Thursday, December 10, 2020

Driving Restrictions and Smog Control

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In Bill Dawson's December th article in the Houston Chronicle, he discusses several possible solutions to the smog problem here in Houston. One solution under consideration by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) is a driving restriction calling for a 5% reduction in "vehicle miles traveled." Although a specific method has not yet been adopted, a possible interpretation could mean a ban on vehicle use every fourth day.


While this possible solution is ethically good, it is completely impractical. A 5% reduction in on-road vehicle use would eliminate 48.75 tons of smog-producing nitrogen oxides daily, which is only 15.65% of the 76 tons that need to be eliminated daily by 007 in order to comply with the Clean Air Act of 10. Combined with other solutions, a reduction in vehicle use could prove to be very useful in smog reduction, if only it could be enforced.


Take, for example, a similar situation in Mexico City in 188 In one of the largest and most polluted cities in the world, local government limited and enforced car use through a complex system of license plate identification numbers and colors. For the first few months, the measures seemed to be effective, until people began to purchase additional vehicles with differently numbered and colored license plates. Those who could afford them bought new cars, while the poorer families bought older, more polluting vehicles. Today, after 11 years of this system, the pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City is worse than ever.


Ironically, just as state officials were discussing driving restrictions, a group of air quality experts from California were recommending against such "lifestyle" restrictions to combat air pollution. James Lentz, the former director of the Los Angeles area's South Coast Air Quality Management District, said, "We haven't done a very good job with anything involving lifestyles. We got cleaner air with technology." Ralph Marquez, one of commissioners of the TNRCC adds, "We can write all the regulations we want, but if people are unwilling to change their lifestyles, we can't put them in jail."


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So regardless of how environmentally friendly a driving restriction would be, forcibly changing the lifestyles of drivers isn't really an option. Technology, however, could prove to be much more useful. A Chronicle subscriber writes, "I spent 1 years in the auto industry and recall the mandates in the late '60s for a fuel-efficient, clean-burning automobile." He goes on to say that auto manufacturers "…spent millions eliminating the downdraft carburetor system and replacing it with a fuel-injection system, coupled with a catalytic converter to scrub the exhaust…." The technological advancements of the 160s produced the cleanest-burning and most fuel-efficient automobiles up to that point in history.


Now, in 000, technology may be a better answer to the smog problem than driving restrictions. For example, on May 1, President Clinton proposed a major reduction in the allowable levels of smog-boosting sulfur in gasoline. Sulfur build-up can damage pollution control devices, such as the catalytic converter, rendering them ineffective in removing smog-forming nitrogen oxides, fine particulate matter, and other air pollutants from engine exhaust. The proposed 0% reduction in gasoline sulfur would be "the environmental equivalent of taking 54 million vehicles off the road overnight," says Bill Becker, director of two national organizations representing state and local air quality officials.


However, the refining industry warns that a dramatic lowering of sulfur could increase the price of gasoline by as much as 10 cents per gallon, although EPA officials say that new technology could eventually lower the price of a major sulfur reduction to 1 or cents per gallon. Currently, the most-often-used method of removing sulfur from gasoline is the addition of hydrogen, which might require the installation of hydrogen facilities at refineries. Another problem refineries would have to confront is the resulting removal of octane due to the lowering of the sulfur content.


While there are certainly pros and cons to the idea of lowering sulfur in gasoline, the idea itself is much more feasible than modifying drivers' lifestyles. Air pollution is regional and multi-source in nature. Environmental regulators increasingly believe that region-wide strategies are needed because air pollutants can drift great distances, and no single source can cause or fix the entire problem. Besides automobiles, other sources, such as the Ship Channel plants and Baytown-area refineries, are major contributors to the brown haze settling on our city and must be held to strict emissions�control standards.


Certainly no one is arguing that protecting the environment is ethically bad. As one Chronicle subscriber puts it, Who would knowingly exchange good health for the unrestricted right to emit poisons into this regions air? Regardless how ethically sound the issue is, (in this case, sacrificing the personal right to drive a car for the greater good of protecting our environment) the fact remains that the solution of restricted driving isn't able to be implemented and enforced. A 5% reduction in "vehicle miles traveled" is a wonderful idea in theory, but the TNRCC itself has no idea how to begin to achieve it.


Forcing individuals to change their lifestyles will not work because the average individual only has a passing concern for the environment. We all agree that it is important, but other social issues, like crime, healthcare, and taxes will always take precedence because they hit much closer to home, so to speak. A single mother of two on welfare will be much more concerned with what will help her particular situation than with how the refinery where she is applying for a job affects the air she breathes. As imperative as it is to control and improve our environmental pollution, changing individuals' lifestyles will not work.


