridging the recording of experience and gives us no extra, independent knowledge in the sense that, via its abstractions, it opens access to empirically inaccessible domains of reality" (p.15). So this mans that the general entities of metaphysics are dismissed as fictions, "for they illegitimately ascribed existence things that have no existence save as names or words "(p.16).

The rule that refuses to call value judgement and normative statements knowledge states that "judgements of value have no empirical content of a sort which renders them accessible to any tests of their "validity" in the light of experience (Giddens, 174, p.).

The final rule, belief in the essential unity of the scientific method, argues that the unity of science stems from a single fundamental law from which all other laws are ultimately derived. As this covers most possibilities, it is essential that the idea of the unity of scientific method be given a specific meaning or otherwise it becomes the kind of notion that one can accept or reject without making any difference either way. All four of these rules would affect the selection of questions if taking a positivist approach.

A positivist methodological approach to the regeneration of Cardiff Bay, my chosen research topic, would very much be a deductive process, which clearly states both the cause and effect of the research. There would be a static design that would visibly state where the different categories would be isolated before the study commenced. The methodological research context is reduced to a limited number of variables to be isolated and these are studied in a non-linear manner with the researcher seeking generalisable findings and clear explanations. It is common for a positivist approach to be seen as striving for principles or generalisations. This would be a typical positivist methodological approach to research.

A positivist methodological approach would be a quantitative approach and would very much depend on quantitative data with the inclusion of a large amount of statistics. There has been a dominance of quantitative methods based on positivist philosophy, but these have been challenged since the early 160's and this has led to a series of debates classed as "paradigm wars". The following model shows a paradigm of positivist research. The person as a machine is used as a metaphor underpinning much of positivist research

Positivist Model

Knowledge as Accumulation of Facts

Correspondencetheory of truth Nomothetic

PERSON

Erklären

AS

Explanatory Reliability +Validity

MACHINE

Rules Generalisations

UnilateralControl Reductionist Non Interactive

This metaphor approach was taken from Pope and Denicolo (001, ch.). Positivist approaches have largely been based on the notion that, if a sufficient number of relevant facts are assembled, the laws governing these facts will reveal themselves.

Interpretative approaches to research can be seen as a group of approaches that are united in a critique of positivism. The philosophical approaches that make up the interpretative approaches reject logical positivism and logical empiricism and the Interpretivist's view is that they reject the view that science is a way to get at real truths which correspond to the world as it is. Interpretativists reject the positivist belief in empiricism and they also reject the Lockean epistemological view of the mind as a blank table in which knowledge is imprinted on the mind by the senses in the form of sense-data. Interpretativists have moved away from this static and passive view of knowledge and have moved more towards an adaptive and active view.

The interpretative perspective might affect the selection of research questions to be addressed as assumptions of the interpretative approaches are very much more qualitative and reality is subjective and multiple as seen by participants in a study and the researcher interacts with that which is being researched. An axiological assumption of an interpretative perspective is very much value-laden and biased. The language of research is informal and decisions relating to the research are evolved as opposed to have a set of definitions, while is a constant personal voice. All of these assumptions might affect the selection of research questions to be addressed.

The individual is the main focus in interpretative approaches and this was highlighted by Kant, a leading philosopher of the Enlightenment, when he proposed that it is people who construct their world and he believed in the fundamental freedom of the individual as well as that individuals are the basis for all ethical ideas and the freedom of individuals is necessary for the development of ethics.

The methodological approach taken to the regeneration of the Cardiff Bay area from a interpretative perspective would very much be a qualitative one, with the emphasis being on qualitative data. The methodological approach would be an inductive process with a mutual and simultaneous shaping of factors. There would be an emerging design as opposed to a static one where the categories would be identified during the research process. The context of the research would be bound, as opposed to a positivist view where the context is free. Within the methodological approach there would be patterns and theories that would be developed for understanding and these approaches would be accurate and reliable through the verification of the research. Using the metaphor approach taken from Pope and Denicolo (001, ch.), would lead to the following as a paradigm for interpretative research

Interpretative Model4

Knowledge as Construction of Reality

Coherentisttheory of truth Idiographic

PERSON

Verstehen

AS

Descriptive Authenticity

SCIENTIST

Utility

Praxis

Bilateral Control Holistic Interactive

The paradigm on the previous page shows an interpretativist model, with the notion of the person as a scientist as the pivotal theme.

