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The Voyage to the New World
First of all, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of
Castille got married in 1464. The main reason that they got married was
to unite their kingdoms into Spain. The king and queen were Roman
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Catholic, so they gave power to certain people to convert non-Catholics to
Catholicism. In 148, the Roman Catholic monarchs renew the reconquista,
the military crusade ordered to conquer the remaining Muslim state in
Iberia, Granada. In 14, the Roman Catholic monarchs ordered all
non-converted Jews expelled from Spain.
In April, 14, Spain received reports that the Portuguese
succeeded in reaching the Indian Ocean, therefore Spanish monarchs
authorized Christopher Columbus to sail to Asia and establish trade and
start to convert natives to Christianity. The reasons that the monarchs
let Columbus sail were mainly to search for spices and profits, spread
Christianity, and to use some of their new technology like the caravel.
Columbus would receive one-tenth of all the profits, and governance of the
new lands would be shared by the monarchs and by Columbus.
There were mainly three different types of natives who lived in
the Caribbean. There were the Ciboneys (in Cuba), Caribs (in the lesser
Antilles), and Taino-Arawaks (in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispanola,
and Puerto Rico). The population of the Caribbean Islands was probably
not too much more than 1,500,000 of which about 1,000,000 lived mainly in
Hispanola. Hispanola was the center of Taino culture. Between 150 and
150, the demand for native labor increased and the native population
steeply decreased. Here is a table of how rapidly the population of the
Tainos decreased
14- 1,000,000 (about) 1514- 8,000
1508- ,000 1518- 16,000
150- 6,000 1540- 50
1510- 66,000 1570- 15
151- 7,000
By the 1540's the native population of the Tainos did not even exceed
1,000.
In October 14, Columbus's ships were bound for Japan, China, and
the Indies, but they arrived in the Bahamas. In May 14, Columbus
departed for his second voyage. The new goals were to settle
the land, cultivate the land, assert royal authority over the whole area,
convert the natives to Christianity, and mainly to search for gold and
send it back to Spain. There were 17 ships, and about 1500 men on this
voyage. Between 144 and 145, Columbus implemented a series of
regulations to control the natives and to gain lots of wealth. Each adult
must have delivered a certain amount of gold every three months, or else
they would be punished by the Spaniards. The natives didn't bring back
all of the gold that Columbus ordered, so he started enslaving and selling
the natives to generate some more wealth. In April 144, Columbus and his
brothers start to treat their own men harshly. This included hangings of
their own men. In the fall of 144, Columbus received total command of
all the people on the voyage. In March 14, the king and queen appoint
Francisco de Bobadilla governor and is sent to Hispanola with
instructions to Columbus and all Spaniards to submit to B!
obadilla's authority. In 1500, the king and queen ban enslavement in
Spanish colonies; natives are to be converted to Christianity, and
Christians are not to enslave fellow Christians. In the Indies, they
interpret this to mean that they can enslave natives who refuse to convert
to Christianity. In August 1500, Bobadilla arrives in the Indies, and
exerts his total authority. Columbus and his brothers do not submit to
his authority, so Bobadilla has him arrested and shackled, and sent back
to Spain. In about November 1500, Columbus is set free from prison, but
he has no more power in the Indies. In 1506, Columbus dies in Spain. A
man named Bartolame de las Casas is against the extermination of the
natives so he says "if necessary, white and black slaves can be brought"
to the Indies. So in 1518, African slaves begin to be shipped to the
Indies. In 1518 to 151, there was an outbreak of smallpox. One-third of
the remaining natives are killed as well as many of the Spa!
niards there. By 1518, more than 0 million (actually about 50 million)
enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas.
In 151, Cortes was the general of an expedition to the Indies.
In March, he landed in Cozumel with 11 ships, 580 armed Spaniards, 17
horses, crossbows, dozens of guns, and 10 cannons. Cortes and his men
fought their way up strong Mayan resistance up the coast. Whenever Cortes
came upon a temple, he smashed the idols, had the blood-stained walls
painted white, and installed a cross. In July 151, some of his men were
unsettled and were thinking of turning back, but Cortes sank all of his
remaining ships. In August 151, Cortes and his forces proceeded inland
with 500 men, 15 horses, and the cannons
destroying temples and putting in crosses continually. In November 151,
Cortes arrested Montezuma accusing him of ordering an attack on some of
his men. In June 150, Montezuma was stoned to death by his own men. In
July 150, Cortes and his forces flee Tenochtitlan for Tlascalan. At one
particular battle, the Battle of Otumba, the Spanish barely escape the
pursuing Aztecs. Only 400 Spaniards and 4 horses survive. All cannons
and gunpowder were lost in the battle. In the Valley of Mexico,
Tenochtitlan in particular, the people were stricken by an epidemic of
smallpox.
In the year of 151, there was a document written in Spain called
The Requirement. It was towards the Spanish conquistadors, but aimed for
the natives that they came in contact with. It was mainly written to help
convince the natives to convert to Christianity. It said that the
document must be read to any native culture that they came into contact
with. After it was read, the Indians had a choice to either convert to
Christianity, or not convert, and they had to put it into writing also.
The document said it was legal to start a war on the natives only if they
didn't convert to Christianity. According to a man named Bernardino de
Sahagun, he never saw Cortes read this document to the Aztecs in the year
151. Therefore, Cortes did not have the right to make war on the Aztecs
legally.
In December 150, Cortes gathered an army of allies, and from
January through May 151, he surrounded the city of Tenochtitlan, and
finally in July, Cortes began the attack. He totally destroyed the city.
They knocked down buildings, and burned anything that could be burned.
150,00 native allies joined in the final assaults. During the
Aztec-Spanish war, 40,000 Aztecs died, between 0,000-100,000 of the
native allies were killed. The figures do not include the people killed
by any kind of disease. As the defeated but alive Aztecs were herded out
of the city, the women and the boys were considered property of individual
Spaniards. The men were put to work building a new city on top of the
rubble of Tenochtitlan. The priests were executed, torn apart by dogs.
Bartolome de las Casas (1474-1566) was Spain's defender of
Amerindian rights. His parents were small merchants, but he abandoned his
studies for that and went to soldiering. He went to Hispanola in 150. He
received grants of land and Indian labor. In 1515 he renounced all
property and rights in the Americas and returned to Spain. He later went
on a voyage with Hernan Cortes, and he wrote down what kind of horrible
treatment Cortes gave to the natives there. The Spaniards did things
like, smash babies'
heads against walls, use some babies as food for their dogs, and once they
stuffed almost the whole population of a town into only three of the
houses. When all of the people were in the houses, they set fire to the
houses. The houses easily burned to the ground, and burned all of the
people in the houses easily also.
The Spaniards Greed was overwhelming. After an attack on an Aztec
fiesta, they went to Motecuhzoma's storehouse. All of his personal
treasures were kept there. The Spaniards covered every part of the
storehouse. All of Motecuhzoma's treasures were brought out; fine
bracelets, necklaces, ankle rings, little gold bell, and royal crowns.
When the Spaniards did all that, the natives still were happy to bring
them food and water. Later, the Spaniards questioned Motecuhzoma and
demanded more gold. They followed close by with their weapons out. With
all the gold things, they made a huge pile and melted all of the gold into
ingots. They took every little thing that looked good or just valuable voyages to the new world edition two
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