Motivation

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WHAT IS ISDN

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is an all-digital communications network designed to bring the power of the digital network directly to the desktop. ISDN, or Integrated Services Digital Network, is a suite of internationally-adopted standards for end-to-end digital communication over the public telephone network. As this network has been traditionally oriented towards voice services, ISDN is an important step forward in the adaptation of the network to handle the increasing global demand for computer-to-computer data communications. ISDN brings us closer to the goal of a ubiquitous multi-service network, integrating voice, data, video and image services in a digital format over a common, global network. ISDN is as easy to use as analog but offers much more. For example, you can utilize the two 64 kbps B channels as individual voice and data lines at the same time. You can use one channel to talk while youre using the second to send data files. Or, with ISDNs BONDING capability, you can aggregate both lines into a single high-speed 18 kbps link for dependable transmission thats four times faster than a 8.8 kbps modem.

Other benefits includeVoice, data and video can all be sent over a single ISDN line. ISDN connections are made almost instantly - typically less than a second - unlike modems and analog lines which require 0 to 60 seconds before any data can be transmitted. Because its a digital service, ISDN offers near-perfect line quality thats far superior to analog - so line conditions never force you to fall back to a slower speed

THE HISTOTY OF ISDN

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The early phone network consisted of a pure analog system that connected telephone users directly by a mechanical interconnection of wires. This system was very inefficient, was very prone to breakdown and noise, and did not lend itself easily to long-distance connections. Beginning in the 160s, the telephone system gradually began converting its internal connections to a packet-based, digital switching system. Today, nearly all voice switching in the U.S. is digital within the telephone network. Still, the final connection from the local central office to the customer equipment was, and still largely is, an analog Plain-Old Telephone Service (POTS) line.

ISDN has been in the making for over a decade and is just beginning to become widely available in the United States. Europe and Japan have enjoyed large-scale deployment of ISDN services for years. North America has just over 70 percent deployment, with availability in most major metropolitan areas. The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-TSS), formerly known as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT), is a United Nations organization that coordinates international telecommunications. It was the intention of the ITU-TSS to standardize global telecommunications by implementing ISDN. The idea of standardization is widely accepted but the implementation of ISDN has been slow in coming. AT&T and Northern Telecom are the two major manufacturers of ISDN switches used by telephone companies. Each manufacturer took different steps to provide the ITU-TSS standards for their equipment, and the end result has been incompatibilities with hardware and software. The incongruities stifled the expansive deployment of ISDN since telephone companies have resisted purchasing products that are incompatible with

their existing equipment.

National ISDN 1 (NISDN-1) is a United States-specific implementation of ISDN that was adopted by the telecommunications industry in 11. NISDN-1 was intended to provide conformity to service users regardless of the equipment or software utilized. However, it wasn't until November 1 that the Transcontinental ISDN Project 1 (TRIP ') was held in Reston, Virginia. TRIP ' was a trade show with exhibits from vendors, proving that ISDN standardized products and services were available along with applications to support them. Also, the exposition featured the "Golden Splice" event which marked the advent of transcontinental ISDN service. NISDN-1 addresses three areas 1) standardizing equipment and services, ) standardizing telephone company procedures for operation, and ) standardizing communication among central offices. Unfortunately, the NISDN-1 standards are not accepted by all service providers. Southwestern Bell Corp. and U.S. West Inc. do not plan to deploy NISDN-1 services due to incompatibilities with their existing ISDN networks.

NETWORK EVOLUTION

Sixties - Digital Carrier

The telecommunications network began to evolve toward digital transmittion with the introduction of digital carrier facilities between toll/tandem offices and local offices. This necessitated the use of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters

Seventies - Digital Toll Offices

During the seventies, telephone companies added digital toll/tandem offices into the network. The reduced the need for back-to-end, analog-to-analog digital (A/D) converts.

Early Eighties - Digital Local Offices

The digital trend continued into the early eighties with the introduction of digital end or local offices

Late Eighties - ISDN

Beginning in the late eighties and continuing into the nineties, the introduction of ISDN added end-to-end digital connectivity to the network

THE BASÝC OF ISDN

ISDN is based on a number of fundamental building blocks. First, there are two types of ISDN channels or communication paths

B-channel

The Bearer (B) channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for voice, video, data, or multimedia calls. B-channels can be aggregated together for even higher bandwidth applications.

D-channel

The Delta (D) channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel used primarily for communications (or signaling) between switching equipment in the ISDN network and the ISDN equipment at your site.

These ISDN channels are delivered to the user in one of two pre-defined configurations

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

BRI is the ISDN service most people use to connect to the Internet. An ISDN BRI connection supports two 64 kbps B-channels and one 16 kbps D-channel over a standard phone line. BRI is often called B+D referring to its two B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel on a BRI line can even support low-speed (.6 kbps) X.5 data, however, this is not a very popular application in the United States.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

ISDN PRI service is used primarily by large organizations with intensive communications needs. An ISDN PRI connection supports 64 kbps B-channels and one 64 kbps D-channel (or B+D) over a high speed DS1 (or T-1) circuit. The European PRI configuration is slightly different, supporting 0B+D.