Overall there are many perspectives of research with positivist approaches and interpretativist approaches being only two examples, but I feel that they show the differences within the methodological approaches for the different perspectives. Taking different approaches and perspectives towards research can mean that you get different outcomes and results as you approach the research from a different angle. It is crucial that you apply the right approach to research and to obtaining knowledge in order to understand the meaning and interpretations of the results gathered.

Baker A.R.H and Gregory D (184) Explorations in Historical Geography. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Bhaskar R (178) A Realist Theory of Science. Brighton Harvester.

Donnelly J (000) Realism and International Relations. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Giddens A (176) New Rules of Sociological Methods A positive Critique of Interpretative Sociologies. London Hutchinson.

Hallpike C.R (188) The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford Clarendon Press.

Keat R and Urry J (175) - Social Theory as Science. London Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Kolakowski L (166) Positivist Philosophy From Hume to the Vienna Circle. Harmondsworth Penguin

May T (001) - Social research issues, methods and process. (rd Edn) Buckingham Open University Press.

Pope M.L and Denicolo P.M (001) - Transformative Education Personal Construct Approaches to Practice and Research. London Whurr.

Vygotsky L.S (178) - Mind in Society. Cambridge Harvard University Press.

Please note that this sample paper on In consultation with your supervisor select a broad research topic (the obvious choice would be your own research area). Then select 2 of the perspectives covered in Part A. At least one of these must be from A2 or A3. Discuss the ways in which each per is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on In consultation with your supervisor select a broad research topic (the obvious choice would be your own research area). Then select 2 of the perspectives covered in Part A. At least one of these must be from A2 or A3. Discuss the ways in which each per, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on In consultation with your supervisor select a broad research topic (the obvious choice would be your own research area). Then select 2 of the perspectives covered in Part A. At least one of these must be from A2 or A3. Discuss the ways in which each per will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Luccent Layoff

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One of the most important parts of any company is the interior organization. Without a solid organization on the interior, there will be no chance for the cooperation to face the general and task environments. In order for the organization to remain solid there must be managers and supervisors who put trust into their employees but at the same time also make sure that the work that they produce is not only satisfactory but also legitimate. Major scrutiny of cooperation's employees usually takes place when there is money being lost due to the situation or when the company as a whole has forecasted or experienced financial challenges.

The article I chose to use deals with Lucent Technologies Inc., and making a managerial decision after being notified about a possible fraud. Lucent Technologies fired a physicist who worked at their Bell Labs division, saying that he had fabricated and falsified numerous research results in the past four years. Several months ago they were informed that they might have a conflict on their hands with the reportings found by Jan Hendrick Schon. The company decided that they would investigate the matters using an outside expert. Schon was a thirty-two year old physicist who had authored more then twenty high profile papers related to a new kind of semiconductors and transistors. The cooperation has been suffering nine-straight losing quarters, and through it all Jan Schon was the only bright spot for the company, which is facing even worse financial problems in the months to come. Lucent will be laying off 50,000 employees, although the Bell Labs division only makes up 1% of Lucent's budget, the firing of Schon was immanent because all of the questions raised about Schon's finding have been proved as fabricated.

This is a perfect example of self examination amongst a cooperation, where the managers are faced with a problem and come through with a definitive decision that will not only save the company a small amount of money, it will also save the company embarrassment and possible lawsuits for falsified information. Through an investigation the company was able to find the problem and resolve it. The committee was made up of four independent physicists, which accused Schon of sixteen instances of scientific misconduct between 18 and 001, including some instances of data fabrication. After his release from Lucent, the company has been doing everything in its power to put space between itself and Schon's findings and publishings. Through the investigation and it's findings Lucent was able to make a bound decision because it new the course of their action would only benefit the company.

