Temperature and Enzyme Activity

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Introduction

In this lab, our main purpose is to determine the relationship between enzyme and temperature. As we know, enzymes are mainly composed by proteins, which is easily degenerated under high temperature. Also, enzymes are highly specific creatures towards temperature. For example, amylase and catalase are both adapted human body temperature, which is about 7-45¢J. There is an apparent optimum temperature for different enzymes, after which the reaction rate decreases rapidly, because of denaturation of the enzyme. However, the optimum temperature of enzymes depends on the way and which enzyme which the activity is measured. Some enzymes are heat resistant and can work at fairly high temperatures. Our goal in this experiment is to find out the enzyme activity at different temperatures.

Method

In this experiment, we will test the effect of temperature on amylase activity. For that the variable is temperature (5¢J, 7¢J, 50¢J, 80¢J), and the main control variable is pH, which will be standardized my a certain buffer(pH=6.). The reactant will be starch, and tester will be IKI (Iodine potassium iodine). Distilled water is used as control groups. The procedures are as follow

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1. Label test tubes and droppers so that we don¡¦t contaminate the experiment by mixing them together.

. Turn on the temperature maintenance machines, and set 1 at 7¢J, another at 50¢J, the other at 80¢J.

. Set up spot plates to test drops of experiment and control groups, and label each spot with minutes preceding one another.

4. Add 1ml of buffer pH=6. to both control and experimental test tubes.

5. Add 1ml of water to the control group.

6. Add 1ml of starch solution to the experimental test tube.

7. Place experimental test tube (E-7) and control test tube (C-7) in the temperature maintenance machine, which is set to 7¢J.

8. Warm test tubes for 5-10 minutes in order to achieve the desired temperature.

. Get the amylase ready in ice, and the dropper filled with amylase.

10. Place 1~ drops of IKI in the spots indicated 7¢J.

11. Add 0.5ml of amylase to both the control and experimental test tubes, and so the reaction starts. Squeeze and release the dropper gently to mix the solution in the test tubes. Take down the time when amylase is added.

1. Start to take samples at 10 second intervals for the first minute. If there are no significant changes within the first minute, then start to record the change every minute. While you do this, put a drop of the control test tube solution on another spot in correspond to the experimental solution.

1. Record the color changes on the data table.

14. Continue to record the color change in between 1 minute interval, and if need additional time points, wash the spot plates out and re-use them.

15. When the experimental color reaches the same color as the control solution (yellow), all the starch has been hydrolyzed. This is the reaction end point. Take this number down carefully.

Results

During the experiment, we acquired results displayed as below, and also seen in figure1.

5¢J 7¢J 50¢J 80¢J

T=reaction end point 15 10 7 0

1/T=Enzyme Activity 0.06666667 0.1000000000 0.0707070 0

Table1

As seen in this table, we obtained the outcome that 7¢J has the highest enzyme activity (lowest reaction time period), 5¢J comes in second, 50¢J comes third, and there is no end point at 80¢J, meaning during the certain time period, the solution wasn¡¦t able to change color completely. The figure shows a curve with a highest point of 0.1, which occurred at 7¢J, and no enzyme activity at 80¢J.

Conclusion

A predicted graph of amylase reaction with temperature change is shown as below

The graph showed a optimum temperature at 40¢J, and drops quite rapidly afterwards. This suggests that amylase works best at temperature slightly below 40¢J. Therefore body temperature, 7¢J, is certainly ideal for amylase to work under, which is also illustrated in our figure1. In figure1, we obtained an optimum at 7¢J; however, there was still enzyme activity at 50¢J, which differed from the predicted graph. This could be caused by several human errors, such as not turning the temperature maintenance machine high enough, or did not leave the experimental and control test tube in the machine long enough, so the temperature of solution was not 50¢J. Moreover, the enzyme value may be miss measured, that we put more than 0.5ml of enzyme into the test tube, increased the enzyme concentration thus showed enzyme activity at 50¢J.

