Colonies

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Each of the thirteen colonies is known for certain events, leaders, or breakthroughs, yet Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Rhode Island each has very similar but distinct qualities. Jamestown was the first permanent colony, yet it was based upon wealth while Plymouth was the first colony based upon religion. Puritans instead of Separatists established Massachusetts Bay, and Rhode Island was founded by exiles from Massachusetts Bay.

The first permanent colony established in North America was Jamestown, which was founded in 1607 by the English. This colony was established by the London Company as a business venture in hopes of making money so there was no religious focus backing this colony. The London Company and its investors expected this to be a temporary settlement in North America in which the eighty men and boys that were sent could find gold, get rich quick, and return to England. The men and boys settled in an area away from the coastline, along the James River. This particular area was surrounded by Natives, yet had not settled by the Natives. The reason being, this spot retained water, which attracted insects carrying diseases so many of the original settlers became sick and died. Soon after, John Smith turned the colony around with his leadership and implementation of rules. He organized work gangs and sanitation systems, and he also improved hygiene and native relations. Once John Smith had taken over, the colony actually prospered due to the local natives. The major crop of Jamestown became tobacco, in which they had received from the natives. This first colony set the way for other colonies to permanently establish themselves in North America.

Not too long after Jamestown, a group of Separatists, along with others, landed on the shores of Massachusetts in the Mayflower in 160. Unlike Jamestown though, this settlement was based around religion instead of wealth. Instead of heading off to Virginia as originally planned, the settlers decided to stay in Massachusetts, and all of the men in the group signed The Mayflower Compact, which outlined a government for the settlement. William Bradford served as the leader of this settlement, yet they faced many problems in their first year. As a group, they did not know survival skills such as farming, hunting, or fishing. Squanto, a local native, helped these settlers learn skills such as planting corn so they could survive on their own. With these newly learned skills, not only the colony's health thrived, but also its religious beliefs.

The Massachusetts Bay colony, very similarly to Plymouth, was based upon religion and not wealth. John Winthrop led this establishment from its beginnings in England to its actual establishment as a colony. Instead of interacting with Natives to survive, the colony's plan was to sell items to others already in the Americas or those coming, for profit. This idea was good in theory, but when migration slowed, so did business. The colony also faced other hardships such as government. The political focus of the colony became the dealings of the more wealthy, but not necessarily the more religious. These became an apparent problem seeing as the colony was established based upon religion. The government problems were largely handled by electing John Winthrop governor almost every year.

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A third establishment based upon religion was Rhode Island. Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts founded this colony. He believed that the government had no right to interfere with religion, and he openly stated his ideas. Once banished, he headed south and established a little town, which later became the colony of Rhode Island. Roger Williams founded a colony that was unique compared to the others that had been founded. This colony was based upon religion, yet it completely separated religion from government so one could worship without any meddling. Not to long after, Ann Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts and joined this colony as well. She too spoke out against the church, so this was an ideal colony for her. Although this colony was established by exiles, it was revolutionary for its time by separating the church from the government.

Although these four colonies have similarities, they all have even more significant differences. Each one was founded for slightly different reasons making each one unique. Without these slight, yet important differences in early American history, North American would be entirely different today.

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Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

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United States President, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 186, as the nation approached its third year of the Civil War. The proclamation declared that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free. The Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately free the slaves, but it was a big step towards the end of slavery.

By the contents of this Proclamation it would seem that Lincoln fully opposed and sought to end slavery completely, however, in the beginning of his Presidency, Lincoln made it clear to America that he had no intention of ending slavery. In 1858, Lincoln informed American citizens of this by saying, I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races. However, it is quite apparent that Lincolns opinion of slavery, and the decision of actions to be taken towards slavery, had changed. There are many factors that contributed to Lincolns change in attitude and opinion of slavery. One major factor was the pressure that he was receiving from various people, as they were pushing for the end to slavery.

The many abolitionists that existed during this time urged Lincoln to put an end to slavery. Many believed that Lincoln had many chances to change his attitude toward slavery. However, for quite some time Lincoln held true to his policy of not intending to abolish slavery. Lincoln clearly ignored that fact that slavery was the major dispute between the North and the South during the Civil War. As the war progressed, public opinion in the North grew more angrily anti-Southern, and pressure for abolition grew in Congress.