BRI is the most common ISDN service for Internet access. A single BRI line can support up to three calls at the same time because it is comprised of three channels (B+D). Two voice, fax or data conversations, and one packet switched data conversation can take place at the same time. Multiple channels or even multiple BRI lines can be combined into a single faster connection depending on the ISDN equipment you have. Channels can be combined as needed for a specific application (a large multimedia file transfer, for example), then broken down and reassembled into individual channels for different applications (normal voice or data transmissions).

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a fully digital communications technology implemented throughout the infrastructure of the existing worldwide telephone network. ISDN uses a standard phone line (a copper wire pair) in a home or office and converts it from a single analog circuit into multiple high speed digital circuits capable of transmitting audio, still images, motion video, and text data simultaneously. ISDN services make possible videoconferencing and other real time data-intensive applications, and it does so at a price comparable to standard analog service.

Standard telephone service requires a separate phone line for each device to be used simultaneously. Not only can multiple lines be expensive, but the amount of information that can be transmitted is limited with analog service; current technology allows 56 kilobits per second (Kbps). ISDN, however, provides multiple channels to operate concurrently on the same pair of wires, and each channel is capable of transmitting at 64 Kbps. Additionally, digital transmissions

allow for reduced noise and interference on the carrier channels.

ISDN provides services and capabilities not available through standard telephone service. ISDN furnishes these services through a digital package when a call is initiated. The digital packet includes information regarding 1) who is calling, ) the type of call (data/voice/etc...), and ) the number dialed, if more than one number is used for a single ISDN line. With the information provided, ISDN equipment can determine how to handle a call, based on user-defined

preferences. Calls can be accepted, rejected or even rerouted. Data calls can even be routed to an Internet Protocol (IP) address.

BENEFITS OF ISDN

Digital Network

From a users point of view, digital network offers

· increased capacity,

· improved noise reduction,

and

· the ability to transmit both voice and data.

Digital Signaling

Digital signaling offers

· speed,

· access to custom-calling and data-transmittion features,

and

· potential access to a variety of data-based services.

ISDN offers variable, responsive transmission speeds. Two or more channels can be combined into a single larger transmission pipe.

Channels can be assembled as needed for a specific application (a large video conference, for example), and then broken down and reassembled into different groups for different applications (normal voice or data transmissions).

Combining B-channels in this manner is called inverse multiplexing, or bonding.

ISDN is a network architecture that compines all of the advantages of the digital network and digital common-channel signaling and makes them available to the telecommunications user.

ISDN BRI service can use data compression which boosts the 18 Kbps transmission rate to between 56 Kbps and 6 Kbps, depending upon the compression ratio used.

It handles all types of information. Unlike some other digital communications technologies, ISDN handles all types of information - voice, data, studio-quality sound, still and moving images. They are all digitized, and transmitted at high speeds in the same flow of data.

ISDN handles many devices and many telephone numbers, on the same line. Up to eight separate telephones, fax machines or computers can be linked to a single ISDN connection, and have up to 64 call appearances of the same or different telephone numbers.

As many as eight separate devices (telephones, computers, fax machines, and more) can be connected to the same ISDN line and each given as many separate telephone numbers as needed.

This means that it is no longer necessary to have multiple telephone lines to handle multiple telephone devices, or multiple telephone numbers, or multiple telephone calls. One ISDN line does it all.

It can support up to three calls at the same time. Two voice, fax or PC conversations, and one data conversation can take place at the same time, through the same ISDN connection.

Perhaps the most important single feature of ISDN, is that it offers inexpensive dialed digital access to the worldwide telecommunications network.

It is no longer necessary to lease costly dedicated lines for high-speed digital transmission, or to limit data speed and accuracy by using modems to convert digital signals to analog pulses.

Digital-to-analog conversions will go away. Modems to convert the digital signals of PCs, computers, LANs, and other devices to the analog signals needed for an analog network will be replaced.

Instead, high-speed pulses will flow directly from one digital device to another through a totally digital network.

Many digital connections will become dialed, not dedicated. It will no longer be necessary to lease expensive dedicated digital lines simply to link a high-speed data device to the network.

The deciding factor will be the economics of how fast the line must be and how frequently it is used.

LAN protocols such as IP and IPX are better supported by ISDN connections across WANs due to faster connect times (between 1 and 4 seconds) than analog service (between 10 and 40 seconds).

ISDN is compatible with other WAN services like X.5, Frame Relay, Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS) and higher speed services like Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

THE FUTURE

There is and for years has been a global push to become a digital world. The main evidence of the digital age is the internetworking of computers, providing access to a wealth of resources and information.