Another interesting phenomenon we acquired during the experiment is that it took us a lot longer to achieve the end points than the other groups. As seen in the table, it took us 10 minutes for 7¢J experiment and 15minutes for 5¢J experiment while normally it should only take 1 to minutes. We reached the conclusion that either the amylase we used was contaminated by other substances or they denatured during the testing. Maybe we did not put them in the ice correctly. Also, one of our teammates forgot to put amylase into some of the solutions. Even though we re-ran the experiment again, it might affect our results. These are the reasons why our experiment are not as accurate as it was predicted.

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First they killed my Father by Loung Ung, Stolen by Jane Harrison and Divine Wind

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The five main characters from the play Stolen are all suffered the Government decision to remove Aboriginal children from their families. They were denied power over their lives in many ways. They are taken away from their biological mother, denied contact with their families and forced to absorb the white Australian culture by being brought up by white parents instead of their indigenous parents, for better education and for a better lives. In this way the play shows how Aboriginal people have been deprived from choices and resources necessary to direct their lives. Furthermore, Jimmy, Ruby, Shirley, Sandy and Anne are the victim of the Government decision and the victim of the society. Their traumatic experiences are at different levels, some of the characters are unable to over come the horrific abused and experiences they've endured which lead them to close themselves off from the rest of the world. Other like Anne, Shirley and Sandy managed to break through the concrete wall of powerlessness and are able to move on and made the most of their slender chances to better direct their lives.

Stolen shows Aboriginal people to be determining in hoping for a better future, although they continually encounter new obstacles as they attempt to re-direct their lives. Shirley is the personification of the loss of contact with her parents a well as her own children. Shirley and her parents had no control over their lives. Shirley who'd tired to locate her children but was put 'on hold'. This symbolises the powerlessness of Aboriginal people against the white authority. Their lives were controlled and deferred by the White Authority. When Jimmy discover about his mother, that she's still alive, he regains a sense of hope which open the possibilities of positive changes to his live. As he waited for the meeting with his mother her 'stands happily', recalling his cheeky, carefree childhood personality, which indicates hope and a bright future for Jimmy. However, his mother's death defers all his happiness forever, his anger and despair takes over, leading to be locked up behind bar and having less power than ever to direct his life.

Lives cannot be better when you are institute and then abused. Jimmy and Ruby are abused when they were taken away for a weekend visits. They were sexually and physically abused. These traumatizing experiences lead them to shut themselves from the outside world and choose not to speak. Their silences after these experiences suggest that they have little choice but to follow guidelines, 'Promise not to tell.' Ruby's agonizing abuse and traumatizing experiences graphically showed through her decent into madness, unable to respond when her family finally found her. Like wise Jimmy's questions about his mother are answered only with a forceful 'your mother's not coming. She's dead'. These constant lies and abuses reinforce the children's lack of power to alter their situation and destroy their lives. .

Stolen shows lives not always better by separating children from their families. As in the case of Anne it leads her to a stage of confusion, as whether she's back or white. Anne's crisis of identity is difficult for her to deal with because she hasn't been told the truth of her aboriginal background. This demonstrates that Anne has very little say as whether she wants to be accepted by white society or back society, but Anne managed to love and made both parents accept her for who she is. Anne's slender chance to better direct her lives are stabilize with the opportunity given to her by both society, which gave her the power to change her placing in the society. However, the Aboriginal people aren't given that chance to change their places in society. This can be seen in the scene of 'Cleaning Routine ' where it shows the children's understanding of social ranking and where they are to be located.

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Shirley, Jimmy, Ruby and Anne are all confronted the issue of loss of identity, by being stolen from their families. This made them lose the ability to direct their lives. This 'Powerlessness' led Ruby and Jimmy to their tragic ends. Where as Shirley and Anne are able to overcome their obstacles and struggles to better direct their lives. Overall, Stolen shows that Aboriginal people were principally disadvantaged as they were mostly unable to focus their lives according to how they want it to be.