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This novel is basically about our fascination with deadly things, our insistence on answers when there are none, and about terror and courage in the face of the unknowable. The story starts out in the year 17 in rural Pennsylvania. The state police of Troop D had been keeping a secret out in Shed B behind the barracks. When troopers Ennis Rafferty and Curtis Wilcox answered a call from a gas station and returned to base with an abandoned Buick Roadmaster. From the second they got that car back to the barracks, they knew immediately that this one was just plain wrong. Curt's avid curiosity got the better of him and they began to investigate it as much as they could, and dared to. Over the years, the troop absorbed the mystery as part of their background to their work, the Buick 8 sitting out there like a still-life painting that breathes�inhaling a little bit of this world, exhaling a little bit of whatever world it came from. What I mean by that is that all throughout the book, scenes are described about experimental things being put into the car in numerous different places. The car would then, when no one's around, literally inhale whatever animal was in there, open its trunk, and return some odd living organism from it's world. Examples would be that a frog was put in the car, and it returned some odd flower looking plant. It inhaled one of the troopers (Ennis Rafferty), and returned to them a bird with completely different anatomy than any bird on earth. The significance of all these things is that they would begin to smoke and dissipate the second they got a breath of our oxygenated air. This was a clear indication that the car was definitely not of this world. As the book goes on, more scenes of this nature are described in detail and to know how the book ends I'll let you go ahead and read it yourself.

Please note that this sample paper on stephen king's "from a buick 8" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on stephen king's "from a buick 8", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on stephen king's "from a buick 8" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Motivation

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WHAT IS ISDN

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is an all-digital communications network designed to bring the power of the digital network directly to the desktop. ISDN, or Integrated Services Digital Network, is a suite of internationally-adopted standards for end-to-end digital communication over the public telephone network. As this network has been traditionally oriented towards voice services, ISDN is an important step forward in the adaptation of the network to handle the increasing global demand for computer-to-computer data communications. ISDN brings us closer to the goal of a ubiquitous multi-service network, integrating voice, data, video and image services in a digital format over a common, global network. ISDN is as easy to use as analog but offers much more. For example, you can utilize the two 64 kbps B channels as individual voice and data lines at the same time. You can use one channel to talk while youre using the second to send data files. Or, with ISDNs BONDING capability, you can aggregate both lines into a single high-speed 18 kbps link for dependable transmission thats four times faster than a 8.8 kbps modem.

Other benefits includeVoice, data and video can all be sent over a single ISDN line. ISDN connections are made almost instantly - typically less than a second - unlike modems and analog lines which require 0 to 60 seconds before any data can be transmitted. Because its a digital service, ISDN offers near-perfect line quality thats far superior to analog - so line conditions never force you to fall back to a slower speed

THE HISTOTY OF ISDN

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The early phone network consisted of a pure analog system that connected telephone users directly by a mechanical interconnection of wires. This system was very inefficient, was very prone to breakdown and noise, and did not lend itself easily to long-distance connections. Beginning in the 160s, the telephone system gradually began converting its internal connections to a packet-based, digital switching system. Today, nearly all voice switching in the U.S. is digital within the telephone network. Still, the final connection from the local central office to the customer equipment was, and still largely is, an analog Plain-Old Telephone Service (POTS) line.

ISDN has been in the making for over a decade and is just beginning to become widely available in the United States. Europe and Japan have enjoyed large-scale deployment of ISDN services for years. North America has just over 70 percent deployment, with availability in most major metropolitan areas. The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-TSS), formerly known as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT), is a United Nations organization that coordinates international telecommunications. It was the intention of the ITU-TSS to standardize global telecommunications by implementing ISDN. The idea of standardization is widely accepted but the implementation of ISDN has been slow in coming. AT&T and Northern Telecom are the two major manufacturers of ISDN switches used by telephone companies. Each manufacturer took different steps to provide the ITU-TSS standards for their equipment, and the end result has been incompatibilities with hardware and software. The incongruities stifled the expansive deployment of ISDN since telephone companies have resisted purchasing products that are incompatible with

their existing equipment.

National ISDN 1 (NISDN-1) is a United States-specific implementation of ISDN that was adopted by the telecommunications industry in 11. NISDN-1 was intended to provide conformity to service users regardless of the equipment or software utilized. However, it wasn't until November 1 that the Transcontinental ISDN Project 1 (TRIP ') was held in Reston, Virginia. TRIP ' was a trade show with exhibits from vendors, proving that ISDN standardized products and services were available along with applications to support them. Also, the exposition featured the "Golden Splice" event which marked the advent of transcontinental ISDN service. NISDN-1 addresses three areas 1) standardizing equipment and services, ) standardizing telephone company procedures for operation, and ) standardizing communication among central offices. Unfortunately, the NISDN-1 standards are not accepted by all service providers. Southwestern Bell Corp. and U.S. West Inc. do not plan to deploy NISDN-1 services due to incompatibilities with their existing ISDN networks.