ISDN technology, although plagued by political issues, is a cost-effective means to connect communication equipment of all types. As more of the compatibility issues are resolved, ISDN services will increasingly become the service of choice for businesses and residential customers. The rise in popularity should drive down equipment costs and make connection devices readily available off-the-shelf.

Although other digital services are competitive, most require expensive dedicated lines or possess inherent shortcomings like slow speed. ISDN technology is standardized and provides dynamic high speed end-to-end digital connectivity over the existing worldwide telephone network.

ISDN continues to evolve with broadband ISDN availability in the near future. With ATM-based technology providing B-ISDN transmission speeds up to 600 Mbps or more, one would be hard-pressed to find a viable affordable alternative

With ISDNs widespread availability and ease of use, more and more functions will arise benefitting from ISDN services. These up and coming functions are described below.

Telemedicine In the future, the use of ISDN as a video connection will be an economical alternative to patients that has already been diagnosed.

Customer Services Rather than sending programmers and technical staffs to site, software problems can now be solved remotely! ISDN connection will reduce response time and get customers to the right programmers faster.

Home/Remote Banking Services Services like this take very long for staffs to verify and approve banking services. With the ease of ISDN and computer, a banks accessibility reach beyond working hours and its regionality will be expanded when more banks merge together in banking services.

Distance Learning It will allow training, education and institutions from many remote sites. As you can see here, this interactive learning package that you ae using now is in fact one. Imagine Internet loading twice as fast with more graphics/animations and sounds

Please note that this sample paper on motivation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on motivation, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on motivation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge

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As I listen to "Smells Like Teen Spirit" I recall the very first time I heard the song in my year in Israel. A group of friends and I had spontaneously decided to skip a whole afternoon of studies in Yeshiva, though I had hardly ever skipped class before, and never a whole afternoon. I had been maintaining an obedient attendance record merely to live up to my Rabbis expectations; I had felt an obligation to maintain an acceptable image for them. However, that day I felt a desperate need to unwind from the very demanding ten-hour days in Yeshiva, six days a week. I had tagged along with friends unknowing that that evening would forever influence my uneasy attitudes.

My friends and I ended up going into town, and lounging around outside a coffee shop. I can recall a moment of concern overcome me as we all sat outside socializing in the unnerving scene of Ben Yehudah. But as the vigorous bangs of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" grabbed my attention I remember this uneasiness quickly turning into a feeling of heedlessness. It was more than just heedlessness; it was forceful heedlessness. As I listened to the overwhelming dynamic sounds of the guitar and drums I experienced a passionate angry discharge, which later resulted in mere carelessness. I felt as if I had just taken Kurt Cobain's place and was screaming the lyrics at the top of my own lungs.

This tremendous sensation lasted for nearly five minutes, as the song came to an end. I was left with a feeling of great ease. I had released all my tensions and concerns without moving a finger, by merely listening to Nirvana.

This is why grunge music and Nirvana in particular became extremely successful in the early ninety's. Grunge made a connection with people then and still continues to globally connect to millions of music fans around the world. For me, Nirvana's music influenced me not to mind (or "Nevermind") or over-esteem what people think or expect of you. I learned to just relax and live up to my own standards, instead of others'. I assume many have had similar reactions as I had, towards grunge music, and this is the reason for grunge's renown and Nirvana's record-breaking stardom.

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Interestingly enough, the eighth greatest moment in rock music history, according to Entertainment Weekly, was in January 11, 1, "when Nirvana's Nevermind knocked Michael Jackson's Dangerous out of Billboard's Number 1 album spot. The resulting shift in popular tastes toppled pop poseurs from Gerardo to Poison. Even casual music fans knew the biz was changed forever" ("The 100 Greatest Moments In Rock Music"). I, myself, remember Michael Jackson being the biggest pop sensation, at a time when music did not even interest me. I recall my older siblings and their friends waiting a whole hour to see a five-minute clip of Jackson's latest music video on television, simply because they did not want to miss a second of it. Months later I remember incuriously noticing all this hype on Michael Jackson all of a sudden dying out, unaware of the cause of Jackson's defeat. This prodigy that defaced Michael Jackson's undying name must

have, therefore, been an extraordinary phenomenon. Entertainment Weekly further describes Nirvana's role in this significant turning point in music history

The 50,000 copies shipped on its September 4, 11, release suggest that Nirvana's Nevermind- a slacker shrug of a title- wasn't exactly a corporate priority. But when the video for "Smells Like Teen Spirit" hit MTV five days later, the pop landscape quaked. Beneath the song's "well, whatever, nevermind" offhandedness burned the as-yet-and rock music that had become toothless entertainment… "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (from Nevermind) became the anthem of disaffected youth around the world ("100 Greatest Moments…").

As one can see, Nirvana was not just another ordinary underground band. They were destined to conquer the passing rock music scene and, almost single-handedly, steer pop culture towards grunge. Grunge was no longer just a sub-style of rock; Nirvana had catalyzed grunge into a movement.