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Communication of Dolphins and Whales

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By studying the communication systems of other animal species, scientists and researchers all over the world hope to better understand how we as humans can better utilize our own systems to improve communication. Although humans are accustomed to using the auditory and optical channel for communication, there is much to learn about how we can use our other senses as well to communicate. If we continue the studies on animals that use other methods of communication, we can better understand how we can advance our own methods of communication. For example, by studying animals that rely on their sense of touch, maybe we can develop more efficient methods for the blind to communicate.

The mentally challenged people may be restricted from living a normal life simply because he has, in a way, his own world of communication. It is possible that there are ways to reach these kinds of people through other means of communication. For instance, the sense of touch is a much more primitive than other channels, so that a simpler system of coding and decoding information may be possible. This is just one of the ways that the communication barrier can be broken down so that we can communicate with these people. Another instance in which other forms of communication are crucial is when humans leave Earth's atmosphere. As we move further into outer space, it will be increasingly necessary to develop other forms of communication, as there is limited hearing and sight in space. Overall, knowledge about other means of communication could aid anyone who lacks in a certain sense.

Further research of other ways of communication is obviously important for communication opportunities that can benefit humans, but what about everything we already know? It has been proven that dolphins are especially intelligent and social animals, and in many instances have been known to socialize with humans. We can use this interesting trait to our advantage by utilizing the tremendous intelligence of the dolphins in many aspects of our lives.

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One instance in which humans can use dolphins to our advantage is for therapeutic reasons. Dolphins are used in numerous aquariums as therapy for physically handicapped and emotionally damaged children. The child is put in the water with a floating device, and by allowing the dolphin to push its limbs and body around the pool, the child's' nerves are stimulated, thus making it easier for the child to move naturally on his own. For mentally and emotionally damaged kids, simply being with the friendly and fun-loving dolphins provides a extraordinary response from the children. The animals seem to sense the children have special needs, and researchers have found that the company the dolphins provide to the children actually increase the kids' quality of life.

Dolphins have also been known to occasionally socialize with humans in the wild as well. In Brazil, a group of dolphins has cooperatively hunted with fisherman for many years. The fishermen throw out their fishing nets far into the ocean. Then the dolphins chase the nets back to the boat and eat any fish that escape.

The one thing all communication has in common is that its purpose is to convey information. The type of information that needs to be communicated varies from animal to animal. The honeybee uses an extremely interesting and unique way of communicating with its fellow worker bees. When a honeybee finds a source for nectar, it flies back to the hive to get the others. To tell them where the location is of the nectar, they wiggle their bodies and buzz their wings in a figure-eight shape. The speed of the wiggle and the angle of the body tells the others the distance and direction of the nectar. In 18 a group of European researchers wanted to see if they could communicate to the bees a location of nectar that the bees had never visited before. To do this, they built a robotic bee made of brass and wax. This model bee could buzz its wings, wiggle its body, and even pick up drops of nectar. Using a computer to control the bee, the scientists made the bee do the "wiggle-dance" to see if the real bees would find the target of nectar they had set up. Not only did the bees follow the lead of the robotic bee, but the researchers found they could use the robot to send the bees to any location. The experiment was a success, and the scientists concluded that since the robotic bee never actually visited any of the targets, the "wiggle dance" does communicate direction and distance.

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A Juxtaposition of The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter

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A Juxtaposition of The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter

There are many similarities in The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter. Though similar in many ways, these two pieces of literature greatly contrasted each other. Three important elements, which exemplify this juxtaposition, are theme, setting, and the protagonists. Both The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter contain several examples to further support these three elements.