By 186, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea of abolishing slavery. Lincoln introduced a plan to Congress, which was ultimately accepted. This plan called for the emancipation of slaves beginning in the District of Columbia, and eventually extending to the Border States. However, abolitionists were still not pleased with this plan, and they began pressuring Lincoln even more.

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Meanwhile, the Union army suffered a demoralizing series of setbacks at the hands of Confederate troops. Britain and France, eager to obtain Southern cotton, seemed likely to enter the war on the side of the Confederacy. At this point, Lincoln began to think that freeing the slaves could not make the military situation any worse, and that it might actually help the Union armies by disrupting the economy of the South. If it accomplished nothing else, an emancipation proclamation would decrease British and French support for the Confederacy by demonstrating that the North was against slavery, as Britain and France were highly opposed to it.

Finally, by January 1 186, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, and the first step towards the end to slavery was completed. This situation is very ironic because in the early years of Lincolns presidency, he showed no signs of opposition towards slavery. However, after continuous pressure and negativity directed towards the slave situation, Lincolns attitude was altered, and he ultimately made this country a better place.

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Teen depression

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Adolescent Depression

Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 1 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 15). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment, which may often continue into adulthood.

Brown (16) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because children are not always able to express how they feel. Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (16) observed that the challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm.

Therefore, diagnosis should not lay only in the physicians hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery, 16). Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster & Montgomery, 16), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 16), hyperactivity (Blackman, 15), substance abuse (Blackman, 15; Brown, 16; Lasko et al., 16) and suicide (Blackman, 15; Brown, 16; Lasko et al., 16; Oster & Montgomery, 16) all of which can hide depressive symptoms.

The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of normal mood changes (Brown 16). Key indicators of adolescent depression include a drastic change in eating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest in previous activity interests (Blackman, 15; Oster & Montgomery, 16), constant boredom (Blackman, 15), disruptive behavior, peer problems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 16). Blackman (15) proposed that formal psychologic testing may be helpful in complicated presentations that do not lend themselves easily to diagnosis. For many teens, symptoms of depression are directly related to low self -esteem stemming from increased emphasis on peer popularity. For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations, which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 16). Oster & Montgomery (16) stated that when parents are struggling over marital or career problems, or are ill themselves, teens may feel the tension and try to distract their parents. This distraction could include increased disruptive behavior, self-inflicted isolation and even verbal threats of suicide. So how can the physician determine when a patient should be diagnosed as depressed or suicidal? Brown (16) suggested the best way to diagnose is to screen out the vulnerable groups of children and adolescents for the risk factors of suicide and then refer them for treatment. Some of these risk factors include verbal signs of suicide within the last three months, prior attempts at suicide, indication of severe mood problems, or excessive alcohol and substance abuse. Many physicians tend to think of depression as an illness of adulthood. In fact, Brown (16) stated that it was only in the 180s that mood disorders in children were included in the category of diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. In actuality, 7-14% of children will experience an episode of major depression before the age of 15. An average of 0-0% of adult bipolar patients report having their first episode before the age of 0. In a sampling of 100,000 adolescents, two to three thousand will have mood disorders out of which 8-10 will commit suicide (Brown, 16). Blackman (15) remarked that the suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 00% over the last decade. Brown (16) added that an estimated ,000teenagers per year commit suicide in the United States, making it the leading cause of death after accidents and homicide. Blackman (15) stated that it is not uncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues of mortality and to contemplate the effect their death would have on close family and friends.

Once it has been determined that the adolescent has the disease of depression, what can be done about it? Blackman (15) has suggested two main avenues to treatment psychotherapy and medication. The majority of the cases of adolescent depression are mild and can be dealt with through several psychotherapy sessions with intense listening, advice and encouragement. For the more severe cases of depression, especially those with constant symptoms, medication may be necessary and without pharmaceutical treatment, depressive conditions could escalate and become fatal. Brown (16) added that regardless of the type of treatment chosen, it is important for children suffering from mood disorders to receive prompt treatment because early onset places children at a greater risk for multiple episodes of depression throughout their life span.