NETWORK EVOLUTION

Sixties - Digital Carrier

The telecommunications network began to evolve toward digital transmittion with the introduction of digital carrier facilities between toll/tandem offices and local offices. This necessitated the use of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters

Seventies - Digital Toll Offices

During the seventies, telephone companies added digital toll/tandem offices into the network. The reduced the need for back-to-end, analog-to-analog digital (A/D) converts.

Early Eighties - Digital Local Offices

The digital trend continued into the early eighties with the introduction of digital end or local offices

Late Eighties - ISDN

Beginning in the late eighties and continuing into the nineties, the introduction of ISDN added end-to-end digital connectivity to the network

THE BASÝC OF ISDN

ISDN is based on a number of fundamental building blocks. First, there are two types of ISDN channels or communication paths

B-channel

The Bearer (B) channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for voice, video, data, or multimedia calls. B-channels can be aggregated together for even higher bandwidth applications.

D-channel

The Delta (D) channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel used primarily for communications (or signaling) between switching equipment in the ISDN network and the ISDN equipment at your site.

These ISDN channels are delivered to the user in one of two pre-defined configurations

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

BRI is the ISDN service most people use to connect to the Internet. An ISDN BRI connection supports two 64 kbps B-channels and one 16 kbps D-channel over a standard phone line. BRI is often called B+D referring to its two B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel on a BRI line can even support low-speed (.6 kbps) X.5 data, however, this is not a very popular application in the United States.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

ISDN PRI service is used primarily by large organizations with intensive communications needs. An ISDN PRI connection supports 64 kbps B-channels and one 64 kbps D-channel (or B+D) over a high speed DS1 (or T-1) circuit. The European PRI configuration is slightly different, supporting 0B+D.

BRI is the most common ISDN service for Internet access. A single BRI line can support up to three calls at the same time because it is comprised of three channels (B+D). Two voice, fax or data conversations, and one packet switched data conversation can take place at the same time. Multiple channels or even multiple BRI lines can be combined into a single faster connection depending on the ISDN equipment you have. Channels can be combined as needed for a specific application (a large multimedia file transfer, for example), then broken down and reassembled into individual channels for different applications (normal voice or data transmissions).

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a fully digital communications technology implemented throughout the infrastructure of the existing worldwide telephone network. ISDN uses a standard phone line (a copper wire pair) in a home or office and converts it from a single analog circuit into multiple high speed digital circuits capable of transmitting audio, still images, motion video, and text data simultaneously. ISDN services make possible videoconferencing and other real time data-intensive applications, and it does so at a price comparable to standard analog service.

Standard telephone service requires a separate phone line for each device to be used simultaneously. Not only can multiple lines be expensive, but the amount of information that can be transmitted is limited with analog service; current technology allows 56 kilobits per second (Kbps). ISDN, however, provides multiple channels to operate concurrently on the same pair of wires, and each channel is capable of transmitting at 64 Kbps. Additionally, digital transmissions

allow for reduced noise and interference on the carrier channels.

ISDN provides services and capabilities not available through standard telephone service. ISDN furnishes these services through a digital package when a call is initiated. The digital packet includes information regarding 1) who is calling, ) the type of call (data/voice/etc...), and ) the number dialed, if more than one number is used for a single ISDN line. With the information provided, ISDN equipment can determine how to handle a call, based on user-defined

preferences. Calls can be accepted, rejected or even rerouted. Data calls can even be routed to an Internet Protocol (IP) address.

BENEFITS OF ISDN

Digital Network

From a users point of view, digital network offers

· increased capacity,

· improved noise reduction,

and

· the ability to transmit both voice and data.

Digital Signaling

Digital signaling offers

· speed,

· access to custom-calling and data-transmittion features,

and

· potential access to a variety of data-based services.