The themes of The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter change throughout the course of each literature piece. One major theme in both of these is revenge. The character from The Scarlet Letter who is out for revenge is Chillingworth. Chillingworth is angry when he finds out whom Hester committed adultery with. When he realizes it was Dimmesdale, he decides to secretly torture Dimmesdale for what he has done. An example of Chillingworth's revenge from the book is

He now dug into the poor clergyman's heart like a miner searching for gold; or, rather, like a sexton delving into a grave, possibly in quest of a jewel that had been buried on the dead man's bosom, but likely to find nothing save mortality and corruption. (15)

This exemplifies Chillingworth's sought for revenge. By the narrator saying this, the reader gets insight on what Chillingworth plans to do to Dimmesdale, which is dig into his soul to find out Dimmesdale's hidden sin. Chillingworth's plot for revenge is very similar to that of Abigail Williams in The Crucible. In this play, John Proctor has an affair with Abigail Williams only out of lust but Abigail still wants him. He wants to move on and forget about her but Abigail wants the exact opposite, meaning she wants John Proctor for herself. Because of this, she decides to turn in Elizabeth Proctor for conjuring the devil. This is evident by the following quote

She thinks to dance with me on my wife's grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore's vengeance, and you must see it… (1146)

In both The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible, it is apparent that the characters Chillingworth and Abigail were out to get revenge, which in the end destroys them, yet their means of seeking revenge, differ. Chillingworth does it in a secretive manner whereas Abigail chooses to falsely accuse Elizabeth in public and openly risk Elizabeth's life.

Another point of comparison within The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter is the setting for each. For both of these literary pieces, the setting is in Massachusetts. More specifically, for The Crucible, the setting is in Salem Massachusetts. Evidence for this is at the beginning of Act I where it states "A small upper bedroom in the home of Reverend Samuel Parris, Salem, Massachusetts, in the spring of the year 16." (108) This is very similar to the setting of The Scarlet Letter, which is in Boston, Massachusetts. This is evident at the beginning of Chapter

The grass plot before the jail, in Prison Lame, on a certain summer morning not less than two centuries ago, was occupied by a pretty large number of the inhabitants of Boston… (47)

The Crucible is also set in 16, whereas the specific year of the setting of The Scarlet Letter is unknown, it is known that it takes place in the late seventeenth century. These two settings are very similar in that they both are in Massachusetts and also in the late 1600's. These settings differ in that The Crucible is in Salem and The Scarlet Letter is in Boston. Also, The Crucible occurs within a time span of several months, whereas The Scarlet Letter takes place during many years.

The protagonist of The Crucible, John Proctor, is very similar to the protagonist of The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne. Both of these characters have committed adultery.

John Proctor has committed adultery with Abigail Williams, and Hester Prynne has committed adultery with Reverend Dimmesdale. When Proctor is asked to state the Ten Commandments, he says them all but the one about adultery. Elizabeth assists him in remembering the one about adultery and then in the stage directions it says, "Proctor, as though a secret arrow had pained his heart." (11) The fact that Hester committed adultery is much more obvious, although not outright stated, than that of John Proctor's. The Scarlet Letter is based around Hester's sin, which is how the book gets its name. In the second chapter is evidence support Hester's sin of adultery

On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter "A". (51)

In the sense that both protagonists committed adultery, they are very similar. They differ, however, in that Proctor's sin is not publicly known and Hester's is. By Proctor keeping his sin a secret, he is guilt stricken. On the contrary, Hester's sin has been publicized and therefore she overcomes this and later becomes an influential figure in the Puritan society.

In The Crucible and in The Scarlet Letter, there are several elements, which can be juxtaposed. These include theme, setting, and the protagonists of each piece of literature.

Please note that this sample paper on A Juxtaposition of The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Juxtaposition of The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on A Juxtaposition of The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Coop

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Exam Format

The English Language arts exam is divided into two booklets. One booklet is the Reading Booklet and the other package contains material which requires written answers. Please write only in the package of material entitled Response Booklet.

Following is a step by step procedure for writing this exam. There is a very specific order to follow, so please read this section carefully and be certain you have completed each of the steps.

