Two animals at risk

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Two Animals at Risk

One of the most unusual interesting warm-blooded mammals is the giant panda. Giant pandas belong to the bear family. At one time scientists did not agree about what kind of mammal the giant panda is. Now scientists clearly agree that giant pandas belong to the bear family. Most giant pandas are found in China. They live in the wild in bamboo forests. Bamboo is a tall grass that is their main food.

Most male giant pandas are about 6 feet long from their heads to their tails. They weigh up to 75lbs and the females are smaller. Giant pandas are unusual because they have thick black and white fur. The unusual markings included black fur on their ears and black circles around their eyes. The rest of their head is covered with thick white hair. Part of their body is covered with black fur and part is covered with white fur.

Giant pandas travel on all four feet. They have short curved claws that they use for protection and eating bamboo shoots. Something very special about the giant panda is the thumb, which they use to grip the bamboo. It is actually part of the giant panda's wrist bone.Order Custom Essay on Two animals at risk

We find the giant pandas in the mountains of western China where it is very cold and damp. Since it rains so often in this area, bamboo really grows in the mountains. In the summer giant pandas live in the high mountains. They move to the lower mountains during the winter months. If the weather is very bad, they look for shelter in hollow trees or caves. Some times female giant pandas build nests before giving birth. Giant pandas usually live alone in a range of about one to two square miles.

Even though giant pandas eat other plants, they usually spend 16 hours a day eating their favorite plant bamboo. Pandas can eat up to to 84 lbs of bamboo every day. When they aren't eating, they are resting. Giant pandas are quiet and friendly. Sometimes they make a sound like a sheep to greet another panda. However they will smack their lips together when they are scared. If a Giant panda is angry, it will roar and growl.

Giant pandas have some enemies, which are wild dogs and leopards. Giant pandas die in traps set by humans. The government of China outlaws killing giant pandas, however, people still hunt them. Another way that giant pandas die is when people destroy the bamboo forests. Then there is not enough food for the pandas to survive.

Giant pandas always mate in the spring time when they are six to seven years old. The male panda barks at the female when interested. The male and female stay together for three days and then return to living alone. After weeks the female gives birth to a cub. A giant panda cub only weighs about 4oz and it has no hair. In six weeks the cub learns to crawl and open its eyes. After six months the cub can walk, eat bamboo, and climb trees. At 4 months the young giant panda goes off on his own.

There are about 1,000 giant pandas in the world today. About 70 giant pandas live in zoos. Since they are endangered, guards are protecting them from poachers. If a person is caught killing any giant pandas, they are sent to prison. Chinese government rewards people who try to help the panda by planting more bamboo. Bamboo plants die out about every 50 yrs. and that is a big problem. One of the biggest problems occurred in the 170's when many bamboo plants died and the giant pandas starved to death. Some people try to create reserves so as to help the pandas. It's illegal to take pandas out of the country and the Chinese government will not sell any animals. The scientists do not know if giant pandas will survive, but they are working to save the giant pandas.

Wolves are another endangered species like the giant panda. There are two types of endangered wolves and they are white wolves and gray wolves. North America, Europe and Asia once had many wolves. Now Alaska, Canada and Siberia have more wolves. In the 1800s, settlers in America raised sheep and cattle. Wolves killed many of the farm animals. The ranchers hunted the wolves and by 10, most of the wolves were dead.

Wolves come in many different colors. Even wolves from the same pack can be different colors. The Arctic wolves have thick white coats and live in the far north. The fur color changes as the wolf ages. Gray wolves look like German shepherds because they are in the same family, however gray wolves are shaggier and bigger. Adult male wolves weigh up to 150lbs, but the females weigh as little as 70lbs. They reach their full grown weight by 10 months.

Wolves always hunt in large packs with an alpha wolf. The alpha wolf is the leader. Some times when they hunt, they cannot find food and will go for two weeks with out making a kill. As soon as they make a kill, the wolves will eat up to 0lbs of food. Packs of wolves live in the same territory. Wolves also howl to communicate and establish their territory.