Until recently, adolescent depression has been largely ignored by health professionals, but now several means of diagnosis and treatment exist. Although most teenagers can successfully climb the mountain of emotional and psychological obstacles that lie in their paths, there are some who find themselves overwhelmed and full of stress.(Brown 16). With the help of teachers, school counselors, mental health professionals, parents, and other caring adults, the severity of a teens depression can not only be accurately evaluated, but plans can be made to improve his or her well-being and ability to fully engage life (Blackman, 15).

References

• Blackman, M. (15, May). You asked about... adolescent depression. The Canadian Journal of CME [Internet].

• Brown, A. (16, Winter). Mood disorders in children and adolescents. NARSAD Research Newsletter [Internet].

• Lasko, D.S., et al. (16). Adolescent depressed mood and parental unhappiness. Adolescence, 1 (11), 4-57.

• Oster, G. D., & Montgomery, S. S. (16). Moody or depressed The masks of teenage depression. Self Help & Psychology [Internet].

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DNA-Where will it Take Us?

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While creationist and evolutionists are arguing over who is right and where we (being the human race) came from, the rest of us are left to worry where all the advances in DNA/genome research will lead us.

Australia has been slow to jump on the genome research bandwagon and become involved in larger scale research. Yet for biological and medical research we have contributed strongly. To undertake such projects like genome research, funding and facilities are a must have, what many institutions have not/do not have. The Australian Genome Research Facility, established in 15, has provided Australia with a facility for DNA sequencing.

Australia is one of the countries involved in the Human Genome Project. The human Genome Project (HGP) officially began in October of 10, its aim to identify and locate all of the approximately 0,000 genes in the human DNA and to determine the sequences of billion chemical bases that make up the human DNA and to store this information in databases. The HGP is providing information about genes that greatly affects genetic testing (identify presence/absence of a gene in an individual) and genetic screening (testing a whole population for the presence of a particular gene). Tests may also become available for genes involved in determining aspects of human behaviour, not just inherited disorders.

Just from saying what I've just said, many people would be able to come up with a question or concern due to the apparent speed of advances in this area. Through my research I have found a range of possible problems or vexing questions that could be asked, some should be able to be handled easily or with few problems, others are more complicated (and I emphasise the 'should', that all depends on who is handling the problem).

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One of the simpler problems to arise is privacy and confidentiality; there is already a basic rule in the healthcare profession To respect the confidences of the patient. So, if a disorder in that person is the product of a genetic characteristic does that still leave the 'patient' solely the individual to those rights or is the entire family entitled to them? Should the family be allowed to override the wishes of that individual and obtain information important to them all about that individual's genes relevant to genetic conditions, provided the law allows it? If such information reached others apart from family how would we prevent discrimination based on those facts?

In relation to discrimination should a third party (employer, insurance company) have the right to require a person to submit to genetic testing to establish their likely future health status? Then begs the question, are there some types of employment whose essence would suggest, in exceptional cases, such a right should exist by law? Are there other means available to monitor a person's health without resorting to refusal on the basis of a genetic test? Would the denial of information on a person's genetic makeup be feasible? Insurers may already require those who want their services to complete other tests that may indicate genetic predispositions.

Genetics and criminals, advances have already not been in favour of criminals but what happens when it is proven, through that person's genetic makeup, that their actions may have been caused or influenced by a pre-existing genetic characteristic? Criminal law is usually based on the assertion that it is necessary for the state to prove the accused acted as they did and had necessary intention to do so. Yet, if their actions may have been influenced by a pre-existing genetic characteristic is this to say they were unable to control themselves? To what extent would a person then have control over their actions and doings? How would this be determined?

What of the donors of genetic material that bears data useful for the development of drugs and therapy, should that person then receive some share of the profits that may come from the use of that material? Or, should it just be put down to philanthropy (helping others worse off) for the benefit of humanity? There is much research devoted to identifying genetic differentials, which cause some families or groups to show signs of resistance, or susceptibility, to life-threatening or disabling conditions. Although, how will the world community ensure the focus of immediate research on the human genome is to include combating malaria and river blindness, not simply wrinkles for the rich who are getting older.

