Motivation

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on motivation. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality motivation paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in motivation, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your motivation paper at affordable prices!

WHAT IS ISDN

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is an all-digital communications network designed to bring the power of the digital network directly to the desktop. ISDN, or Integrated Services Digital Network, is a suite of internationally-adopted standards for end-to-end digital communication over the public telephone network. As this network has been traditionally oriented towards voice services, ISDN is an important step forward in the adaptation of the network to handle the increasing global demand for computer-to-computer data communications. ISDN brings us closer to the goal of a ubiquitous multi-service network, integrating voice, data, video and image services in a digital format over a common, global network. ISDN is as easy to use as analog but offers much more. For example, you can utilize the two 64 kbps B channels as individual voice and data lines at the same time. You can use one channel to talk while youre using the second to send data files. Or, with ISDNs BONDING capability, you can aggregate both lines into a single high-speed 18 kbps link for dependable transmission thats four times faster than a 8.8 kbps modem.

Other benefits includeVoice, data and video can all be sent over a single ISDN line. ISDN connections are made almost instantly - typically less than a second - unlike modems and analog lines which require 0 to 60 seconds before any data can be transmitted. Because its a digital service, ISDN offers near-perfect line quality thats far superior to analog - so line conditions never force you to fall back to a slower speed

THE HISTOTY OF ISDN

Write your motivation research paper

The early phone network consisted of a pure analog system that connected telephone users directly by a mechanical interconnection of wires. This system was very inefficient, was very prone to breakdown and noise, and did not lend itself easily to long-distance connections. Beginning in the 160s, the telephone system gradually began converting its internal connections to a packet-based, digital switching system. Today, nearly all voice switching in the U.S. is digital within the telephone network. Still, the final connection from the local central office to the customer equipment was, and still largely is, an analog Plain-Old Telephone Service (POTS) line.

ISDN has been in the making for over a decade and is just beginning to become widely available in the United States. Europe and Japan have enjoyed large-scale deployment of ISDN services for years. North America has just over 70 percent deployment, with availability in most major metropolitan areas. The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-TSS), formerly known as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT), is a United Nations organization that coordinates international telecommunications. It was the intention of the ITU-TSS to standardize global telecommunications by implementing ISDN. The idea of standardization is widely accepted but the implementation of ISDN has been slow in coming. AT&T and Northern Telecom are the two major manufacturers of ISDN switches used by telephone companies. Each manufacturer took different steps to provide the ITU-TSS standards for their equipment, and the end result has been incompatibilities with hardware and software. The incongruities stifled the expansive deployment of ISDN since telephone companies have resisted purchasing products that are incompatible with

their existing equipment.

National ISDN 1 (NISDN-1) is a United States-specific implementation of ISDN that was adopted by the telecommunications industry in 11. NISDN-1 was intended to provide conformity to service users regardless of the equipment or software utilized. However, it wasn't until November 1 that the Transcontinental ISDN Project 1 (TRIP ') was held in Reston, Virginia. TRIP ' was a trade show with exhibits from vendors, proving that ISDN standardized products and services were available along with applications to support them. Also, the exposition featured the "Golden Splice" event which marked the advent of transcontinental ISDN service. NISDN-1 addresses three areas 1) standardizing equipment and services, ) standardizing telephone company procedures for operation, and ) standardizing communication among central offices. Unfortunately, the NISDN-1 standards are not accepted by all service providers. Southwestern Bell Corp. and U.S. West Inc. do not plan to deploy NISDN-1 services due to incompatibilities with their existing ISDN networks.

NETWORK EVOLUTION

Sixties - Digital Carrier

The telecommunications network began to evolve toward digital transmittion with the introduction of digital carrier facilities between toll/tandem offices and local offices. This necessitated the use of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters

Seventies - Digital Toll Offices

During the seventies, telephone companies added digital toll/tandem offices into the network. The reduced the need for back-to-end, analog-to-analog digital (A/D) converts.

Early Eighties - Digital Local Offices

The digital trend continued into the early eighties with the introduction of digital end or local offices

Late Eighties - ISDN

Beginning in the late eighties and continuing into the nineties, the introduction of ISDN added end-to-end digital connectivity to the network

THE BASÝC OF ISDN

ISDN is based on a number of fundamental building blocks. First, there are two types of ISDN channels or communication paths

B-channel

The Bearer (B) channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for voice, video, data, or multimedia calls. B-channels can be aggregated together for even higher bandwidth applications.

D-channel

The Delta (D) channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel used primarily for communications (or signaling) between switching equipment in the ISDN network and the ISDN equipment at your site.

These ISDN channels are delivered to the user in one of two pre-defined configurations

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

BRI is the ISDN service most people use to connect to the Internet. An ISDN BRI connection supports two 64 kbps B-channels and one 16 kbps D-channel over a standard phone line. BRI is often called B+D referring to its two B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel on a BRI line can even support low-speed (.6 kbps) X.5 data, however, this is not a very popular application in the United States.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

ISDN PRI service is used primarily by large organizations with intensive communications needs. An ISDN PRI connection supports 64 kbps B-channels and one 64 kbps D-channel (or B+D) over a high speed DS1 (or T-1) circuit. The European PRI configuration is slightly different, supporting 0B+D.

BRI is the most common ISDN service for Internet access. A single BRI line can support up to three calls at the same time because it is comprised of three channels (B+D). Two voice, fax or data conversations, and one packet switched data conversation can take place at the same time. Multiple channels or even multiple BRI lines can be combined into a single faster connection depending on the ISDN equipment you have. Channels can be combined as needed for a specific application (a large multimedia file transfer, for example), then broken down and reassembled into individual channels for different applications (normal voice or data transmissions).