Mating season begins January and continues until April. Female wolves are pregnant for 6 days. They prepare a den in a concealed area. Female wolves have five or six pups that weigh 16oz each.

The pups live with their mother for two months. Young wolves must hide from predators, such as wolverines and bears. Many pups stay with their original pack. If wolves do leave the pack, they form a new pack.

Gray and white wolves are endangered because their numbers have been reduced to a critical level. The habitat of the wolves has also been reduced. In the U.S. wolves are endangered in every state except Minnesota. People disagree with the decision about the future of wolves. Some people claim that wolves can help control the elk and the coyote over population. Other people say that the wolves will threaten livestock. Conservationists are passionate about protecting the wolves. Farmers and ranchers are determined to kill the wolves because the wolves kill their livestock. The law makers are caught in the middle of all the commotion. People need to come to a compromise in order to save endangered animals like the giant panda and white and gray wolves.

Angel, Heather. (18). Pandas. Stillwater, MN Voyageur Press, Inc., 18.

Barrett, Norman.(188). Pandas. New York, NY Franklin Watts Inc., 188.

Duden, Jane. (18). The Giant Pandas of China. Danbury, Connecticut Hilltops Books, 18.

Dudley, Karen. (17). The Untamed World Giant Pandas. Austin, TX Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 17.

Lawrence, R.D. (10). Wolves. San Francisco, CA Sierra Club Books/Little, Brown and Company, 10.

Perry, Phyllis J. (1). Crafty Canines Coyotes, Foxes, and Wolves. Danbury, CT Franklin Watts, 1.

Scheff, Duncan. (00). Giant Pandas. Austin, TX. Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 00.

Standring, Gillian. (11). Wildlife At Risk Pandas. New York, NY The Bookwright Press, 11.

Wood, Daniel. (14). Wolves. Vancouver, B.C. Whitecap Books Ltd., 14.

International Wolf Center. (15-00). Teaching the World about Wolves. [Online]. Available http//www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/learn.asp

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Inner Darkness evolves into Internal Destruction

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The play Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tragedy in which great imagery and themes bring real life qualities to his characters. Particularly the theme of darkness, develops by vivid imagery, characterizes Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. To set the atmosphere of darkness, the characters convey it through their actions. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are not evil to begin with, but there lies a potential for evil within them. The potential sets free by the series of murders committed by the duo. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth curse themselves when they call upon darkness to cover their appalling deeds, which then leads to an inner darkness.

Macbeth's first encounter in Act 1 with the witches releases the darkness within him. The witches in their evil way prompt Macbeth's ambition to be king. Banquo calls the weird sisters "instruments of darkness," (Act 1, Scene 4, Line 14) but Macbeth still decides to take their advice. They plant the thought in him that he could be king if Duncan dies. The imagery conveyed during the witches' scenes is darkness. In Act 1, Scene , Act , Scene 4, and in Act 4, Scene 1 it is thundering. The thunder stirs up the evil released.

Like the witches, Lady Macbeth also has a role in releasing the dark ambitions of Macbeth as well. Macbeth is very reluctant to react on his instincts to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth is able to ease Macbeth's nerves, and convinces Macbeth that it is in his best interests to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth, full of ambition for her husband, knows darkness must cover their crimes. She calls upon the night as an aid. "Come, thick night, and pall thee dunnest smoke of hell/ nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark." (Act 1, Scene 5, Lines 50-5) At several times in the play Macbeth invokes the night as well, a universal symbol of evil. Macbeth says,

"Let not light see my black and deep desires."(Act 1 Scene 4, Lines 51) Once the potential for darkness of Macbeth releases, he depends on it to help him with his deeds. The night of the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth calls on the night to hide his evil doings. Shakespeare emphasizes this when he sets the mood through a comment made by Banquo. "...There's husbandry in heaven, / their candles are all out..." (Act II, Scene 1, Lines 6-7) The dark night in other words, reflects the dark desires of Macbeth.