Albin, Enrique. Viewpoints. Houston Chronicle 18 Dec. 1, STAR A47


Coody, Jim. Viewpoints. Houston Chronicle 7 Dec. , STAR A5


Dawson, Bill. "Cleaner air could be painful…" Houston Chronicle 0 Dec. 1, STAR A1


Dawson, Bill. "Ladies and gentlemen…" Houston Chronicle Dec. 1, STAR A7


Dawson, Bill and Michael Davis. "Pollution cut sought…" Houston Chronicle 1 May 1, STAR A1


Hoffheiser, Chuck. Viewpoints. Houston Chronicle 1 Dec. 1, STAR A5


Wood, Joe L. Viewpoints. Houston Chronicle 18 Dec. 1, STAR A47


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Wednesday, December 9, 2020

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Tuesday, December 8, 2020

POS 101

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"He who has the gold, rules all." This was a popular way of thinking long before kings, queens, emperors, or presidents. James George Frazer wrote a book back in 1 named, The Golden Bough. Frazer, who was a Scottish anthropologist, wrote about how "leaders" came to be. Primitive man in Africa, Asia, and America began to follow medicine men, men who would perform public magic. These men would cast spells, use charms, perform rituals, and bring upon their village and all of its inhabitants good health, wealth, and happiness. Soon after, the villagers began to rely on these men for whatever may be ailing them. The medicine men become the most envied and powerful among all the villagers. Therefore being the best candidate for the tribes chief.


Although the medicine men constantly kept their villagers entertained, they did not always have the fates on their side. They began to lie and create excuses of why their spell didn't work, and why the weather had not changed. Frazer tells us that only the most "unscrupulous" liars survived, because they always had a perfect explanation of why their magic failed to meet the expectations of his tribe. Thus, over time the leaders of these villages came to be the men with the most intelligence, and truth bending skills.


Frazer continued to write in his narrative that the people were better off with the "intelligent scoundrels" that with the "sincere fools." Men who could be the most callous and hardheaded would become, in the end, the ones who were most knowledgeable and admired by the villagers. The fools, on the other hand, would never meet their standards for a great leader. If a foolish person were given a position of great power, the decision to have them as a leader would only end in disaster. As James Frazer said, "once a fool always a fool."


As time progressed the world began to look at their leadership roles in a different light. Europe, for example, replaced primitive tribes with city-states. The Prince, written in 151 by Niccolo Machiavelli, gave leaders an insight on how to retain their power of authority. Machiavelli wrote that it is "much safer to be feared than loved." He believed that if a ruler were soft on his people, the people would feel more confident if at any time they needed to turn against him. But, if the ruler were a feared man then his people would then be less likely to go after someone that they are truly afraid of.


Help with essay on POS 101 IS THIS THE CASE TODAY? (Do you think that that our leaders should be feared or loved?)


WHY?


Leader's who have followed Machiavelli's advice have been seen as "unscrupulous without seeming too cruel." The United States 16th President, Abraham Lincoln, took advice from what Machiavelli had taught. Many people saw Lincoln as a great man, and although he is just that, when he declared the "Emancipation Proclamation" in 186, he DID free the slaves but only the ones in rebel states. The loyal states were able to keep their slaves until after the war. Going back to Machiavelli's idea of having a leader who is feared or loved. Lincoln had proven a point with the Proclamation, saying that anyone who disobeys or rebels against his leadership will be punished. With this idea the freeing of the slaves has very little with the entrapment of a human being as much as it does with the fact that he just wanted to make it very clear not to stand in his way. Lincoln knew the power he held and he used it to better gain political positioning. This brings us to wonder if Former President Richard Nixon might have speculated that the "Emancipation Proclamation" was just a way for Lincoln to raise his political influence.


WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS? (Was Nixon right in thinking that Lincoln was just trying to "make points" or do you think that he truly felt that slavery was wrong and slaves should be freed?)


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Monday, December 7, 2020

Colonies

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Each of the thirteen colonies is known for certain events, leaders, or breakthroughs, yet Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Rhode Island each has very similar but distinct qualities. Jamestown was the first permanent colony, yet it was based upon wealth while Plymouth was the first colony based upon religion. Puritans instead of Separatists established Massachusetts Bay, and Rhode Island was founded by exiles from Massachusetts Bay.