1. Complete the KWL on page one of the response booklet.Order Custom Essay on coop

. Read the instructions for the Word Splash and complete the first one titled A Better Way.

. In your package titled Reading Booklet read the story A Better Way.

4. Turn back to the Response booklet and complete the Word Splash for the story In My Class.

5. Read the story In My Class.

6. Complete the Word Splash for the poem Its Tough to be a Teenager.

7. Read the poem Its Tough to be a Teenager.

8. Complete the Word Splash for the story Day of the Butterfly.

. Read the story Day of the Butterfly.

10. Individually complete the page in the Response Booklet titled Discussion Questions on the Readings. Write your answers under each question and be prepared to bring it to your group and provide an explanation of your answer. You will be graded on the quality of your responses in this section, so be sure to take your time and answer the questions carefully. You will also get marks for adding to your individual answers after you have met in your groups.

11. When your instructor indicates it is time, get into groups and discuss your answers to the Discussion Questions.

1. You are now ready to begin the major part of the exam. After you have received your exam choices, take some time to think carefully about what you would like to do based on your personal abilities and resources. You will be responsible for providing all the materials needed to complete this section of the exam. Please come to the next class prepared to work on your exam project.

Discussion Questions on the Readings

A Better Way

1. Do you think Fulghams second way is better?

. Which of the two ways do you think T.C.I. is most like?

in my class

. Would you want this person for your friend?

4. But you know, Im still me. Do you agree with assessment?

5. What do the clicks in T.C.I. have that other students dont? Do you value these things?

6. What are some of the things out school can do to break down the barriers between clicks and ickies?

Its Tough to be a Teenager

7. Do you think that this persons friends would agree with their self-assessment?

8. What do you think are the three most difficult issues teens face today?

. Which group do you think should take the lead role in helping students with these problems parents, teachers or peers?

Day of The Butterfly

10. Why are many people, when in with a crowd, so openly cruel to others?

11. How could Miss Darling have handled Myras isolation in a more successful way?

1. What does the last sentence mean?

ELA FINAL EXAM TOPICS

DIRECTIONS Choose one of the following to complete on the designated exam day. Remember, you will be required to bring any supplies you need to complete your work, but you will not be allowed to enter the room with any FINISHED PRODUCT.

1. Create an Alphabet Poem on the topic of Teen Alienation. An alphabet poem is a poem that is presented on a large piece of paper and instead of the words being written on the paper, the author cuts out words, letters and pictures from magazines or other sources and pastes them on poster paper in a way that helps to illustrate the thrust or meaning of the poem. It must be a minimum of 50 words in length.

. Create a collage (a series of pictures cut out from magazines etc. and glued on a piece of paper in such a way that they illustrate a position on a topic) on the theme of Teen Alienation. Remember, your collage can not simply illustrate teen alienation, but must show a position on this topic ie. is it good/bad/in the media/needs to be changed etc.). Provide an explanation of the collage, no less than 100 words in length.

. Make a resource pamphlet on the topic of Teen Alienation. Resources must be realistic and current. The pamphlet should be visually appealing. Include a question section that a troubled teen could use when visiting a professional.

4. Write a 00 word response to the following letter by Einfeldt. It must be in proper letter format.

Dear Editor

I was disturbed by the recent article in your magazine concerning kids ethics. The article indicated that a significant percentage of students and other young Canadians do not place much value on honesty. As a business owner and employer, I have to seriously question the sense in hiring these young people. Your article said 65% of teenagers would cheat on a test or would look the other way if they saw someone else cheating. If I was conducting an interview with these statistics before me, I would also be very reluctant to have any of these young people in my shop. It is not a reassuring prospect to visualize the day when these crooks will be running our country.

Mr. D. Einfeldt

English Language Arts

Exam Format

Day One

1. Work on pre-reading materials - word splash and KWL handout.

. Read the six exam articles.