Macbeth desires to be king. After Macbeth succeeds the first time, by going against his conscience, Macbeth is confident in killing others now. He turns his nature of being dark. Macbeth, known as a tyrant during his reign on the throne, becomes numb to all emotion. Macbeth losses all respect for the lives of his people. He becomes selfish at the expense of his own people. Killing is no longer a moral issue with Macbeth. He impulsively kills Banquo and Macduff's family with no remorse. Macbeth is out of control; darkness has taken over his soul.

This potential of darkness in which Macbeth and his wife inflict upon themselves embodies their persona. Macbeth only realizes the consequences of his actions when it is too late. He feels lonely to a point where he views dying as an escape from his friendless and joyless life. Similar to Lady Macbeth who chooses death as an escape from her guilt of the murders committed that haunted her as she slept. She ends up committing suicide most likely because she could not handle the torment of her conscience any longer. The darkness that takes form in both of these characters naturally leads to their internal destructions. The Elizabethan's "Natural Order of Things" serves as justice at the end of the play diminishing the presence of all forms of evil from the throne and restoring the rightful heir.

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Fetal Rights: Another Chance to Subjegate Women.

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For most of our history, women have been subservient to the dictates of men and their discriminatory laws. Women were nothing more than chattel, owned by the men in their lives, first their fathers and then later their husbands when they were given over in holy matrimony. Yet the feminine spirit is strong; women persevered, fought back, and eventually won the rights to be viewed as equals under the law, socially becoming man's equal in all areas. An impressive accomplishment, yet one that is threatened by the very legalities of fetal rights. Political Science Professor Rachel Roth of Washington University argues that the fetal rights movement has created a "maternal-fetal conflict" by claiming that fetuses are autonomous life forms, placing women in a struggle with their fetuses over basic sovereign rights (). The very logistics behind fetal rights is a deprivation of a woman's basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

For the first time in history, women have control over their reproductive abilities; their choices are limitless, however, it seems as if society is uncomfortable with the availability of choice offered to a women. No longer is it about the right to choose between giving life or not; the key issue these days has become about how a woman comports herself while pregnant. As if women have not been making these life style choices for a millennium while pregnant.

When did the rights of a fetus supercede the autonomous rights of a woman? Supports of the fetal rights movement would have us believe that life of the fetus should always take precedence over that of a woman's. According to Heather Boonstra, senior public policy associate at the Alan Guttmacher Institute, the fetal rights laws are deeply disturbing because "[they] enshrine into law the concept of fetus as person"(qtd. in Los Angeles Times). At this point in time the state can only claim compelling interest when the fetus can survive outside of the womb, but with the advent of such legal rhetoric it would be possible for the state to seek federal benefits, bring lawsuits, and claim civil rights all on behalf of the fetus. Blake Gunderson, a prosecutor in Fresno County, Calif., said, Does a fetus deserve any less protection than a grown adult, just because it hasnt been born yet? (qtd. in Los Angeles Times).

The issue here being, can a fetus be defined as a person with rights? Since 17 the Supreme Court ruled has reproductive freedom is part of the constitutional right to privacy, basically meaning that the fetus of a pregnant woman is an inherent part of her until delivery. Yet all of these fetal protection bills, specifically the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, have deliberately used the term unborn child in an attempt to force the Courts into recognizing the fetus in terms of a person other than apart of a pregnant woman. In defense of defining a fetus as person, Clarke Forsythe, president of Americans United for Life, said, you treat the fetus as an appendage; you exclude it from the category of human beings" (qtd. in Los Angeles Times). Yet how else should a fetus be defined, other than an extension of a pregnant woman? By its very nature, a fetus relies on a pregnant woman for its very existence; it cannot eat, breath, or survive without the protection of a woman's womb.