Now for some more perplexing ideas. It is the view of Justice Michael Kirby, member of the HUGO Ethics Committee and the International Ethics Committee of UNESCO, that if nothing is done about the HGP, to legislate it, is then to accept that science and technology may take societies to wherever the imagination of those who are involved wishes. He also says in a speech to the Medical Journal of Australia, "Yet apart from a few legislators (and I would exempt Senator Natasha Stott Despoja) most politicians would rather run a mile from the complex issues of the genome." This statement in itself raises issues, does that mean that they would not really be able to find an effective way to do so?

Now for an issue that if used properly, provided we actually find out how to do it, could bring great benefits to society, but if we do go overboard with the idea, there could be large repercussions for society. I'm talking about creating the "perfect child", if we do create the technology to do this, good uses would be to eliminate genes for diseases and disabilities but to take it too far would be to model the child to how the parents want them, although I am nor creationist or evolutionist, that would be messing with them as a person. Generally in societies people have similar ideas about the "way to be", particularly more traditional people, and to be able to create "perfect children" in their societies could eventually see everybody assimilating and variations in personalities may eventually differ by very little. How do we combat this issue, through the law, even then, will it be what people think is right? For today we are lucky enough to have people of differing opinions and ideas. Things will be debated and people will put their two cents in to hopefully come out with a successful end result.

All we have to do is put our faith in ourselves and I think the issues of privacy and confidentiality, third party interests, criminal responsibility, donors of genetic material getting a share of the profits made, what to do in terms of legislating the HGP and genetic modification or the quest for the "perfect child" will eventually be sorted out.

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Emily's life

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Burns 1

Mike Burns

English 1454

Sept. 0th, 00

Emilys life was a fickle and most people will be a victim of circumstance and the

times. Some people choose not to let cirumstances rule them, but Emily wasnt one of

those people. Emily didnt have indiviual confidence, or maybe self-esteem and self

worth, to believe that she could stand alone and succeed at life especially in the face of

changing times. She had always been ruled by, and depended on, men to protect, defend,

and act for her. From her father, through the manservant Tobe, to Homer Barren, all her

life she was dependent on men. It didnt help that her dad told off every guy that came to

her. That really had an impact on her mind. And that really showed when the father died.

The few flashes of indiviuality showed her ability to rise to the occasion, to

overcome her dependency, when the action was the only solution available. Like buying

the poison or getting money by offering china-painting classes. Emilys life was tragic

and sad some of which is made for us and some of which we make ourselves. Emily had

a very hard life, because everything she had loved or held close left her. Her father in my

opinion made the biggest impact on her life. Because he made it seem that every man she

met wasnt good enough for her. The townspeople even state when her father died, it got

about that the house was all that was left to her; and in a way, people were glad...being

left alone...She had become humanized (1). That sounds like as if her fathers death

was sort of liberation for Emily. But when he died he couldnt fight off the guys any

more. The townspeople thought that Emily was above the law because of her high class

Burns

stature. Since the death of her father they saw her as one of them a middle class working

person. But unfortunately, Miss Emily became home bound.

Homer and Tobe were like the only two that would socialize with Emily. Tobe

was the manservant that would do her chores and go to the store for her. But Homer was

the man for Emily. Emily thought that he was the only one for her. Homer was a

forman for a road constrution company. Homer is a Yankee, big, dark, ready man, with

a big voice and eyes lighter than his face (0). With Emilys past high class upbringing

Homer would be out of the picture if her father was still around. Emily was just terrified

of being alone so she thought that Homer would be the one to resuce her from her fear

of being alone for rest of her life. Emily was head over heals for Homer but Homer

wasnt feeling the same way towards her. There was a rumor that even Homer himself

had remarked--he liked men and it was known that he drunk with younger men in the

Elks Club--he was not a marrying man (1). Homer left Emily and town for three days

and then returned. While Homer was gone, Emily still had it in her mind that they were

going to get married. She bought Homer invitations and clothes. Emily became fearful of

Homers departure and feared being left alone again.

Because of the fear of losing Homer again and being left alone, she decided to

poison him. She felt that if she cannot have him alive than she could keep him with her if

he was dead. So she did. No one really knew how bad it was becuase of her seclusion.

The truth about Homers death did not come out till Emilys death. Faulkner talks about

Burns

The Rose for Emily in the title of this story. The Rose could be found in the tomb

like bedroom that she created. The bedroom wasnt found until Emilys death. Upon the

valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded light (). Because of the

rose color items, the room had an artifical rose like color. Homer was dead all those

years, among the rose color room everything in this room was Emilys rose. It was locked

away for keeping so she would not be left alone.