But before going into this grunge movement, it is beneficial to gain a background of grunge and the elements that shaped this remarkable sub-style of rock music. "Grunge," normally a slang term conveying filth or dirt, denotes the combination of "murky" guitar distortions, pained vocals, and lyrics filled with apprehension and discontent ("Rock Music"). Nirvana ideally suits these grunge qualities. In "Smells Like Teen Spirit" Kurt Cobain produces such piercing cries and handles his guitar with such aggressiveness that he leaves one with irritated eardrums. "Grunge," a sub style of alternative rock music that flourished in the late 180's and early 10's, was first used

to describe the guitar bands that brought together the different elements of rock and roll, punk rock, and heavy metal into their music (Henrik). Though grunge did in fact flourish in the late 80's and early 0's, it did not reach its peak until 1, that is when Nirvana released their pop album, Nevermind. I therefore find it safe to say that Nirvana was to grunge what Elvis was to rock 'n' roll. Sure grunge existed before Nirvana, but Nirvana lead grunge into early 0's pop culture.

In Jeffrey D. Archibald's dissertation, Smells Like Grunge Spirit, he provides a thorough analysis of different sociological and cultural components that he believes eventually lead to the formation of the music genre of grunge. He specifically concentrates on the "Seattle grunge scene," as he calls it, where grunge music originated, but he also goes into depth in regard to different grunge groups. One of Archibald's sources, Shevory, provides detailed research on grunge on a more historical aspect. He concentrates on grunge music participants, from grunge musicians to record label representatives. According to Shevory, the Melvins were the first grunge band, which formed in 180. However, Soundgarden and Green River were the first bands to gain great recognition. Mother Love Bone were also another significant band that emerged from Seattle's developing grunge scene. Pearl Jam, one of grunge's biggest stars, was another great band in Seattle that dominated this music genre (Smells Like Grunge Spirit). But again, Nirvana were the grunge band. If one attempts to research grunge, or grunge groups, (s) he will find it almost impossible finding a source that does not mention Nirvana. In conducting my own research, I could not find a single encyclopedia entry or

magazine article that did not refer to Nirvana. In fact most, if not all, of my sources even discussed them to some extent. Though Nirvana was not in fact the first grunge band or the first to be recognized, they were "the biggest stars of the early grunge explosion" (Archibald).

This "grunge explosion," was influenced by several factors. According to two websites, most grunge groups were born between the 150's and the 160's, growing up during the 170's. This was around the time that early rock music was just being refined and accepted by society ("Alternative Rock"). However, these grunge rockers had simply tired of the mid 180's classic rock music that dominated radio airwaves, and they wanted to hear something new. They believed their taste was different and would therefore remain unpopular (Benner). One can only imagine the disappointment these grunge rockers felt when turning on the radio. Today, almost anyone can turn on the radio and be content with a certain radio station. Then there was a whole community that were not filled with satisfaction when listening to contemporary rock music, and they felt it was up to them to create this music that they themselves could love and appreciate. So grunge rockers' different taste in music lead to the experimental and the then-unknown styles of grunge.

Different bands also influenced grunge and its styles. As a professional website on alternative rock explains, grunge rockers looked for inspiration from an earlier generation of erratic performers of the United States and Britain. Of the 170's bands, they worshipped the rough aggressiveness of the Sex Pistols and the Clash. They also

honored the defying art forms of the Velvet Underground, Patti Smith, and the Stooges. Of the 180's, they positively recognized bands that had operated out of their own garages and that later became part of labels and clubs that shared their faithful independence, such as the Replacements and Husker Du ("Alternative Rock"). These influencers give us a sense as to why grunge music is very intense and provocative. Grunge music is therefore a combination of different aspects of these role models' music. Though these role models did influence the shaping of this successful music genre, most of them did not enjoy much long-lasting success.

On the contrary, when Nirvana released "Smells Like Teen Spirit" from their 11 album, "Nevermind," grunge became an international pop phenomenon (Henrik). Seattle, home of the grunge scene, had become a target to many record executives looking for the next big thing, along with several bands from the surrounding area (Henrik). Grunge had even become an international fad. Department stores began making sections for grunge clothing (thermal underwear, stocking hats, combat boots etc.) ("Alternative Rock"). I, myself, recall this grunge fashion craze going on in department stores, as well as in schools. Then, it was just another stupid fad to me. I did wonder, however, why people were paying more money to buy clothes with a lower-class image. Nonetheless, consumers were paying money to imitate their favorite music grunge bands, who, to begin with, wore those clothes for mere economic necessity. In Hype!, a documentary that traces the history of grunge music with interviews on bands and Seattle citizens, one of the local citizens recalls this fad, "They wore thermal