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Traditionally, the courts have maintained that words such as child, person, or human being may not be expanded to include fetuses (Paltrow). This means that a woman, nor a third party, could be responsible for any actions damaging a fetus, outside of punitive damages awarded to the pregnant woman. Yet, in an attempt to create litigation against third parties for damages suffered by a fetus in utero, the courts have opened up door into allowing women to be prosecuted for their actions while pregnant. According to Caitlin Borgmann, state legislative coordinator for the American Civil Liberties Unions Reproductive Freedom Project in New York, all the new legislation is "[intended] to take attention away from the woman, and define the fetus as a separate legal entity" (qtd. in Christian Science Monitor). With separate legal status, the state could feasibility sue a pregnant woman for any action considered to be harmful to her fetus. A woman could be charged with child abuse when failing to follow a doctors orders regarding exercise, taking vitamins, keeping excess weight off, or staying in bed ("Fetal Rights"). As suggested by Harvard University law professor Martha A. Field, laws that control or punish errant mothers-to-be set a dangerous precedent, indeed there is no logical stopping place once the state assumes the role of making medical-lifestyle decisions for the woman,"(qtd. in "Fetal Rights").

Such policies set a dangerous precedence, placing not only the pregnant woman at risk, but also the very viability of the fetus at risk as well. If women are subjected to prosecution for actions they take while pregnant, the chances are they will not disclose vital information to their doctors, or perhaps they might even shun pre-natal care all together, in an effort to protect themselves from legal proceedings. It is common knowledge that pre-natal care is vital to producing healthy babies, yet the fetal protection policies would slowly drive expectant mothers away. Proponents of the fetal rights agenda would have us limit the rights of a fully functioning citizen on the off chance that they will engage in an illicit activity; that is not how our government works, nor should it be allowed to. Yet a law protecting the viability of a wanted fetus is something wholly different from granting it full personable rights under the law. A woman does not stop being a citizen, a freethinking, feeling, autonomous person simply because she carries a fetus inside her womb.

Works Cited

Lloyd, Jillian. "Causing a Miscarriage an act of murder?" Christian Science Monitor.

(Feb 000). . General Reference Center Gold. Infotrac. Delta College Lib.,

University Center MI. 1 March 00.

"Fetal Rights Fetal protection detrimental to women's rights" Futurist. 66 (Nov-Dec

1) 54(). . General Reference Center Gold. Infotrac. Delta College Lib.,

University Center MI. 1 March 00.

Paltow, Lynn M. Punishing women for their behavior during pregnancy an approach that

undermines womens health and childrens interests. New York Center for

Reproductive Law & Policy, 16. http//www.nida.nih.gov/PDF/DARHW/000- v-x_Contents.pdf. 1 March 00.

Roth, Rachel. Making Women Pay The Hidden Costs of Fetal Rights. Ithaca Cornell

University Press, 000.

Simon, Stephanie. "A Question of Fetal Rights, or Politics?" Los Angeles Times. 8 May

001. http//www.latimes.com. 0 March 00.

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Solution Design

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Solution Design

Patsy's Pastries is a corporation that used an old computer system, it was not timely or flexible to meet the company's expanding needs. When production grew, the hardware and software used were no longer compatible to allow integration of new divisions; making it difficult to keep track of production, inventory, and tracking distribution. Since the vendor no longer supporting the old system, Patsy's Pastries searched for a new technology that would help fulfill the specific company's needs. We will discuss how implementing a new hardware and software can better meet the company's needs and also be financially beneficial for the company.

Evaluate which technology is appropriate.

Today's technology has transformed the way we work, causing businesses to depend more on computer. With better and faster computers, the need for better software follows. The task of choosing a new hardware and software system is not an easy job. Before choosing, the company must recognize the current issues affecting the business and have a well designed information system to better manage all levels of the company, and to have access to daily activities for marketing, sales, and manufacturing. A cost analysis should be done to determine the price and licensing of the software and hardware. Choosing the right business management solution means balancing the short and long term goal that matches the business needs as well as the budget.