The first permanent colony established in North America was Jamestown, which was founded in 1607 by the English. This colony was established by the London Company as a business venture in hopes of making money so there was no religious focus backing this colony. The London Company and its investors expected this to be a temporary settlement in North America in which the eighty men and boys that were sent could find gold, get rich quick, and return to England. The men and boys settled in an area away from the coastline, along the James River. This particular area was surrounded by Natives, yet had not settled by the Natives. The reason being, this spot retained water, which attracted insects carrying diseases so many of the original settlers became sick and died. Soon after, John Smith turned the colony around with his leadership and implementation of rules. He organized work gangs and sanitation systems, and he also improved hygiene and native relations. Once John Smith had taken over, the colony actually prospered due to the local natives. The major crop of Jamestown became tobacco, in which they had received from the natives. This first colony set the way for other colonies to permanently establish themselves in North America.


Not too long after Jamestown, a group of Separatists, along with others, landed on the shores of Massachusetts in the Mayflower in 160. Unlike Jamestown though, this settlement was based around religion instead of wealth. Instead of heading off to Virginia as originally planned, the settlers decided to stay in Massachusetts, and all of the men in the group signed The Mayflower Compact, which outlined a government for the settlement. William Bradford served as the leader of this settlement, yet they faced many problems in their first year. As a group, they did not know survival skills such as farming, hunting, or fishing. Squanto, a local native, helped these settlers learn skills such as planting corn so they could survive on their own. With these newly learned skills, not only the colony's health thrived, but also its religious beliefs.


The Massachusetts Bay colony, very similarly to Plymouth, was based upon religion and not wealth. John Winthrop led this establishment from its beginnings in England to its actual establishment as a colony. Instead of interacting with Natives to survive, the colony's plan was to sell items to others already in the Americas or those coming, for profit. This idea was good in theory, but when migration slowed, so did business. The colony also faced other hardships such as government. The political focus of the colony became the dealings of the more wealthy, but not necessarily the more religious. These became an apparent problem seeing as the colony was established based upon religion. The government problems were largely handled by electing John Winthrop governor almost every year.


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A third establishment based upon religion was Rhode Island. Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts founded this colony. He believed that the government had no right to interfere with religion, and he openly stated his ideas. Once banished, he headed south and established a little town, which later became the colony of Rhode Island. Roger Williams founded a colony that was unique compared to the others that had been founded. This colony was based upon religion, yet it completely separated religion from government so one could worship without any meddling. Not to long after, Ann Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts and joined this colony as well. She too spoke out against the church, so this was an ideal colony for her. Although this colony was established by exiles, it was revolutionary for its time by separating the church from the government.


Although these four colonies have similarities, they all have even more significant differences. Each one was founded for slightly different reasons making each one unique. Without these slight, yet important differences in early American history, North American would be entirely different today.


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Thursday, December 3, 2020

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

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United States President, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 186, as the nation approached its third year of the Civil War. The proclamation declared that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free. The Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately free the slaves, but it was a big step towards the end of slavery.


By the contents of this Proclamation it would seem that Lincoln fully opposed and sought to end slavery completely, however, in the beginning of his Presidency, Lincoln made it clear to America that he had no intention of ending slavery. In 1858, Lincoln informed American citizens of this by saying, I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races. However, it is quite apparent that Lincolns opinion of slavery, and the decision of actions to be taken towards slavery, had changed. There are many factors that contributed to Lincolns change in attitude and opinion of slavery. One major factor was the pressure that he was receiving from various people, as they were pushing for the end to slavery.


The many abolitionists that existed during this time urged Lincoln to put an end to slavery. Many believed that Lincoln had many chances to change his attitude toward slavery. However, for quite some time Lincoln held true to his policy of not intending to abolish slavery. Lincoln clearly ignored that fact that slavery was the major dispute between the North and the South during the Civil War. As the war progressed, public opinion in the North grew more angrily anti-Southern, and pressure for abolition grew in Congress.


By 186, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea of abolishing slavery. Lincoln introduced a plan to Congress, which was ultimately accepted. This plan called for the emancipation of slaves beginning in the District of Columbia, and eventually extending to the Border States. However, abolitionists were still not pleased with this plan, and they began pressuring Lincoln even more.


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Meanwhile, the Union army suffered a demoralizing series of setbacks at the hands of Confederate troops. Britain and France, eager to obtain Southern cotton, seemed likely to enter the war on the side of the Confederacy. At this point, Lincoln began to think that freeing the slaves could not make the military situation any worse, and that it might actually help the Union armies by disrupting the economy of the South. If it accomplished nothing else, an emancipation proclamation would decrease British and French support for the Confederacy by demonstrating that the North was against slavery, as Britain and France were highly opposed to it.


