The voyage to the new world

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The Voyage to the New World

First of all, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of

Castille got married in 1464. The main reason that they got married was

to unite their kingdoms into Spain. The king and queen were Roman

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Catholic, so they gave power to certain people to convert non-Catholics to

Catholicism. In 148, the Roman Catholic monarchs renew the reconquista,

the military crusade ordered to conquer the remaining Muslim state in

Iberia, Granada. In 14, the Roman Catholic monarchs ordered all

non-converted Jews expelled from Spain.

In April, 14, Spain received reports that the Portuguese

succeeded in reaching the Indian Ocean, therefore Spanish monarchs

authorized Christopher Columbus to sail to Asia and establish trade and

start to convert natives to Christianity. The reasons that the monarchs

let Columbus sail were mainly to search for spices and profits, spread

Christianity, and to use some of their new technology like the caravel.

Columbus would receive one-tenth of all the profits, and governance of the

new lands would be shared by the monarchs and by Columbus.

There were mainly three different types of natives who lived in

the Caribbean. There were the Ciboneys (in Cuba), Caribs (in the lesser

Antilles), and Taino-Arawaks (in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispanola,

and Puerto Rico). The population of the Caribbean Islands was probably

not too much more than 1,500,000 of which about 1,000,000 lived mainly in

Hispanola. Hispanola was the center of Taino culture. Between 150 and

150, the demand for native labor increased and the native population

steeply decreased. Here is a table of how rapidly the population of the

Tainos decreased

14- 1,000,000 (about) 1514- 8,000

1508- ,000 1518- 16,000

150- 6,000 1540- 50

1510- 66,000 1570- 15

151- 7,000

By the 1540's the native population of the Tainos did not even exceed

1,000.

In October 14, Columbus's ships were bound for Japan, China, and

the Indies, but they arrived in the Bahamas. In May 14, Columbus

departed for his second voyage. The new goals were to settle

the land, cultivate the land, assert royal authority over the whole area,

convert the natives to Christianity, and mainly to search for gold and

send it back to Spain. There were 17 ships, and about 1500 men on this

voyage. Between 144 and 145, Columbus implemented a series of

regulations to control the natives and to gain lots of wealth. Each adult

must have delivered a certain amount of gold every three months, or else

they would be punished by the Spaniards. The natives didn't bring back

all of the gold that Columbus ordered, so he started enslaving and selling

the natives to generate some more wealth. In April 144, Columbus and his

brothers start to treat their own men harshly. This included hangings of

their own men. In the fall of 144, Columbus received total command of

all the people on the voyage. In March 14, the king and queen appoint

Francisco de Bobadilla governor and is sent to Hispanola with

instructions to Columbus and all Spaniards to submit to B!

obadilla's authority. In 1500, the king and queen ban enslavement in

Spanish colonies; natives are to be converted to Christianity, and

Christians are not to enslave fellow Christians. In the Indies, they

interpret this to mean that they can enslave natives who refuse to convert

to Christianity. In August 1500, Bobadilla arrives in the Indies, and

exerts his total authority. Columbus and his brothers do not submit to

his authority, so Bobadilla has him arrested and shackled, and sent back

to Spain. In about November 1500, Columbus is set free from prison, but

he has no more power in the Indies. In 1506, Columbus dies in Spain. A

man named Bartolame de las Casas is against the extermination of the

natives so he says "if necessary, white and black slaves can be brought"

to the Indies. So in 1518, African slaves begin to be shipped to the

Indies. In 1518 to 151, there was an outbreak of smallpox. One-third of

the remaining natives are killed as well as many of the Spa!

niards there. By 1518, more than 0 million (actually about 50 million)

enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas.

In 151, Cortes was the general of an expedition to the Indies.

In March, he landed in Cozumel with 11 ships, 580 armed Spaniards, 17

horses, crossbows, dozens of guns, and 10 cannons. Cortes and his men

fought their way up strong Mayan resistance up the coast. Whenever Cortes

came upon a temple, he smashed the idols, had the blood-stained walls

painted white, and installed a cross. In July 151, some of his men were

unsettled and were thinking of turning back, but Cortes sank all of his

remaining ships. In August 151, Cortes and his forces proceeded inland

with 500 men, 15 horses, and the cannons

destroying temples and putting in crosses continually. In November 151,

Cortes arrested Montezuma accusing him of ordering an attack on some of

his men. In June 150, Montezuma was stoned to death by his own men. In

July 150, Cortes and his forces flee Tenochtitlan for Tlascalan. At one

particular battle, the Battle of Otumba, the Spanish barely escape the

pursuing Aztecs. Only 400 Spaniards and 4 horses survive. All cannons

and gunpowder were lost in the battle. In the Valley of Mexico,

Tenochtitlan in particular, the people were stricken by an epidemic of

smallpox.

In the year of 151, there was a document written in Spain called

The Requirement. It was towards the Spanish conquistadors, but aimed for

the natives that they came in contact with. It was mainly written to help

convince the natives to convert to Christianity. It said that the

document must be read to any native culture that they came into contact

with. After it was read, the Indians had a choice to either convert to

Christianity, or not convert, and they had to put it into writing also.

The document said it was legal to start a war on the natives only if they

didn't convert to Christianity. According to a man named Bernardino de

Sahagun, he never saw Cortes read this document to the Aztecs in the year

151. Therefore, Cortes did not have the right to make war on the Aztecs

legally.

In December 150, Cortes gathered an army of allies, and from

January through May 151, he surrounded the city of Tenochtitlan, and

finally in July, Cortes began the attack. He totally destroyed the city.

They knocked down buildings, and burned anything that could be burned.

150,00 native allies joined in the final assaults. During the

Aztec-Spanish war, 40,000 Aztecs died, between 0,000-100,000 of the

native allies were killed. The figures do not include the people killed

by any kind of disease. As the defeated but alive Aztecs were herded out

of the city, the women and the boys were considered property of individual

Spaniards. The men were put to work building a new city on top of the

rubble of Tenochtitlan. The priests were executed, torn apart by dogs.

Bartolome de las Casas (1474-1566) was Spain's defender of

Amerindian rights. His parents were small merchants, but he abandoned his

studies for that and went to soldiering. He went to Hispanola in 150. He

received grants of land and Indian labor. In 1515 he renounced all

property and rights in the Americas and returned to Spain. He later went

on a voyage with Hernan Cortes, and he wrote down what kind of horrible

treatment Cortes gave to the natives there. The Spaniards did things

like, smash babies'

heads against walls, use some babies as food for their dogs, and once they

stuffed almost the whole population of a town into only three of the

houses. When all of the people were in the houses, they set fire to the

houses. The houses easily burned to the ground, and burned all of the

people in the houses easily also.

The Spaniards Greed was overwhelming. After an attack on an Aztec

fiesta, they went to Motecuhzoma's storehouse. All of his personal

treasures were kept there. The Spaniards covered every part of the

storehouse. All of Motecuhzoma's treasures were brought out; fine

bracelets, necklaces, ankle rings, little gold bell, and royal crowns.

When the Spaniards did all that, the natives still were happy to bring

them food and water. Later, the Spaniards questioned Motecuhzoma and

demanded more gold. They followed close by with their weapons out. With

all the gold things, they made a huge pile and melted all of the gold into

ingots. They took every little thing that looked good or just valuable voyages to the new world edition two

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