Software

Recognizing the importance of integrated functionality, two software systems were considered and compared. Microsoft Navision Attain and 1EDI Source Inc. both met the food industry requirements and criteria of Patsy's Pastries. The software programs were efficient and extensible and included features like bar code of distribution, e-commerce, inventory management, order entry, purchase order/receiving and human resource to help increase productivity. Both programs offered support and capability to easily train employees, lower costs, save time and labor, increase organizational efficiency, improve workflow management, and obtain comprehensive inventory management. Both companies are keeping up with consumers' demands, in particular Microsoft Navision Attain. Some advantages are that it is fast and very customizable, strong international system and excellent for manufacturing; with the price range of $0,000 to $100,000. Microsoft Navision Attain is expensive especially with the Microsoft new assurance policy and fee. 1EDI Source Inc., on the other hand offers more features and still making its software accessible to companies like Patsy's Pastries, that seek quality software systems at a reasonable cost, of a price range of $10,000 to $50,000.

Hardware

Together with the EDI software system, a handheld computer compliments its function to exchange business data between their respective computer systems, rather than through other conventional means. The advantage of implementing a hand held computer is to save time by eliminating information gathering and manual entry. It also benefits the supplier by reducing sales ticket errors, and is more convenient for customers with a centralized automated distribution operation. With one, Patsy's Pastries can scan and process thousands of invoices making information available from Dallas to the east coast offices immediately. The requirements needed to work in conjunction with EDI, is to have a multiple integrated scan with key pads, customized with multiple scanner options, and an eight hour battery capacity. Intermec Technologies Corp. carries a compatible 60 mobile computer, and LXE carries a handheld M7100 computer. Both hardware systems meet the requirements with features that include scan UPC codes instead of keying product number, and batch warehouse inventory with scanning/optional. The Intermec Technologies Corp. has additional features. The price range for the LXE is $1,00 and for the Intermec Technologies Corp. M7100 is $1,500. Patsy's Pastries chose the LXE, M7100 because the added features of the Intermec Technologies Corp. 60 mobile computer, added to the price.

Conclusion

By implementing the handheld hardware system with the EDI software, it has improved the business efficiency by eliminated mistakes, saving time and labor. Significant cost savings are realized with the reduction of errors that incurred with the previous system. Businesses depend on computer hardware and software systems to provide solutions to improve and better meet the company's needs. Implementing them has proven to be financially beneficial for Patsy's Pastries.

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Heart of darkness

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Human nature is a complicated and intricately difficult thing to define. Personally I believe there are many different ways you can perceive it and there is one main question. Whether people adapt or adopt. To me that is the unknown, it is near impossible to tell which is true, and this book has several events of changes in human nature where you really cannot tell. People tend to look down upon people who come from poorer and/or different cultures just because they act or behave differently. However they don't take into account that people's surroundings are different and people are different because of this. I think people need to realize this, and understand that because of human nature they would probably change as well. In this book changes like this are fairly obvious, and I feel this book was partly designed to portray this message.

The first obvious example of this is the gradual change made as they settle down on the island. At first they try to be organized and tried to use old techniques that had been used in the civilized modern world. They tried to create a fair democracy in which everyone would be treated equally and one person would control the proceedings. They also gave out jobs and set up systems to help run the island more smoothly. However gradually greed overpowered and animal instincts began to take over. Slowly the neat controlled system they set up was torn apart as people did what they wanted free from the usual rules and chains of the real world. The refusal of Jack to help the others is one example of this and when he speaks out against their leader (Ralph) saying "We need meat.." pg.5, an argument is inevitably started and sides are taken. This was their world and they decided they could do what they wanted in it. Enemies were forged and slowly they turned into animals, fighting among each other in struggles for power and survival. All natural order was lost and everyone was different from what they once were, the surroundings had changed them.