ISDN offers variable, responsive transmission speeds. Two or more channels can be combined into a single larger transmission pipe.

Channels can be assembled as needed for a specific application (a large video conference, for example), and then broken down and reassembled into different groups for different applications (normal voice or data transmissions).

Combining B-channels in this manner is called inverse multiplexing, or bonding.

ISDN is a network architecture that compines all of the advantages of the digital network and digital common-channel signaling and makes them available to the telecommunications user.

ISDN BRI service can use data compression which boosts the 18 Kbps transmission rate to between 56 Kbps and 6 Kbps, depending upon the compression ratio used.

It handles all types of information. Unlike some other digital communications technologies, ISDN handles all types of information - voice, data, studio-quality sound, still and moving images. They are all digitized, and transmitted at high speeds in the same flow of data.

ISDN handles many devices and many telephone numbers, on the same line. Up to eight separate telephones, fax machines or computers can be linked to a single ISDN connection, and have up to 64 call appearances of the same or different telephone numbers.

As many as eight separate devices (telephones, computers, fax machines, and more) can be connected to the same ISDN line and each given as many separate telephone numbers as needed.

This means that it is no longer necessary to have multiple telephone lines to handle multiple telephone devices, or multiple telephone numbers, or multiple telephone calls. One ISDN line does it all.

It can support up to three calls at the same time. Two voice, fax or PC conversations, and one data conversation can take place at the same time, through the same ISDN connection.

Perhaps the most important single feature of ISDN, is that it offers inexpensive dialed digital access to the worldwide telecommunications network.

It is no longer necessary to lease costly dedicated lines for high-speed digital transmission, or to limit data speed and accuracy by using modems to convert digital signals to analog pulses.

Digital-to-analog conversions will go away. Modems to convert the digital signals of PCs, computers, LANs, and other devices to the analog signals needed for an analog network will be replaced.

Instead, high-speed pulses will flow directly from one digital device to another through a totally digital network.

Many digital connections will become dialed, not dedicated. It will no longer be necessary to lease expensive dedicated digital lines simply to link a high-speed data device to the network.

The deciding factor will be the economics of how fast the line must be and how frequently it is used.

LAN protocols such as IP and IPX are better supported by ISDN connections across WANs due to faster connect times (between 1 and 4 seconds) than analog service (between 10 and 40 seconds).

ISDN is compatible with other WAN services like X.5, Frame Relay, Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS) and higher speed services like Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

THE FUTURE

There is and for years has been a global push to become a digital world. The main evidence of the digital age is the internetworking of computers, providing access to a wealth of resources and information.

ISDN technology, although plagued by political issues, is a cost-effective means to connect communication equipment of all types. As more of the compatibility issues are resolved, ISDN services will increasingly become the service of choice for businesses and residential customers. The rise in popularity should drive down equipment costs and make connection devices readily available off-the-shelf.

Although other digital services are competitive, most require expensive dedicated lines or possess inherent shortcomings like slow speed. ISDN technology is standardized and provides dynamic high speed end-to-end digital connectivity over the existing worldwide telephone network.

ISDN continues to evolve with broadband ISDN availability in the near future. With ATM-based technology providing B-ISDN transmission speeds up to 600 Mbps or more, one would be hard-pressed to find a viable affordable alternative

With ISDNs widespread availability and ease of use, more and more functions will arise benefitting from ISDN services. These up and coming functions are described below.

Telemedicine In the future, the use of ISDN as a video connection will be an economical alternative to patients that has already been diagnosed.

Customer Services Rather than sending programmers and technical staffs to site, software problems can now be solved remotely! ISDN connection will reduce response time and get customers to the right programmers faster.

Home/Remote Banking Services Services like this take very long for staffs to verify and approve banking services. With the ease of ISDN and computer, a banks accessibility reach beyond working hours and its regionality will be expanded when more banks merge together in banking services.

