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The Avro Arrow
In 1717, the manufacturing of beaver hats was begun in Montreal. Four finished hats were turned out every day. Then came the order directly from the King of France to kill the industry. There was to be no competition from the colony for French hat makers. "Colonies are established solely for the utility of the country that forms them", Louis XIV said. Two and a half centuries later, instead of from Versailles, the pressure came from Washington (Orchard, 1, p. 50).
The creativity, ingenuity, perseverance and skill of the people that created A.V. Roe (AVRO) Canada limited, has set the standard for Canadian technology. Their foresight and management made it Canada's largest corporation in just 1 years. A.V. Roe was faced with the challenge of producing a supersonic aircraft with a new engine. The airplane was to operate at twice the speed of any existing model and in all aspects the aircraft was technically advanced, both for the time of it's design and for the considerable advancements made in the field of aerodynamics (Zurring, 1, p. 1). The Avro Arrow was built to fend off the ever- changing Soviet threat and to begin a new area in Canadian defence. Britain, US and France had been relied upon in the past for Canadian defence; it was now time to rely on our military and air force for the protection of Canada. Challenges that faced A.V. Roe in producing the plane included, manpower, engineering design, flight testing, finance, and maintaining relations with a single client, the Canadian government (Zurring, 1, p. ). But, the most mysterious and unexplained aspect of the Avro Arrow has been the involvement of the Americans and their role in the cancellation of Canada's greatest airplane.
Why was the Arrow cancelled? The official reason given by the Canadian government was that the missile age was coming to an end and manned jet fighter aircraft, including the Arrow, had become obsolete. Accordingly, the new American missile system, called the Bomarc missile system, was to be purchased, and because Canada could not afford both the Arrow and the Bomarc, the Arrow was going to be cancelled ( Zurring, 1, p. 165). Behind the scenes pressure from the United States for Canada to buy the Bomarc a system that was untried, unproven and would eventually prove useless was direct and effective. In a meeting between the Canadian defence minister, George Pearkes, and the U.S. secretary of state for defence, Neil McElroy, the Canadian government asked what would happen if Canada refused to buy the Bomarc. The Canadians were told that the consequence would be the emplacement of at least one more Bomarc Squadron in the U.S., south of the Great Lakes. Because the Bomarc had a limited range of 50 miles, this would mean, in the advent of war against incoming Soviet missiles from the north, the certainty of nuclear holocaust above Canadas most densely populated regions. Consequently, the Canadian government decided to purchase the Bomarcs, put them further north in Canada, and terminate the Arrow ( ) .
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As for the Bomarc missile system, admitted by the Americans themselves to be entirely for the the defence of the American Strategic Air Command and not for Canada, it turned out to be an expensive dud which became obsolete before it was installed( ).
A significant but little known fact is that the Arrow was the only aircraft in the world capable of downing the new, top secret U spy plane developed by the CIA, which in the late 150s was overflying countries around the globe. The U flew at an altitude of 70,000 feet, unreachable by any existing interceptor but well within the Arrows range( ) . In 160, Defence Minister Pearkes admitted the U was overflying Canada and that without interceptor aircraft, Canada could do nothing about this.
The Avro Jetliner was destroyed to allow the Americans to introduce their Boeing Jetliner, eight years after the Canadian Jetliner had first flown. Just as the Mark II was about to fly, and in all likelihood bring the worlds speed record to Canada, thirtyseven supersonic aircraft were scrapped. To make sure no new aircraft would rise from the cuttings of the blow torches, a freetrade agreement in defence supplies, the CanadaU.S. Defence Production Sharing Agreement of 15, was signed. That agreement integrated the defence industries of the two countries. Canada agreed to rely on the United States for defense technology, and has never again tried to be selfreliant in the aerospace and defense industries. Instead of producing its own aircraft, Canadian industry was reoriented to produce parts for U.S. contractors. In 158, within three months of the Arrows cancellation, Canada joined NORAD, which integrated the air defence of the two countries under a joint command headquartered in Colorado. In the future, Defence Minister Pearkes said, the United States would supply jet interceptors defence if Canada should require it. The operation of these two agreements ensured that Canada would never again create and produce hightech aircraft. The very country that has invaded Canada repeatedly, and has been by far its most dangerous and sustained threat over the centuries, now looks after Canadas defence.
Canada went on to spend billions of dollars on civilian and military aircraft from
American firms, aircraft less suited to its needs and climate. The Canadian defence
industry today consists mainly of subsidiaries of American corporations. These
subsidiary firms are encouraged to station scouts in the United States to catch word of
pending U.S. contracts. They can then make a bid to produce U.S. weapons.
With the cancellation of the Arrow thousands of the highly skilled engineers, designers and aerospace workers, some gathered with great difficulty from all over the world, who for ten years had refused repeated offers from U.S. firms to leave Canada, were thrown out of work and now had little choice. Twentysix of Avros top engineers, including Jim Chamberlin from British Columbia, Avros chief of design, were sent by the Canadian government to NASA, where their skills played a crucial role in landing an American on the moon. Chamberlin was later described by NASA management as probably one of the most brilliant men ever to work with NASA. Highly skilled Avro engineers made their contributions in almost all fields of aviation and technology throughout the Western world, not only with NASA but also with Boeing of Seattle, RCA in Massachussetts, HawkerSiddeley of England, Fokker of Holland, and the European Space Agency.
With an eightyear lead on the United States in civilian jetliner technology and the Avro Arrow, the Canadian aerospace industry could have taken on the best in the world. It would also have been competition for U.S. corporations. Instead, Avro scrambled for whatever business it could find, at one point landing a contract to produce pots and pans. In 16, Avro sold what remained of its gutted operations to de Havilland, leaving a wealth of concepts, ideas and designs that, over the next three decades, were used by leading British and American firms. And the myth began to be fostered that Canada did not have the skills, capabilities or resources to build worldclass industries on its own.
If the Jetliner and Arrow had gone ahead, they, like the CF100, would have been purchased by other countries. American industrialist Howard Hughes was interested in producing the Jetliner in the United States, and several American companies wished to order the aircraft from Avro. An American company had signed a contract with Avro to produce the Iroquois under license the first contract of its kind signed by the United States with a Canadian company. France had approached Avro about purchasing 00 Iroquois engines for use in its Mirage jet fighter. Both the United States and Britain were interested in the Arrow because they had nothing comparable.
The technology, the research and the talent, as well as the money since spent on foreign aircraft, both military and commercial, would have remained in Canada. A dynamic aerospace industry would have established itself as one of the major engines driving Canadas economy. Equally significant, Canada would have had the capability to patrol and defend its own borders and airspace against incursion by all intruders. If the Arrow had flown with Iroquois engines, it almost certainly would have broken world records for both speed and altitude. Had the Canadian public seen that happen, cancellation of the Arrow would have been impossible. That is why the blowtorches came in before the Mark IIs could lift off the ground.
The Arrow was not cancelled because it was costly or obsolete or defective. It was, in the words of electronics engineer and Arrow researcher, Palmiro Campagna, erased from existence, because it was too damn good!
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