underwear because they thought it was cool… I wore thermal underwear cause it's f cold!" Nonetheless, by the time of the release of Nirvana's first album, the unforeseeable (for grunge rockers) had happened. The young, "delinquent," generation X, rock audience had also tired of the same 180's music and quickly jumped to music they could relate to (Benner). Kurt Cobain, Nirvana's vocalist and guitarist, was therefore considered "the spokesman of generation X" by many magazines. Grunge had become "the sound of the resentful and distressed generation," ("Alternative Rock"). One can see that a reason for Nirvana's, and grunge's, success is the fact that Nirvana and other grunge groups had made a connection to rock listeners. Though the rock audience straggled behind, both grunge rockers and the rock audience experienced an alteration in taste of music. Both grew exhausted of the same conforming styles of music, and yearned for something extraordinary.

One might ask why was the rock audience all of a sudden sparked into desiring this conversion into a more "grungy" form of music? What does grunge represent that hooked so many into its music? The most appropriate word to characterize grunge is "opposition." As Archibald explains, grunge was an "opposition to mainstream culture." It "represented a significant departure from music during its height, especially when one considers that Nirvana's Nevermind knocked mainstream darling Michael Jackson's Dangerous record from the number one position in 1" (Smells Like Grunge Spirit). As I stated before, it was no ordinary phenomenon that could have knocked Michael Jackson- the icon for pop culture at the time- out of the picture. Archibald also found an

opposition towards previous generations (e.g. parents). He sees this opposition in certain artists' lyrics and in their background "Lamenting his own parents' divorce at age eight, Cobain wrote in 'Serve the Servants', 'I tried hard to have a father/ But instead I had a dad.'" "Alternative rock is the sound of homes breaking" (Archibald).

Grunge was also a "retaliation against baby boomers. The particular anger of grunge culture was directed at the economic prosperity 'boomers' experienced in the 180's." Soon, after the baby boomer generation grew a generation with much less opportunity. These are the people that grunge music spoke to. In Nirvana's Nevermind album Cobain wrote in In Bloom, "Sell the kids for food/… Nature is a whore/ Bruises on the fruit," conveying this unprosperous theme. In addition, he wrote in Something In The Way, "Underneath the bridge/ The tarp has sprung a leak… And I'm living off of grass/ And I'm drippings from the ceiling," again communicating this economic theme. Evidently, grunge music was, in a sense, a reaction to Generation X's dissatisfactions and frustrations. People strongly felt this connection of restlessness to grunge and Nirvana, and rock audiences were therefore inquisitive of this music genre.

As one can see, grunge music became successful for several reasons, and Nirvana came up to the forefront as the ultimate grunge band. In the late 80's and early 0's, grunge flourished as an opposition towards pop culture of the time, parents, and baby boomers' economic prosperity. In addition, people had just simply tired of the same boring styles of rock music and wanted to hear something new. Rock audiences, therefore, more than welcomed Nirvana and their new, experimental, and aggressive style

of music in 1. Nirvana then became a pop sensation that lead the forefront of grunge music into pop culture. Nirvana succeeded as the supreme grunge band because many felt and have continued to feel a strong connection to their intense style of music. It is no coincidence that grunge virtually disappeared in the late 10's following the death of "Generation X's spokesman," Kurt Cobain, in 14.

Works Cited

"100 Greatest Moments In Rock Music, The." Entertainment Weekly Magazine. 8 May 1. (http//www.britannica.com/bcom/magazine/article/0,5744,780.html?query=grunge.)

Archibald, Jeffrey D. Smells Like Grunge Spirit A Cultural Analysis of Seattle's Grunge Scene. Diss. Illinois State University, 17.

"Alternative Rock," Brittanica.Com. 18 Feb. 001. (http//www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article//0,5716,705+1+48,00.html).

Benner, Melissa. The History of Grunge. 8 Feb. 001. (http//www.yk.psu.edu/~jmj/grunge.htm).

Henrik, H. An Approach to Grunge as a Cultural Phenomenon. 1 May 1. 11 Mar. 001. (http//www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Lounge/8578/main.htm).

Jimmi. A View to Rock History. 18 Feb. 001. (http//users.compulink.gr/jimzr/Page1.htm).

(No Author Listed). History (of Rock). 8 Feb. 001. (http//genres.artistdirect.com/alternativerock.html)

Pray, Doug; Dutton, Lisa; Vogt, Pete; Helvey, Steve. Hype! VHS (videocassette). Los Angeles Republic Entertainment, 16.

"Rock Music," Microsoft ® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 000. 1 Mar. 001. (http//encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?ti=01BA6000).

Please note that this sample paper on Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Nirvana's Success as an Element of Grunge will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Friends

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Friends. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Friends paper right on time.

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My grandfather used to tell me this old Armenian expression all the time, ''You are what your friends make you''. And really, friends play a very important role in your life. They can make you a better person or someone you won't even recognize one day, but it's always up to you. Friendship is a game that you play with yourself, if you know how to play you'll always win, but if you don't it'll take everything you have. Lets take me for an example. I never knew how to choose friends, but it mostly was my friends who made me what I am today.