Day Two

1. Answer the discussion questions.

. Hand out the exam choices - decision needed by the end of the class for each student. Remind all students to bring in materials needed to work on exam topic during the next class.

Day Three

1. Work class on chosen topic.

Exam Day

1. Complete the exam. Reminder no finished product can be brought in to the exam.

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Transylvania

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"Boom!" The back of the plane exploded. Smoke and flames engulfed the entire plane. It seemed that bad weather had caused the plane to crash. Karl, the pilot, was the sole survivor of the crash. He searched around the cockpit. His friends were all dead. He looked out of the window. "Where am I?" he shouted out to the sea, getting nothing but the wind howling at his face. He searched around for the pilot's manual and found it in some compartment.

He stuffed his manual into his pocket, and started blowing up the inflatable lifeboat. After a few minutes, it was ready. He rowed his boat to the nearest rock he could see, and was surprised to find that it was a small island. When he finally got to safe land, near where the plane had crashed, he was shivering uncontrollably and was feeling hungry and scared. His mind was about to burst from the splitting headache that he had.

Karl sat down on a rock and took out his manual to gather information on his location. He flipped the pages frantically and was shocked to find that the island he was on was uncharted on the map. Suddenly feeling exhausted, he spread out his parachute and took a short nap on it.

He woke up to a clear morning and went back to the wrecked plane to gather some supplies. After gathering some food, water, clothing, flares and his handy pistol, he went back to his boat. Suddenly, the tide turned against him and brought him to the other shore of the island, and there before him, he saw a mysterious castle, looming over him. He saw some dark figures lurking around the castle. Without hesitation, Karl loaded his gun with a "click" and fired a shot at the biggest shadow. The creature shrieked with pain and dropped onto the ground. The shot scared away all of the other creatures.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Transylvania

He quickly ran towards the creature. There were many logs on the ground, hindering from getting to animal. At last he got there, and found it was a wild boar, its face convulsed with pain.

Suddenly, he was knocked out, and two large figures dragged him across a moat, and into the castle, He woke up to find himself all alone, lying on large bed. He curiously opened the drawer next to his bedside. In it was an information brochure entitled, "Transylvania, the legendary land of vampires". He realized that he was in grave danger. Suddenly, there was a gust of wind, and behind him, there was a big figure, with a large coat and long fangs. He loaded his gun, and planted the remaining bullets into the vampire's body. Surprisingly, the apparition was not even harmed. He then remembered reading that crosses could kill vampires…

However, he thought he had no cross. Just then, the vampire opened his ugly bad-breathed mouth, getting poised and ready to kill him. Well, Karl was a religious man, and immediately started to pray to God for help. Karl's head was dripping with the vampire's saliva. Suddenly a cross, that he forgot he was wearing on his neck, broke out and flew towards the vampire's heart. Karl was shocked. He did not notice the cross. Yet, as if a supernatural force made the cross (that he had not noticed) fly out and impale the vampire, who died. Green blood oozed out of the vampire's heart. Then, Karl came back to his senses, and ran out to the open. He fired two flares in the air in order to get the attention of any search helicopters in the vicinity. He then collapsed from hunger and fatigue. When he awoke, he found himself in a hospital back in Berlin, Germany. When he told the story to the media, no one believed him.

The next day, he read in the papers that another plane had crashed in the sea near Transylvania. "Oh no!" he thought

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"Othello"

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"Othello" by William Shakespeare

The tragic tale of William Shakespeare's great warrior, "Othello" is a world renowned story of back biting, envy and greed, in which the protagonist characters are so greatly consumed with spite and jealousy, that they go so far as destroying their own lives to obtain revenge. Shakespeare's innovative use of the archaic English language coupled with his captivatingly sinister characters, immediately sets the stage, for one of the most famous plots ever put into print.