Distance Learning It will allow training, education and institutions from many remote sites. As you can see here, this interactive learning package that you ae using now is in fact one. Imagine Internet loading twice as fast with more graphics/animations and sounds

Please note that this sample paper on motivation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on motivation, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on motivation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge

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As I listen to "Smells Like Teen Spirit" I recall the very first time I heard the song in my year in Israel. A group of friends and I had spontaneously decided to skip a whole afternoon of studies in Yeshiva, though I had hardly ever skipped class before, and never a whole afternoon. I had been maintaining an obedient attendance record merely to live up to my Rabbis expectations; I had felt an obligation to maintain an acceptable image for them. However, that day I felt a desperate need to unwind from the very demanding ten-hour days in Yeshiva, six days a week. I had tagged along with friends unknowing that that evening would forever influence my uneasy attitudes.

My friends and I ended up going into town, and lounging around outside a coffee shop. I can recall a moment of concern overcome me as we all sat outside socializing in the unnerving scene of Ben Yehudah. But as the vigorous bangs of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" grabbed my attention I remember this uneasiness quickly turning into a feeling of heedlessness. It was more than just heedlessness; it was forceful heedlessness. As I listened to the overwhelming dynamic sounds of the guitar and drums I experienced a passionate angry discharge, which later resulted in mere carelessness. I felt as if I had just taken Kurt Cobain's place and was screaming the lyrics at the top of my own lungs.

This tremendous sensation lasted for nearly five minutes, as the song came to an end. I was left with a feeling of great ease. I had released all my tensions and concerns without moving a finger, by merely listening to Nirvana.

This is why grunge music and Nirvana in particular became extremely successful in the early ninety's. Grunge made a connection with people then and still continues to globally connect to millions of music fans around the world. For me, Nirvana's music influenced me not to mind (or "Nevermind") or over-esteem what people think or expect of you. I learned to just relax and live up to my own standards, instead of others'. I assume many have had similar reactions as I had, towards grunge music, and this is the reason for grunge's renown and Nirvana's record-breaking stardom.

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Interestingly enough, the eighth greatest moment in rock music history, according to Entertainment Weekly, was in January 11, 1, "when Nirvana's Nevermind knocked Michael Jackson's Dangerous out of Billboard's Number 1 album spot. The resulting shift in popular tastes toppled pop poseurs from Gerardo to Poison. Even casual music fans knew the biz was changed forever" ("The 100 Greatest Moments In Rock Music"). I, myself, remember Michael Jackson being the biggest pop sensation, at a time when music did not even interest me. I recall my older siblings and their friends waiting a whole hour to see a five-minute clip of Jackson's latest music video on television, simply because they did not want to miss a second of it. Months later I remember incuriously noticing all this hype on Michael Jackson all of a sudden dying out, unaware of the cause of Jackson's defeat. This prodigy that defaced Michael Jackson's undying name must

have, therefore, been an extraordinary phenomenon. Entertainment Weekly further describes Nirvana's role in this significant turning point in music history

The 50,000 copies shipped on its September 4, 11, release suggest that Nirvana's Nevermind- a slacker shrug of a title- wasn't exactly a corporate priority. But when the video for "Smells Like Teen Spirit" hit MTV five days later, the pop landscape quaked. Beneath the song's "well, whatever, nevermind" offhandedness burned the as-yet-and rock music that had become toothless entertainment… "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (from Nevermind) became the anthem of disaffected youth around the world ("100 Greatest Moments…").

As one can see, Nirvana was not just another ordinary underground band. They were destined to conquer the passing rock music scene and, almost single-handedly, steer pop culture towards grunge. Grunge was no longer just a sub-style of rock; Nirvana had catalyzed grunge into a movement.

But before going into this grunge movement, it is beneficial to gain a background of grunge and the elements that shaped this remarkable sub-style of rock music. "Grunge," normally a slang term conveying filth or dirt, denotes the combination of "murky" guitar distortions, pained vocals, and lyrics filled with apprehension and discontent ("Rock Music"). Nirvana ideally suits these grunge qualities. In "Smells Like Teen Spirit" Kurt Cobain produces such piercing cries and handles his guitar with such aggressiveness that he leaves one with irritated eardrums. "Grunge," a sub style of alternative rock music that flourished in the late 180's and early 10's, was first used

to describe the guitar bands that brought together the different elements of rock and roll, punk rock, and heavy metal into their music (Henrik). Though grunge did in fact flourish in the late 80's and early 0's, it did not reach its peak until 1, that is when Nirvana released their pop album, Nevermind. I therefore find it safe to say that Nirvana was to grunge what Elvis was to rock 'n' roll. Sure grunge existed before Nirvana, but Nirvana lead grunge into early 0's pop culture.