All my life my friends were older than me. I was twelve my friends were seventeen or eighteen and that made me think and act differently; like a grown up. I wanted to be like them. Even now most of my friends are older than me. That proves that friends from my childhood made a difference in my life. They made me want to hang out with people who are actually on a different level, age and everything. I'm really thankful for that. But its not only good changes that they make. There are other things that I wish I didn't learn from them. For example, smoking. I started smoking when I was fourteen and I didn't understand that its bad for my health, but I wanted to keep up with them so there was no time to think.

Some people say that friendship is the best thing you can ever have; yes it is, but if you know how to use it. A real friend is somebody who lives your life with you and tells you what is wrong and what is right. But its not all the friends that are true to you. Some friends can cause a lot of trouble. For example two faced friends that smile at your face when they need something and turn their back on you when you need help. That happened to me a lot. When I needed someone to be there for me a lot of my friends disappeared; only real friends stayed.

I remember, two years ago when I broke up with my girlfriend who I loved more than anything I was going crazy and I needed somebody to talk to. Most of my friends probably thought that's boring and said that they are busy. It was really important to me. I couldn't keep it in myself and I had to get it out, but most of my friends didn't help. Only two of them cared and I am really thankful for that. It might sound not that important but to me it was very important. I've changed a lot since then. I learned how to pick friends and learned how to defer real friends from the two faced ones. I also learned that you can't trust anyone, but if you do trust someone you should be 100% sure that the person you trust won't stab your back with the ''Trust'' and ''Respect'' you've given him. It happened to me many times. And believe me it hurts, it hurts really badly. I would say that's the worst pain I've ever experienced.

Please note that this sample paper on Friends is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Friends, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Friends will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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My point of view on biotechnology

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When people hear the word biotechnology, most of them immediately have various kinds of horror visions in their mind. For instance, they may think of the world which Aldous Huxley creates in his utopian novel "Brave New World". In this world, everything that concerns the human life is optimal arranged, so people "is given whatever they need to keep happy", and no one has to suffer pain (Introduction to the extract from Huxley, "Brave New World", 60). "But the cost of such comfort is an almost total loss of individuality, creativity, and freedom." (Introduction to the extract from Huxley, "Brave New World", 60) This is one of the horror visions that are in our heads, because we hear so many different and confusing things about biotechnology. Or is it the word itsself that has a bad tone, because "BIOlogy" and "TECHNOLOGY" are two different subjects which do not seem to fit each other well, and therefore the combination of them sounds a little bit strange? I find it difficult to judge the aspects I hear about biotechnology in the right way, because the public discussion is full of emotion and fear, and most of the time we are not given useful and informative scientific information. So I have only vague knowledge about the subject, and that is the reason why I was interested in the different articles about biotechnology.

While I had a closer look at them, I realized that the intention of the author determines the way he handles the theme and also the words he chooses to express something. I found out that two persons can describe the same subject very differently to give us the point of view they want us to have.

At the very beginning of the article "A Heretic's View on the Bioethics", Jeremy Rifkins describes the knowledge of genes and their basic elements as follows "Living things are no longer perceived as carrots and peas, foxes and hens, but as bundles of information. [...] All living things are drained of their aliveness and into abstract messages. [...] There is no longer any question of sacredness or inviolability."(66) He also speaks about "reducing all living things to information exchanges and flows"(664). Rifkins uses very strong words in his statement "bundles of information", "abstract messages" and in contrast to them "sacredness", "inviolability" and the concrete terms of the animal species. These words and the indirect expression „reducing" for the procedure of gene research create a very negative feeling in us, because we who love nature do not find it desireable to take away the sacredness of life. We get the urge to protect the animals and ourselves from being reduced and preserve the inviolability of life, which means to object the scientists and their work.

Help with essay on My point of view on biotechnology In "The Gene Hunt", Jeon Jaroff gives us a totally different impression of gene technology. He describes the human DNA not as desacralized information, but says "And what a wondrous string [...][DNA] is." He does not regard the DNA-string as a reduction of living things, but as a wonder itsself. Moreover, he describes the work of the gene scientists as follows "Like cartographers mapping the ancient world, scientists over the past three decades have been laboriously charting human DNA."

That sounds much more friendly than Rifkin's point of view. Jaroff paints a very peaceful picture by comparing the scientists with cartographers in the ancient time, but in my eyes the metaphor does not work, because the discovering of the human genome means much more than drawing a map. Genes are the key to our life, our outward appearance and our inward, to birth, growing and death. To handle with this key of living beings contains more meaning, chances and danger than drawing a map. But I agree with Jaroff that the DNA is "a wondrous string". I think, the scienists do not remove the sacredness of life by finding out how it works. Although they parted the whole living being in "a bundle of information", they still cannot explain how a such complex system has developed and how those little elements of the genes manage to regulate many aspects of our life. So I do not support Rifkin's way of describing the situation, either.