Secondly the children's senses of right and wrong were altered. Like animals it now seemed the rules were up to them to decide. Although not everything went, there was no one to say you couldn't do it, and slowly people forgot their old ways and did what they want. A perfect example of this is the increase of violence and the killing of Simon and Piggy. "There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws" the killing of Simon is described as though the children were animals or beasts themselves. It seems gradually human nature takes over and Darwin's theory comes into play, people fight and kill each other for their own survival. Also new rules are set up by the strongest members of the group that would have been wrong in the real world they were used to. For example the worshiping of the pigs head would have been severely frowned upon, yet they still did it.

The final example is shown when rescue finally comes. Most of the children are shocked and break down because they realize they have to go back and change back. Although they are very happy, they realize they are going to have to be restricted by society's rules again. They were going to have to replace the mask that covered up their new found human nature and natural instincts. It was difficult for them to accept that they would have to change back and return to how they once were. As Golding writes "Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy." He weeps because his eyes have been opened to the true horrors of man, and he has seen what human nature really is capable of. Order Custom heart of darkness paper

My definition of human nature is a complex one, but I believe that human nature is determined by your surroundings. In an organized controlled environment where laws apply, you naturally behave normally as there are no threats on your life and it's the easiest way. However on a deserted island the situation is different and you need to adapt to suit the new surroundings. Your life is threatened and so you follow your human nature to defend yourself and fend for your own good. However the question is still open as to whether the boys adopted the changes that took place or they changed within themselves and adapted. Human nature is simply how you react to different circumstances, your mind will adapt or adopt necessities needed for the situation and your body will follow.

Civilisation and Savagery

When the boys first arrived on the island they automatically seeked for some kind of law and order since there are not any grown-ups. They want to belong to a group, with someone in charge to lead them, and make them feel safe. After being chosen in a democratic election, Ralph becomes this leader.

Ralphs society becomes a symbol of the democratic society, where everyone has their rights and an equal say. He assigned the choir as hunters and Jack the position of being the leader of them. The conch becomes an important symbol for authority and civilisation, anyone who holds it has the right to be heard. In Ralphs society everyone works for the benefit of the whole group. Building shelters, looking for food and keeping the fire alive are the three most important issues.

After a period of time this society starts to brake up. With the fear of the beastie, the boys have become terrified of this creature which lead up to the death of Simon and then Piggy. But there is a difference between these two deaths, as Simons death was accidental and Piggys death was deliberate. This shows the darkness inside mans heart, which is released when mankind becomes savages. Fear is what provokes savagery, as Roger lost control of his actions because of fear. With the destruction of the conch along with the death of Piggy, it also shows the destruction of authority and civilisation.

Jack and the hunters show that mankind are inheritantly evil, if left alone to take care of themselves, fear will turn tem into the savage roots of the ancestors. This is shown near the end of the novel with the killing of piggy and the hunting of Ralph. Though at first Jack felt guilty for killing Simon, because he was still civilised, however as time goes on it turns into a thirst for blood, to kill anything that stands in his way to become the leader of the island.

Ralph represents fairness and morality while Jack represents evil and the decay of civilisation. Piggy symbolizes the law and order of the world they left behind. He attempts to act accordingly to an absolute set of standards. Roger symbolizes mans natural tendency to cause harm to others, as he evolves into a terrorist, a savage, eager to throw rocks, roll boulder and throw spears at his fellow tribe members and act as a follower of Jack to do his dirty work for him.

Fear and frustration provokes the darkness of mans heart, without any law and order man will turn into savages. The events throughout the novel show the deterioration of civilisation to savagery.

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Supermarkets

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Whilst the four major supermarket chains (Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda & Safeway) receive approximately 66% of the total market revenue in the UK, small grocery firms are still able to prosper. Identify what potential advantages these small firms are able utilise to enable their continuance.

The big four supermarkets chains in the United Kingdom, dominate the food retail sector, yet many smaller, independent grocery firms still manage prosper under growing competition.

The main supermarkets have vastly grown over the last ten years using organic growth and few take-overs have occurred. The main take-over occurred in 1 when Wal-mart took over Asda. (Worthington and Britton, 001, p6).