In Jeffrey D. Archibald's dissertation, Smells Like Grunge Spirit, he provides a thorough analysis of different sociological and cultural components that he believes eventually lead to the formation of the music genre of grunge. He specifically concentrates on the "Seattle grunge scene," as he calls it, where grunge music originated, but he also goes into depth in regard to different grunge groups. One of Archibald's sources, Shevory, provides detailed research on grunge on a more historical aspect. He concentrates on grunge music participants, from grunge musicians to record label representatives. According to Shevory, the Melvins were the first grunge band, which formed in 180. However, Soundgarden and Green River were the first bands to gain great recognition. Mother Love Bone were also another significant band that emerged from Seattle's developing grunge scene. Pearl Jam, one of grunge's biggest stars, was another great band in Seattle that dominated this music genre (Smells Like Grunge Spirit). But again, Nirvana were the grunge band. If one attempts to research grunge, or grunge groups, (s) he will find it almost impossible finding a source that does not mention Nirvana. In conducting my own research, I could not find a single encyclopedia entry or

magazine article that did not refer to Nirvana. In fact most, if not all, of my sources even discussed them to some extent. Though Nirvana was not in fact the first grunge band or the first to be recognized, they were "the biggest stars of the early grunge explosion" (Archibald).

This "grunge explosion," was influenced by several factors. According to two websites, most grunge groups were born between the 150's and the 160's, growing up during the 170's. This was around the time that early rock music was just being refined and accepted by society ("Alternative Rock"). However, these grunge rockers had simply tired of the mid 180's classic rock music that dominated radio airwaves, and they wanted to hear something new. They believed their taste was different and would therefore remain unpopular (Benner). One can only imagine the disappointment these grunge rockers felt when turning on the radio. Today, almost anyone can turn on the radio and be content with a certain radio station. Then there was a whole community that were not filled with satisfaction when listening to contemporary rock music, and they felt it was up to them to create this music that they themselves could love and appreciate. So grunge rockers' different taste in music lead to the experimental and the then-unknown styles of grunge.

Different bands also influenced grunge and its styles. As a professional website on alternative rock explains, grunge rockers looked for inspiration from an earlier generation of erratic performers of the United States and Britain. Of the 170's bands, they worshipped the rough aggressiveness of the Sex Pistols and the Clash. They also

honored the defying art forms of the Velvet Underground, Patti Smith, and the Stooges. Of the 180's, they positively recognized bands that had operated out of their own garages and that later became part of labels and clubs that shared their faithful independence, such as the Replacements and Husker Du ("Alternative Rock"). These influencers give us a sense as to why grunge music is very intense and provocative. Grunge music is therefore a combination of different aspects of these role models' music. Though these role models did influence the shaping of this successful music genre, most of them did not enjoy much long-lasting success.

On the contrary, when Nirvana released "Smells Like Teen Spirit" from their 11 album, "Nevermind," grunge became an international pop phenomenon (Henrik). Seattle, home of the grunge scene, had become a target to many record executives looking for the next big thing, along with several bands from the surrounding area (Henrik). Grunge had even become an international fad. Department stores began making sections for grunge clothing (thermal underwear, stocking hats, combat boots etc.) ("Alternative Rock"). I, myself, recall this grunge fashion craze going on in department stores, as well as in schools. Then, it was just another stupid fad to me. I did wonder, however, why people were paying more money to buy clothes with a lower-class image. Nonetheless, consumers were paying money to imitate their favorite music grunge bands, who, to begin with, wore those clothes for mere economic necessity. In Hype!, a documentary that traces the history of grunge music with interviews on bands and Seattle citizens, one of the local citizens recalls this fad, "They wore thermal

underwear because they thought it was cool… I wore thermal underwear cause it's f cold!" Nonetheless, by the time of the release of Nirvana's first album, the unforeseeable (for grunge rockers) had happened. The young, "delinquent," generation X, rock audience had also tired of the same 180's music and quickly jumped to music they could relate to (Benner). Kurt Cobain, Nirvana's vocalist and guitarist, was therefore considered "the spokesman of generation X" by many magazines. Grunge had become "the sound of the resentful and distressed generation," ("Alternative Rock"). One can see that a reason for Nirvana's, and grunge's, success is the fact that Nirvana and other grunge groups had made a connection to rock listeners. Though the rock audience straggled behind, both grunge rockers and the rock audience experienced an alteration in taste of music. Both grew exhausted of the same conforming styles of music, and yearned for something extraordinary.