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a fully digital communications technology implemented throughout the infrastructure of the existing worldwide telephone network. ISDN uses a standard phone line (a copper wire pair) in a home or office and converts it from a single analog circuit into multiple high speed digital circuits capable of transmitting audio, still images, motion video, and text data simultaneously. ISDN services make possible videoconferencing and other real time data-intensive applications, and it does so at a price comparable to standard analog service.

Standard telephone service requires a separate phone line for each device to be used simultaneously. Not only can multiple lines be expensive, but the amount of information that can be transmitted is limited with analog service; current technology allows 56 kilobits per second (Kbps). ISDN, however, provides multiple channels to operate concurrently on the same pair of wires, and each channel is capable of transmitting at 64 Kbps. Additionally, digital transmissions

allow for reduced noise and interference on the carrier channels.

ISDN provides services and capabilities not available through standard telephone service. ISDN furnishes these services through a digital package when a call is initiated. The digital packet includes information regarding 1) who is calling, ) the type of call (data/voice/etc...), and ) the number dialed, if more than one number is used for a single ISDN line. With the information provided, ISDN equipment can determine how to handle a call, based on user-defined

preferences. Calls can be accepted, rejected or even rerouted. Data calls can even be routed to an Internet Protocol (IP) address.

BENEFITS OF ISDN

Digital Network

From a users point of view, digital network offers

· increased capacity,

· improved noise reduction,

and

· the ability to transmit both voice and data.

Digital Signaling

Digital signaling offers

· speed,

· access to custom-calling and data-transmittion features,

and

· potential access to a variety of data-based services.

ISDN offers variable, responsive transmission speeds. Two or more channels can be combined into a single larger transmission pipe.

Channels can be assembled as needed for a specific application (a large video conference, for example), and then broken down and reassembled into different groups for different applications (normal voice or data transmissions).

Combining B-channels in this manner is called inverse multiplexing, or bonding.

ISDN is a network architecture that compines all of the advantages of the digital network and digital common-channel signaling and makes them available to the telecommunications user.

ISDN BRI service can use data compression which boosts the 18 Kbps transmission rate to between 56 Kbps and 6 Kbps, depending upon the compression ratio used.

It handles all types of information. Unlike some other digital communications technologies, ISDN handles all types of information - voice, data, studio-quality sound, still and moving images. They are all digitized, and transmitted at high speeds in the same flow of data.

ISDN handles many devices and many telephone numbers, on the same line. Up to eight separate telephones, fax machines or computers can be linked to a single ISDN connection, and have up to 64 call appearances of the same or different telephone numbers.

As many as eight separate devices (telephones, computers, fax machines, and more) can be connected to the same ISDN line and each given as many separate telephone numbers as needed.

This means that it is no longer necessary to have multiple telephone lines to handle multiple telephone devices, or multiple telephone numbers, or multiple telephone calls. One ISDN line does it all.

It can support up to three calls at the same time. Two voice, fax or PC conversations, and one data conversation can take place at the same time, through the same ISDN connection.

Perhaps the most important single feature of ISDN, is that it offers inexpensive dialed digital access to the worldwide telecommunications network.

It is no longer necessary to lease costly dedicated lines for high-speed digital transmission, or to limit data speed and accuracy by using modems to convert digital signals to analog pulses.

Digital-to-analog conversions will go away. Modems to convert the digital signals of PCs, computers, LANs, and other devices to the analog signals needed for an analog network will be replaced.

Instead, high-speed pulses will flow directly from one digital device to another through a totally digital network.

Many digital connections will become dialed, not dedicated. It will no longer be necessary to lease expensive dedicated digital lines simply to link a high-speed data device to the network.

The deciding factor will be the economics of how fast the line must be and how frequently it is used.

LAN protocols such as IP and IPX are better supported by ISDN connections across WANs due to faster connect times (between 1 and 4 seconds) than analog service (between 10 and 40 seconds).

ISDN is compatible with other WAN services like X.5, Frame Relay, Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS) and higher speed services like Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

THE FUTURE

There is and for years has been a global push to become a digital world. The main evidence of the digital age is the internetworking of computers, providing access to a wealth of resources and information.

ISDN technology, although plagued by political issues, is a cost-effective means to connect communication equipment of all types. As more of the compatibility issues are resolved, ISDN services will increasingly become the service of choice for businesses and residential customers. The rise in popularity should drive down equipment costs and make connection devices readily available off-the-shelf.

Although other digital services are competitive, most require expensive dedicated lines or possess inherent shortcomings like slow speed. ISDN technology is standardized and provides dynamic high speed end-to-end digital connectivity over the existing worldwide telephone network.

ISDN continues to evolve with broadband ISDN availability in the near future. With ATM-based technology providing B-ISDN transmission speeds up to 600 Mbps or more, one would be hard-pressed to find a viable affordable alternative

With ISDNs widespread availability and ease of use, more and more functions will arise benefitting from ISDN services. These up and coming functions are described below.

Telemedicine In the future, the use of ISDN as a video connection will be an economical alternative to patients that has already been diagnosed.

Customer Services Rather than sending programmers and technical staffs to site, software problems can now be solved remotely! ISDN connection will reduce response time and get customers to the right programmers faster.

Home/Remote Banking Services Services like this take very long for staffs to verify and approve banking services. With the ease of ISDN and computer, a banks accessibility reach beyond working hours and its regionality will be expanded when more banks merge together in banking services.

Distance Learning It will allow training, education and institutions from many remote sites. As you can see here, this interactive learning package that you ae using now is in fact one. Imagine Internet loading twice as fast with more graphics/animations and sounds

Please note that this sample paper on motivation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on motivation, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on motivation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!