From the outset Shakespeare details an intriguing situation, through his dexterous use of figurative language. Metaphors, in particular, are used to great effect by Shakespeare, when Roderigo and Iago are claiming their grievances with "the Moor", to Brabantio. Each characters individual vocabulary also helps as an insight into their personalities, as well as a hint to how they may behave as the play develops. Iago can be seen as a manipulative and scheming character, always controlling the situation from the shadows, an example of this happens when Iago and Roderigo go to "rouse Brabantio"

" Zounds sir, you're robbed…..

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Even now, now, very now, an old black ram

is tupping your white ewe."

The suggestively verbose, figurative language that is used, by the evidently intelligent Iago, is in stark contrast to Roderigo's simple jibes, and in describing Othello as an "old black ram" has an enormous and sickening dramatic effect. Immediately this skilful use of language suggests what might develop from the action of the first scene, as the plot thickens.

It is made clear in the first act, through Shakespeare's unique and intriguing writing structure, that the plot will centre around the individual jealousies of the characters. The opening scene is, for the most part, written similar to simple prose, to give the impression that the audience is listening in on a private conversation. However, blank verse is also used throughout the first act, to give flowing, poetic rhythm to the speech , this structure is complemented with the use of rhyming couplets, to emphasise the point a character is making. A good example of this is at the end of the first act, when Iago gives a soliloquy

"I have't. It is engered. Hell and night

Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light."

This soliloquy acts, not only as a message to the audience, but also to emphasise his point. The blank verse used helps the text to flow as speech, when read aloud. While the rhyming couplet at the end stylishly closes Iago's speech, whilst also prophesising his plan of action, to destroy Othello.

The characters created by Shakespeare, go hand in hand with the language used, to make the opening section of the play so effective. Notably, in the first section, the character Roderigo, helps to prepare the audience for the action to come. Roderigo is a spiteful "fool", who Iago looks upon as his "purse", just another pawn in the human game of chess he is playing. Roderigo is so overtaken with his jealousy of Desdemona's love for Othello that he is blinded to the truth, that Iago is merely using him as a means to an end. He has none of the cunning possessed by Iago, and is shown to be dim-witted and crude in his criticism of "the Moor"

"What a full fortune does the thick lips owe,

If he can carry't thus!"

Roderigo persistently harks back to these vulgar images of the "lascivious Moor", with "thick lips", in an effort to make his point, as he lacks the intelligence of Iago to cleverly construct his language to convey meaning. Although he is naive and highly temperamental, even threatening to "incontinently drown" himself, he is crucial in the first act to add to the volatile mixture of hatred directed towards Othello. It are these elements of his character that allowed me to believe that he could be manipulated into doing anything in the forthcoming scenes.

The most crucial character in the first section of the play is, without doubt, Iago, Othello's "ancient", and one of his most trusted soldiers. "Honest Iago" , as he is described by Othello, is anything but loyal and will stop at nothing to wreak his vengeance, to "serve my turn upon him". He is the most devious and ingenious characters that the audience is introduced to in the first act, he is seen to be laying down plans to obtain his revenge, by manipulating every other character in the story, most noticeably Roderigo

"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse;

For I mine own gained knowledge should profane,

If I would time expend with such a snipe,

But for my sport and profit."

It is possible to see from this how Iago sees the story that is unweaving as "sport", and intends to continue to exploit those around him "as asses", until he acquires retribution. It is Iago's schemes and plans, above all else, that serve to make the first act of the play so exciting. Through all his malevolent actions, his strategy slowly becomes apparent to the audience, so that we are fully prepared and anxious to see how these plans unfold, in the rest of the play.

And so this is how Shakespeare uses his superior grasp of language and inauspicious characters to create an ominous tone for the action that awaits. Through his use of a wide and varying range of characters, and Iago who is insistent in controlling them all, to Shakespeare's own manipulation, of descriptive language. Shakespeare manages to create all of this drama and chilling ambience within the first act , leaving the audience to wonder in anticipation, as to how this Machiavellian tale will continue.

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