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Brain Drain

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Brain Drain. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Brain Drain paper right on time.

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Is Canada Losing Their Minds?

According to the United Nations, Canada is the best place on earth to live. However, many Canadians are leaving Canada to pursue a career in the United States. This has been labeled the Canadian brain drain. Many of us forget that the Brain Drain does not refer only to every single educated person who leaves Canada for the U.S. (or sometimes other destinations), but also to the businesses or products created by each of these Canadians (Canada, Immigration, and the Economy). Individuals that are a part of the brain drain stated that the reason young bright Canadians are being lured to the United States is higher salaries, career opportunity, and lower taxes.

Occupation salaries are one of the most important factors when seeking employment. Salaries vary drastically from one country to another. In this case Canadians are being lured to the United States because of a significant increase in earnings. In the St. Petersburg Times Online, a young couple, the Hilliers, are introduced, The Hilliers, both and college graduates, are typical of thousands of bright young Canadians who have moved to the United States in the past 10 years. The reasons are many -- better pay, lower taxes, warmer weather -- but the result is a brain drain of alarming proportions, many Canadian business and political leaders say (Martin). The couple admits to being a part of the brain drain in Canada during the past ten years. As for salary differences, Tony has since taken a job with IBM, where he is making enough that he and Suzanne were able to buy a home with a pool near her parents. They estimate that their disposable income is as much as 5 percent higher than it would be in Canada -- enough that Suzanne wont have to work until their sons, 4 and , are in school (Martin). To sum it up, many Canadians are simply choosing to move to the United States because they will make more money and provide a better living for their family.

In addition to salaries luring Canadians to the United States are the superior career opportunities. Based on a survey done in 1, 68% indicate that their primary reason for moving was that the U.S. offered superior career opportunities and/or compensation (Canada, Immigration, and the Economy). The opening to move up in your career is an important factor, men and women want to be able to gain success and responsibility throughout years at their workplace. Sheila Spence, 1 year old, vice president at a publishing company says, she would only be interested in pursuing a career in Canada if she felt the opportunity was equal. Equal in terms of role, responsibility, the level of decisions youre accountable for and the influence that you have the corporation (Canada's Brain Drain). She made it clear that she does not believe that Canada offers the same level of opportunity as the United States. Sheila also added that, Out of the 0 Canadians she graduated with, only four pursued a career in Canada (Canada's Brain Drain). That is a staggering number; it shows that once a Canadian sees the opportunity in the United States, most likely the urge to live a richer life becomes a very considerable option.

Along with salaries and career opportunities, the lower taxes in the United States contribute to attracting Canada''s best young minds. One of the many reasons Canada is losing a large number of its most educated people is because its neighbor country, the United States, offers less than half the taxes. Andrew Strong, a 7-year-old home builder from Ontario, says he never would have survived financially had he stayed in Canada. The government just killed it. Impact fees were up to $15,000, a lot compared to about $4,800 down here. It was almost impossible to be a builder unless youre a big corporation with deep pockets (Martin). This shows that lower taxes do provide a significant saving for those who have emigrated to the United States. Canada is one of the countries with the highest taxes, and these taxes are a strong contributor to directing some of Canada's brightest to the United States.

Canada needs to retain highly talented individuals if it is to sustain the quality of life of its population. In turn, quality of life considerations often play a vital role in an individual's decision to stay here or join the brain drain. Solving Canada''s brain drain problem will likely involve taking a look at what caused the brain drain in the first place low salaries, lack of career opportunity, and high taxes. Canada must give better recognition to its exceptional talent and make a conscious effort to not lose its minds.

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Theory of Reasoned Action

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Theory of Reasoned Action

As the technical facilitator, one must help the group work together in an effort to reach a common goal. There are several theories that place emphasis on the ability to form cohesive teams. Though, the theory of reasoned action, which deals with attitudes that affect cohesive teamwork, is the most important. In it, Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein study whether attitudes predict behavior.

The theory assumes that people rationally calculate the benefits of engaging in a particular action and think carefully about how important others will view the behavior under consideration. In the case of class groups the theory would assume that each individual member of the group would calculate the benefits of creating the web page and also consider how everyone else in the group will react to the project. According to Perloff (1) the hallmark of the theory model is its emphasis on conscious deliberation.