One might ask why was the rock audience all of a sudden sparked into desiring this conversion into a more "grungy" form of music? What does grunge represent that hooked so many into its music? The most appropriate word to characterize grunge is "opposition." As Archibald explains, grunge was an "opposition to mainstream culture." It "represented a significant departure from music during its height, especially when one considers that Nirvana's Nevermind knocked mainstream darling Michael Jackson's Dangerous record from the number one position in 1" (Smells Like Grunge Spirit). As I stated before, it was no ordinary phenomenon that could have knocked Michael Jackson- the icon for pop culture at the time- out of the picture. Archibald also found an

opposition towards previous generations (e.g. parents). He sees this opposition in certain artists' lyrics and in their background "Lamenting his own parents' divorce at age eight, Cobain wrote in 'Serve the Servants', 'I tried hard to have a father/ But instead I had a dad.'" "Alternative rock is the sound of homes breaking" (Archibald).

Grunge was also a "retaliation against baby boomers. The particular anger of grunge culture was directed at the economic prosperity 'boomers' experienced in the 180's." Soon, after the baby boomer generation grew a generation with much less opportunity. These are the people that grunge music spoke to. In Nirvana's Nevermind album Cobain wrote in In Bloom, "Sell the kids for food/… Nature is a whore/ Bruises on the fruit," conveying this unprosperous theme. In addition, he wrote in Something In The Way, "Underneath the bridge/ The tarp has sprung a leak… And I'm living off of grass/ And I'm drippings from the ceiling," again communicating this economic theme. Evidently, grunge music was, in a sense, a reaction to Generation X's dissatisfactions and frustrations. People strongly felt this connection of restlessness to grunge and Nirvana, and rock audiences were therefore inquisitive of this music genre.

As one can see, grunge music became successful for several reasons, and Nirvana came up to the forefront as the ultimate grunge band. In the late 80's and early 0's, grunge flourished as an opposition towards pop culture of the time, parents, and baby boomers' economic prosperity. In addition, people had just simply tired of the same boring styles of rock music and wanted to hear something new. Rock audiences, therefore, more than welcomed Nirvana and their new, experimental, and aggressive style

of music in 1. Nirvana then became a pop sensation that lead the forefront of grunge music into pop culture. Nirvana succeeded as the supreme grunge band because many felt and have continued to feel a strong connection to their intense style of music. It is no coincidence that grunge virtually disappeared in the late 10's following the death of "Generation X's spokesman," Kurt Cobain, in 14.

Works Cited

"100 Greatest Moments In Rock Music, The." Entertainment Weekly Magazine. 8 May 1. (http//www.britannica.com/bcom/magazine/article/0,5744,780.html?query=grunge.)

Archibald, Jeffrey D. Smells Like Grunge Spirit A Cultural Analysis of Seattle's Grunge Scene. Diss. Illinois State University, 17.

"Alternative Rock," Brittanica.Com. 18 Feb. 001. (http//www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article//0,5716,705+1+48,00.html).

Benner, Melissa. The History of Grunge. 8 Feb. 001. (http//www.yk.psu.edu/~jmj/grunge.htm).

Henrik, H. An Approach to Grunge as a Cultural Phenomenon. 1 May 1. 11 Mar. 001. (http//www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Lounge/8578/main.htm).

Jimmi. A View to Rock History. 18 Feb. 001. (http//users.compulink.gr/jimzr/Page1.htm).

(No Author Listed). History (of Rock). 8 Feb. 001. (http//genres.artistdirect.com/alternativerock.html)

Pray, Doug; Dutton, Lisa; Vogt, Pete; Helvey, Steve. Hype! VHS (videocassette). Los Angeles Republic Entertainment, 16.

"Rock Music," Microsoft ® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 000. 1 Mar. 001. (http//encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?ti=01BA6000).

Please note that this sample paper on Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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