Some achievements of genetic research are already established in practice. One of those achievements is the production of proteins like insulin, which is needed by diabetics. As it is said in the article "Genetic Engineering Promise and Threat" (657) by Dennis Chamberland that "human insulin, now manufactured by genetically altered bacteria for tens of thousands of diabetics, replaces the beef- and pork based product against which many patients built up anybodies".

Linda Bullard mentions this fact, too, but she focuses more on the business that goes with it than on the advantages. In her article "Killing Us Softly Towards a Feminist Analysis of Genetic Engineering" (685-686), she gives figures of biotechnology products that has been patented yet, and describes the estimated development of the market in the future. She comments "That means Big Business, and the Big Businessman are well aware of it". This comment contains a negative judgement on the "Big Businessman", and the capitalized letters of the expression attract our attention immediately. She also says that "many drugs and vacchines will be produced by living factories, drugs such as insulin, growth hormone, and interferon, which are alredy on the market". The author chose the expression "living factory", which clearly shows us the sceptical point of view she has on the subject.

"The Gene Hunt" (705-706) by Leon Jaroff deals with the production of human proteins like insulin in a different way. The author stresses the advantages of genetic research for fighting genetic diseases "The ever improving ability to read base-pair sequences of genes will enable researchers to speed the discovery of new proteins ... and use them ... for fighting disease. It will help them pinpoint missing proteins, such as insulin, that can correct genetic diseases". With the Words "fight" and "correct" he shows up the chances and advantages. He does not mention the big business that is tied up with it.

I am sure that money plays an important role in the business with biotechnology products, but I do not accept it as a reason for stopping the research. Before scientists knew how to produce human insulin in laboratory, the substance was more difficult to get and the patients had more problems with it than they have now. So I do not care of the profit, because the new method has a lot of advantages for diabetics, who are dependent on insulin. Besides, every product we buy means business for someone, and nearly everything in our world has to do with business. As far as the "living factories" are concerned, Bullard is right in a way. But though genetically altered bacterias are alive, I do not see a reason against using them, for there is a difference between them and so-called animals Bacterias do not have a nervous system, so they cannot feel pain. I would have a different opinion if they needed mice to do it.

I am sure that biotechnology offers a lot of chances for fighting and curing diseases, but people also have doubts and fear, because nobody exactly knows what the new achievements will involve.

Before I discuss the possible effects of those achievements on our world, it is necessary to realize some scientific facts. The main concern of the scientists is "the identification of all the human genes" (Watson, "The Human Genome Project A Personl View", 71). Until I read the article "The Human Genome Project A Personal View" ( 71) by James D. Watson, I had not known that scientists will probably succeed in decoding the human gene material in the near future, which I define with my life time. Watson, the director of the Human Gnome Project in the United States, says that they "want the program completed in roughly fifteen years", which astounded me. That means, in about fifteen years scientists will be able to decipher everybody's genetic material. That means also that they will perhaps be able to alter the genes in the fertilized egg cells to create babies with certain qualities. This is an important point for the opponents of biotechnology, who fear that the new knowledge may be abused to create "perfect humans" by manipulation.

Rifkin does not only fear, but is sure that this development will take place. In "A Heretic's View on the New Bioethics" (664), he says that "eugenics is the inseparable ethical wing of the age of biotechnology". He gives us some cruel and shocking information about eugenics in history and sees the danger of a "eugenic revival" (665). In addition, he tells us "While professional ethicists watch out the front door for telltale signs of a resurrection of the Nazi nightmare, eugenics doctrine has quietly slipped in the back door and is already stealthily at work reorganizing the ethical priorities of the human household" (665). This statement really causes a feeling of danger and insecurity, because he says that something has started in the past which we have not noticed up to now. I do not think it is helpful to start panic. I do not mean we can lean back and say that everything is going to be all right, but I do not see any solution in creating panic, because it leaves no space for objective and realistic thoughts. Rifkin does not work on the positive aspects of biotechnology at all, and he does not even try to find a solution or compromise. Therefore, I do not like Rifkin's argumentation, and I cannot identify with his point of view.

Although Robert Wright is an opponent of biotechnology, too, his argumentation in the article "Achilles Helix" is different from Rifkin's. He talks of "homemade eugenics", which means that "individual families [decide] what kind of kids they want to have" (718). He is of the opinion that only upper-class families would be able to afford the improvement of their children's genes, and he comes to the conclusion that "... the social pyramid would grow taller and steeper..."(70).

In my opinion, Wright is much more objective and realistic than Rifkin. Although language is never free from influencing the readers, Wright's article is not exclusively based on emotions, but on realistic thoughts. For instance, he tells us about "Luddites", who "will want a fairly thorough ban on the new technologies"(71). He shows a great problem with their plan "The United States can't, in the real world, do it alone"(7). In my opinion, this is an important point, because national laws are no solution to the international issue of biotechnology.