Finally, by January 1 186, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, and the first step towards the end to slavery was completed. This situation is very ironic because in the early years of Lincolns presidency, he showed no signs of opposition towards slavery. However, after continuous pressure and negativity directed towards the slave situation, Lincolns attitude was altered, and he ultimately made this country a better place.


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Teen depression

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Adolescent Depression


Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 1 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 15). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment, which may often continue into adulthood.


Brown (16) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because children are not always able to express how they feel. Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (16) observed that the challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm.


Therefore, diagnosis should not lay only in the physicians hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery, 16). Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster & Montgomery, 16), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 16), hyperactivity (Blackman, 15), substance abuse (Blackman, 15; Brown, 16; Lasko et al., 16) and suicide (Blackman, 15; Brown, 16; Lasko et al., 16; Oster & Montgomery, 16) all of which can hide depressive symptoms.


The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of normal mood changes (Brown 16). Key indicators of adolescent depression include a drastic change in eating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest in previous activity interests (Blackman, 15; Oster & Montgomery, 16), constant boredom (Blackman, 15), disruptive behavior, peer problems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 16). Blackman (15) proposed that formal psychologic testing may be helpful in complicated presentations that do not lend themselves easily to diagnosis. For many teens, symptoms of depression are directly related to low self -esteem stemming from increased emphasis on peer popularity. For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations, which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 16). Oster & Montgomery (16) stated that when parents are struggling over marital or career problems, or are ill themselves, teens may feel the tension and try to distract their parents. This distraction could include increased disruptive behavior, self-inflicted isolation and even verbal threats of suicide. So how can the physician determine when a patient should be diagnosed as depressed or suicidal? Brown (16) suggested the best way to diagnose is to screen out the vulnerable groups of children and adolescents for the risk factors of suicide and then refer them for treatment. Some of these risk factors include verbal signs of suicide within the last three months, prior attempts at suicide, indication of severe mood problems, or excessive alcohol and substance abuse. Many physicians tend to think of depression as an illness of adulthood. In fact, Brown (16) stated that it was only in the 180s that mood disorders in children were included in the category of diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. In actuality, 7-14% of children will experience an episode of major depression before the age of 15. An average of 0-0% of adult bipolar patients report having their first episode before the age of 0. In a sampling of 100,000 adolescents, two to three thousand will have mood disorders out of which 8-10 will commit suicide (Brown, 16). Blackman (15) remarked that the suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 00% over the last decade. Brown (16) added that an estimated ,000teenagers per year commit suicide in the United States, making it the leading cause of death after accidents and homicide. Blackman (15) stated that it is not uncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues of mortality and to contemplate the effect their death would have on close family and friends.


Once it has been determined that the adolescent has the disease of depression, what can be done about it? Blackman (15) has suggested two main avenues to treatment psychotherapy and medication. The majority of the cases of adolescent depression are mild and can be dealt with through several psychotherapy sessions with intense listening, advice and encouragement. For the more severe cases of depression, especially those with constant symptoms, medication may be necessary and without pharmaceutical treatment, depressive conditions could escalate and become fatal. Brown (16) added that regardless of the type of treatment chosen, it is important for children suffering from mood disorders to receive prompt treatment because early onset places children at a greater risk for multiple episodes of depression throughout their life span.


Until recently, adolescent depression has been largely ignored by health professionals, but now several means of diagnosis and treatment exist. Although most teenagers can successfully climb the mountain of emotional and psychological obstacles that lie in their paths, there are some who find themselves overwhelmed and full of stress.(Brown 16). With the help of teachers, school counselors, mental health professionals, parents, and other caring adults, the severity of a teens depression can not only be accurately evaluated, but plans can be made to improve his or her well-being and ability to fully engage life (Blackman, 15).


References


• Blackman, M. (15, May). You asked about... adolescent depression. The Canadian Journal of CME [Internet].


• Brown, A. (16, Winter). Mood disorders in children and adolescents. NARSAD Research Newsletter [Internet].


• Lasko, D.S., et al. (16). Adolescent depressed mood and parental unhappiness. Adolescence, 1 (11), 4-57.


• Oster, G. D., & Montgomery, S. S. (16). Moody or depressed The masks of teenage depression. Self Help & Psychology [Internet].


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Wednesday, December 2, 2020

DNA-Where will it Take Us?

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While creationist and evolutionists are arguing over who is right and where we (being the human race) came from, the rest of us are left to worry where all the advances in DNA/genome research will lead us.


Australia has been slow to jump on the genome research bandwagon and become involved in larger scale research. Yet for biological and medical research we have contributed strongly. To undertake such projects like genome research, funding and facilities are a must have, what many institutions have not/do not have. The Australian Genome Research Facility, established in 15, has provided Australia with a facility for DNA sequencing.