Wal-mart is well-established retailer in the United States, and is the worlds second biggest Multinational Corporation with an approximate Gross Domestic Product of $180 billion.

Small grocery firms have to operate very differently to the bigger supermarkets, due to their comparatively small power over the market.

Supermarkets can exploit economies of scale, therefore meaning that they can purchase their good at a cheaper cost per unit. Small grocers cannot do this as they are only selling goods on a comparatively smaller scale.

The smaller grocer could be considered to be a Sole Trader. The worrying statistic with sole traders is that 40% of all sole traders fail in the first years (D. Orton, Lecture, 001).

Smaller grocery firms have advantages over larger companies as they have the freedom to run their business as they want, without shareholder or stakeholder input, which might dictate which products they can sell and at which price. The big four supermarkets are Public Limited Companies (PLC's), which basically means that anyone can purchase shares in them, one condition of this PLC status is that the companies have to publish yearly reports. These yearly reports contain figures and accounts concerning profit or loss that maybe considered being highly confidential to a small grocery firm.

Smaller Grocery Firms can offer a more personal service to the customer. This is due to the fact that the smaller shop is not as busy as the supermarket, giving a greater ratio of customers to staff. This could even reach 11 in a smaller grocer but could reach 1100 in a big supermarket.

In a smaller shop, the owner could record which products are bought on a regular basis by the same customers and set up a Just-in-time delivery system with his suppliers. This would avoid holding stock that would be hard for a small independent grocer with limited storage space. The four main supermarkets have tried to achieve this with loyalty cards, e.g. Tesco Clubcard, Safeway ABC, Sainsbury Loyalty Card. These reward systems have enabled the supermarkets to set up databases enabling them to know which products to stock and to noticed changing trends.

Smaller grocery firms can offer greater convenience than larger supermarkets due to them being closer to customers and not on a large, out of town developments like most supermarkets are.

Smaller grocers can specialise more into certain ranges of food products, offering a greater range of choice to the consumer than a bigger supermarket.

Profit Margins in the Food Retail Sector are frequently criticised and the four main supermarkets have been referred to the EU Competition Commission. This is due to the fact that the price of basic foodstuffs in the United Kingdom, compared to prices in the United States of America and the European Union, are up to 40% more expensive (Worthington and Britton, 001, p6).

With these alleged high profit margins, the smaller grocer cannot be affected too much by price competition.

Therefore I conclude that small grocery firms have many advantages over the big four supermarkets, yet the big four have a much greater power over the market as a whole. I believe the main advantage is convenience to the customer, and that smaller grocers can offer a more personalised and friendly service.

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Innovation

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INNOVATION

Innovation is a major responsibility of modern management, particularly in commercial organisations. This is because both technology and society are developing extremely rapidly, as new products must be matched with new market opportunities if businesses are to survive and prosper.

One of the sources of innovation is increased delegation. In itself, delegation has great value, namely morale and performance are improved. Top management are freed for strategic planning and decisions are made by those 'on the ground'and therefore more 'in the know'. Most importantly the organisation benefits from the imagination and thinking of its high flyers(top calibre staff).

Whilst innovation lies within the employees, they must understand and that ultimately they are accountable for their own actions.

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To encourage innovation the objective for management should be to create a more outward looking organisation. People should be encouraged to use their initiative to look for new products, markets, processes, designs and ways to improve productivity.

Thomas Attword suggests the following steps to encourage innovation

· Ensure management and staff know what innovation is and how it happens.

· Ensure that senior managers welcome, and are seen to welcome, changes for the better.

· Stimulate and motivate management and staff to think and act innovatively.

· Understand people in the organisation and their needs

· Recognise and encourage potential 'entrepreneurs'

Small companies appear to produce a disportionate number of innovations because the sheer number of attempts by small-scale entrepreneurs means that some ventures will survive. The 0 % that fail are distributed widely throughout society and receive little attention.