The discussion of biotechnology should not only be a international one, but it should also take place between scientists and eticists, healthy people and people who suffer pain, because they or their friends have a genetic disease. The scientists maybe do not consider the effects that their achievements could have on our world, because they are so enthusiastic about the identification of the human genome. Normal people might have fear of things that are totally unrealistic, for instance that scientists establish dinosaurs like they did in the film "Jurassic parc". Discourse is needed to differentiate between fear and realistic consequences, but that is exactly the point I missed at the articles by Jaroff and Watson, who work at the "Human Genome Project".

Jaroff is very enthusiastic about the project, and he gives a lot of scientific information, but he pays no attention to the ethical consequenses at all. He just mentions the effect on medicine "Once you can make a profile of a person's genetic predisposition to disease, medicine will finally become predictive and preventive" (Jaroff, "The Gene Hunt", 704).

Watson is concerned with the immediate ethical problems that will occur "If someone can go look at your DNA and see that you have a deletion on one of your anti-oncogenes and that you will be more lieable to die of cancer at an early age, then you might be discriminated in, say, employment or insurance coverage"(Watson, "The Human Genome Project...", 715). The scientist tries to find a solution to this problem, and he says that "laws are needed to prevent genetic discrimination ..."(715). Although this is a start of paying attention to the ethical problems that might occur, it is still not enough from my point of view.

To come to a conclusion at the end, I want to quote Dennis Chamberland, who says in "Genetic Engineering Promise and Threat"(660) "There is only one certainty The river that is the knowledge of life has been crossed, and we cannot go back again". I think that is true. If I am right, we won't be able to stop genetic research, because there is so much hope to find the causes for serious diseases like aids and cancer. For that reason, many people support research in the field of biotechnology, and I understand and support them on the one hand. On the other hand I think it is necessary to think about the consequences. It is very difficult or maybe impossible to avoid that somebody abuses the knowledge of the human genome, and for that reason I have difficulties in deciding whether I should support or object the research. However, I suppose that the door that is the detailed knowledge of the human genome will be opened one time, and we should be prepared to handle and the consequences that are on the other side of it.

Everybody has to decide for himself whether he is a opponent or a proponent of biotechnology, but I think it is important and necessary to get enough information about the subject, because otherwise we may forget or simply do not know relevant aspects. It is also very interesting to have a look at the language that the different authors used to explain their point of view, because it can help to judge and order the various statements.

Works Cited And Consulted

Bullard, Linda. "Killing Us Softly Toward A Feminist Analysis of Genetic Engineering". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 685-60

Chamberland, Dennis. "Promise and Threat". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 65-660

Greenough, Beverly Sills. "Why I Support Gene Therapy". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14.

Huxley, Aldous. "Brave New World". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 60-64

Jaroff,Leon. "The Gene Hunt". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 65-707

Rifkin, Jeremy. "A Heretic's View on the New Bioethics". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 66-67

Watson, James D.. "The Human Genome Project A Personal View". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum . Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 708-716

Wright, Robert. "Achilles Helix". Writing and Reading across the Curriculum .

Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Harper Collins, 14. 717-7

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Lennie, George and I have had many situations in common during our lives. We were all victims of many circumstances that were beyond our control. We have all been in a circumstance where there has been an extreme misunderstanding, filling us with fear. We have both been in an uncomfortable situation due to another persons suffering. Finally, the restriction of not being able to speak to certain people.

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I had to take a course for college and I decided to take sign language. Even though in this area, I havent seen to many people whom are deaf. My spouse, a few years ago, has had a neighbor who had a daughter who was deaf ( well call her L.). After thinking about it, I realized, around here, everybody was learning to speak spanish and not to much interest was into sign language. I felt that deaf people were just as important as the alians who came to America to find freedom. Where was the freedom for the deaf? My spouse said the girl (L) was a violent young person. She couldnt understand why she was the way she was, and she lashed out at her family with hate. The police was called several times and once she ran off with a couple of older men who tried to have their way with her. From what her parents and the police said, this girl bite and scratched her way out of a serious attack. She was placed in a home for the deaf. There she attacked the male workers and did some very serious damage to one of the male nurses by scratching the mans face and cutting his cheek which resulted to several stitches was needed. My spouses daughter befriended L and they were like sisters. Being which hearing people who werent her parents seemed to calm her down. It seemed that she blamed her parents for her dissability, then she blamed the one place she didnt want to be. The last my spouse heard and seen of L, she had a husband ( who was also deaf) and a baby boy. She seemed to have accepted her deafness and her baby was born with his hearing. Maybe my spouse and daughter showed L, that no matter what, even people who are not her parents, can care for her and be a good part of her life, without wanting anything, but just to care.

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