Australia is one of the countries involved in the Human Genome Project. The human Genome Project (HGP) officially began in October of 10, its aim to identify and locate all of the approximately 0,000 genes in the human DNA and to determine the sequences of billion chemical bases that make up the human DNA and to store this information in databases. The HGP is providing information about genes that greatly affects genetic testing (identify presence/absence of a gene in an individual) and genetic screening (testing a whole population for the presence of a particular gene). Tests may also become available for genes involved in determining aspects of human behaviour, not just inherited disorders.


Just from saying what I've just said, many people would be able to come up with a question or concern due to the apparent speed of advances in this area. Through my research I have found a range of possible problems or vexing questions that could be asked, some should be able to be handled easily or with few problems, others are more complicated (and I emphasise the 'should', that all depends on who is handling the problem).


Cheap University Papers on DNA-Where will it Take Us?


One of the simpler problems to arise is privacy and confidentiality; there is already a basic rule in the healthcare profession To respect the confidences of the patient. So, if a disorder in that person is the product of a genetic characteristic does that still leave the 'patient' solely the individual to those rights or is the entire family entitled to them? Should the family be allowed to override the wishes of that individual and obtain information important to them all about that individual's genes relevant to genetic conditions, provided the law allows it? If such information reached others apart from family how would we prevent discrimination based on those facts?


In relation to discrimination should a third party (employer, insurance company) have the right to require a person to submit to genetic testing to establish their likely future health status? Then begs the question, are there some types of employment whose essence would suggest, in exceptional cases, such a right should exist by law? Are there other means available to monitor a person's health without resorting to refusal on the basis of a genetic test? Would the denial of information on a person's genetic makeup be feasible? Insurers may already require those who want their services to complete other tests that may indicate genetic predispositions.


Genetics and criminals, advances have already not been in favour of criminals but what happens when it is proven, through that person's genetic makeup, that their actions may have been caused or influenced by a pre-existing genetic characteristic? Criminal law is usually based on the assertion that it is necessary for the state to prove the accused acted as they did and had necessary intention to do so. Yet, if their actions may have been influenced by a pre-existing genetic characteristic is this to say they were unable to control themselves? To what extent would a person then have control over their actions and doings? How would this be determined?


What of the donors of genetic material that bears data useful for the development of drugs and therapy, should that person then receive some share of the profits that may come from the use of that material? Or, should it just be put down to philanthropy (helping others worse off) for the benefit of humanity? There is much research devoted to identifying genetic differentials, which cause some families or groups to show signs of resistance, or susceptibility, to life-threatening or disabling conditions. Although, how will the world community ensure the focus of immediate research on the human genome is to include combating malaria and river blindness, not simply wrinkles for the rich who are getting older.


Now for some more perplexing ideas. It is the view of Justice Michael Kirby, member of the HUGO Ethics Committee and the International Ethics Committee of UNESCO, that if nothing is done about the HGP, to legislate it, is then to accept that science and technology may take societies to wherever the imagination of those who are involved wishes. He also says in a speech to the Medical Journal of Australia, "Yet apart from a few legislators (and I would exempt Senator Natasha Stott Despoja) most politicians would rather run a mile from the complex issues of the genome." This statement in itself raises issues, does that mean that they would not really be able to find an effective way to do so?


Now for an issue that if used properly, provided we actually find out how to do it, could bring great benefits to society, but if we do go overboard with the idea, there could be large repercussions for society. I'm talking about creating the "perfect child", if we do create the technology to do this, good uses would be to eliminate genes for diseases and disabilities but to take it too far would be to model the child to how the parents want them, although I am nor creationist or evolutionist, that would be messing with them as a person. Generally in societies people have similar ideas about the "way to be", particularly more traditional people, and to be able to create "perfect children" in their societies could eventually see everybody assimilating and variations in personalities may eventually differ by very little. How do we combat this issue, through the law, even then, will it be what people think is right? For today we are lucky enough to have people of differing opinions and ideas. Things will be debated and people will put their two cents in to hopefully come out with a successful end result.


All we have to do is put our faith in ourselves and I think the issues of privacy and confidentiality, third party interests, criminal responsibility, donors of genetic material getting a share of the profits made, what to do in terms of legislating the HGP and genetic modification or the quest for the "perfect child" will eventually be sorted out.


Please note that this sample paper on DNA-Where will it Take Us? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on DNA-Where will it Take Us?, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on DNA-Where will it Take Us? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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