Large companies must absorb all potential costs, even if an innovation is successful. The organisation may face costs that newcomers do not have to bear, like converting current operations and customer profiles to the new solution.

Small organisations and innovation

The research suggests that the following factors are crucial to the success of innovative small organisations.

Need orientation Lacking resources, successful small entrepreneurs soon find that it pays to approach potential customers early, test their solutions in the user's hands, learn from their reactions and adapt their designs rapidly.

Experts and fanatics Commitment allows the entrepreneur to preserve despite the frustrations, ambiguities and setbacks that always accompany major innovations.

Long-term horizons Time horizons for radical innovations make them essentially 'irrational' from a present-value viewpoint. Delays between invention and commercial production/ success can range from to 5 years.

Low early costs Innovators incur few overheads as possible, their limited resources doing directly in their projects. They borrow whatever they can and invent cheap equipment or processes, often improving on what is available in the marketplace.

Multiple approaches Committed entrepreneurs will tolerate the chaos of random advances in technology, adopting solutions where they can be found, unencumbered by formal plans that would limit the range of their imaginations.

Flexibility and quickness Undeterred by committees, the need for board approvals and other bureaucratic delays, the inventor/entrepreneur can experiment, recycle and try again with little time lost. They quickly adjust their entry strategies to market feedback.

Incentives Tangle personal rewards are foreseen if success is achieved and the prospect of these rewards (which may not be principally of a monetary nature) is a powerful driver.

Large organisations and innovation

Within large organisations, the following barriers to innovation and creativity may be typically encountered.

Top management isolation Financially focused top managers are likely to perceive technological innovation as more problematic than, for example acquisitions or organic growth.

Intolerance of fanatics Big companies often view entrepreneurial fanatics as embarrassments or troublemakers.

Short time horizons The perceived corporate need to report a continuous steam of upward moving, quarterly profits conflicts with the long time spans that major innovations normally require.

Accounting practices A project in a big company can quickly become an exposed political target, its potential net present value may sink unacceptably and an entry into small markets may not justify its sunk costs (i.e. its already incurred expenses).

Excessive rationalism Managers in large organisation often seek orderly advance through early market research studies through systematic project planning.

Excessive bureaucracy Bureaucratic structure require many approvals that cause delays. The interactive feedback that fosters innovation is lost, important time windows can be missed and real costs and risks rise for the operation.

Inappropriate incentives When control systems neither penalise opportunities misses nor reward risks taken, the results are predictable.

Successful large organisations have developed techniques that emulate or improve on the approaches used in small, fleet-of foot companies (i.e.!!!)

Atmosphere and vision Continuous innovation occurs largely because top managers appreciate innovation and atmosphere in order to support it. They project clear long-term vision for the organisation that go beyond simple economics measures.

Orientation to the market Within innovative organisations, manager's focus primarily on seeking to anticipate and solve customers emerging problems.

Small, flat hierarchies Development teams in large organisations normally include only 6 to 7 key people, operating divisions and total technical units are kept below 400 people.

Multiple approaches Where possible, several prototype programmes are encouraged to proceed in parallel. Such redundancy helps the organisation to cope with uncertainties in development, motivates people through competition and improves the amount and quality of information available for making final choices on scale-ups or new product/service introductions.

Development shoot-outs the most difficult problem in management of competing projects lies in re-integrating the members of the losing team. For the innovative system to work continuously, managers must create a climate that honours high quality performance whether a project wins or loses, reinvolves people quickly in their technical specialities or in other projects and accepts rotation among tasks and groups.

Skunk works - This is a name given to the system in which small teams of engineers, technicians, designers and model makers are placed together with no intervening organisation or physical barriers, to develop a new product from idea to prototype stage. This approach eliminates bureaucratic controls, allows fast unfettered communications, permits rapid turnaround times for experiments and instils a high level of group identity and commitment.

Please note that this sample paper on Innovation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Innovation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Innovation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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