Help with essay on Theory of Reasoned Action The theory is composed of four components attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, behavioral intention, and actual behavior. Attitude toward the behavior is defined as the person's judgment on whether performing the behavior is good or bad. Subjective norm is the person's perceptions of the social pressures put on him to perform or not perform the behavior in process. Behavioral intention is the intent to perform a particular behavior and actual behavior is the behavior performed (Ajzen and Fishbein, 180). So each individual of the group must decide whether creating the website is a good or bad behavior, have the perception that the group will place pressure on each individual member of the group to perform their assigned tasking, the group must be ensured that member actually intends to do the behavior, and then have the individual group member must actually perform the task.

Attitude toward the behavior consists of two subcomponents. The first is behavioral belief, which is the belief of what the consequences of the behavior will result in. The second is the outcome evaluations, which are the affective evaluations of those consequences (Perloff, 1). For example, suppose you wanted to predict whether someone in the group was going to participate in the group project or not. First you would have to assess the individual's attitude toward doing the project. This would be done by obtaining a measure of their beliefs about the consequences, either good or bad, of doing the project. Then you would evaluate the outcome of the results to see if they have the intention of completing the project.

Subjective norm also consists of two subcomponents; the normative beliefs and the motivation to comply. Normative belief is the person's belief that specific individuals or groups think he should or should not perform the behavior. Motivation to comply is the individual's motivation to go along with significant others (Ajzen and Fishbein, 180). In the case of the group project the person believes they should do their part of the project and the motivation to comply is to work with the other members of the group to create the project.

Behavioral intent is the intention to perform a particular behavior. The theory of reasoned action says that intention is a joint function of the attitude toward the behavior and subjective norm. Therefore under some conditions a person's attitude predicts his intention to perform a behavior. In other circumstances, subjective norm predicts the intention (Perloff, 1).

Fishbein and Ajzen (175) state that most social behavior action is under the control of the individual. Therefore, the intent to perform a particular behavior should predict the actual performance of the act. "In sum, attitude toward the behavior and subjective norm determine intention to perform a behavior, and intention is the immediate determinant of the action" (Ajzen and Fishbein, 180).

The theory of reasoned action makes it clear that any attempt to influence the action of an individual, whether the goal is to change an attitude, norm, intention or behavior, must be directed at one of the individual's beliefs. Therefore to change a person's attitude it is necessary to know the primary beliefs on which the attitude is based. Then a message that provides information to change those beliefs must be constructed. Likewise, a subjective norm can be changed by attacking either the specific normative beliefs or the motivation to comply. By changing the beliefs underlying either attitudes or subjective norms behaviors can be changed (Petty and Cacioppo, 181).

As a facilitator communication with each individual of the group is very important. If an individual decides that they do not want to do the project, the facilitator's job is to figure out why and then decide the best way to change those beliefs. Each individual in the group has to believe that creating the project is important to them and the group. For example, if an individual is having technical problems with their part of the project, they may start to believe that they are not able to finish and in turn stop working on the project all together. As a technical facilitator, you have to help them with their part of the project and show them how important they are to the group. Research conducted over the years to test the theory of reasoned action has provided evidence that the relationship between attitude toward a behavior and actual performance of that behavior are highly intertwined (Zanna, 18). This means that as long as each individual's beliefs are changed, then the desired outcome will be reached.

The theory of reasoned action, explains how an individual decides which action they should take. It is this theory that explains how a technical facilitator should deal with each individual's beliefs. By understanding their beliefs on the project, then you should be able to properly communicate with each member of the group and show them how to meet the assigned task in a timely and professional matter.

References

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (180). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Eaglewoods Cliff, NJ Prentice Hall.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbien, M. (177). Attitude-Behavior Relations A Theoretical Analysis and Review of Empirical Research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-18.

Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (181). Attitudes and Persuasion Classic and Contemporary Approaches. Boulder, Colorado Westview Press.

Perloff, R. M. (1). The Dynamics of Persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ Lawerence Erlbaum Associates.

Zanna, M. P. (Ed.). (18). Consistency in Social Behavior The Ontario Symposium Volume . Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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