Do Sport Programs Contribute to Education?

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Sports programs are a big part of school systems and school environments today. These sports programs are starting at a younger and younger age every year. By the time that students reach the high school varsity and college age, sports have become a tremendous part of the students' life. Some may say that the student-athlete has a load of being a full time student and putting in full time hours to becoming a superior athlete, so the two do not mix well. Some argue that the two are so time consuming that by doing both they take away from each other, while others believe that the two, student and athlete, really assistance one another. So who is right? Do sport programs contribute to the student-athletes education?

One common argument against athletics in schools is that, athletics distracts students from academic activities and study time (Coakley 41). This is somewhat easy to agree with, without knowing the facts. Most people would think that anything that is time consuming would take away from a student studies and educational goals. Some other arguments against sports in schools are that athletics perpetuate dependence and conformity, turns most students into spectators, causes too many serious injuries to student-athletes, creates a superficial, transitory spirit subverting the educational goals of the school, and deprives educational programs of resources, facilities, staff, and community support (41). All of these arguments seem to be very legit at first glance. These arguments are all good possibilities of what could possibly happen, but the facts show that that these arguments are all incorrect statements.

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The arguments for interscholastic sports according to Coakley state that, sports programs involve students in school activities, sports increases interest in academic activities, while they also build the self-esteem, responsibility, achievement orientation, and teamwork skills required for today's occupational success, these programs are providing fitness training and stimulating interest in more physical activities amongst students, they also generate a sense of spirit and unity, and promote support for all school programs (41). Many of these arguments are opposites of the arguments against interscholastic sports, so which arguments are correct?

The Educational Testing Service and College Board Study has stated that, "Participation in high school athletics and activities are a much better indicator of overall college performance that other yardsticks" (iahsaa). Also the American College Testing Service (ACT) acknowledged that, "The one yardstick to predict success in later life (self satisfaction and participation in a variety of community activities two years after college) is achievement in school activities. Not useful as a predictor are high school or college grades, or high ACT scores" (iahsaa). These are two well respected organizations in which both agree that interscholastic sports have a major impact on a students' success in later life. An example of a well respected organization that has proof of sports programs having a positive effect on students is the USA High School Academic Team. According to them, of the sixty students listed in the May 14, 18, USA Today's All- USA High School Academic First, Second, and Third teams and the 51 students who earned honorable mention, seventy-five percent of them were involved in sports, music, and/or debate (NFHS). To become apart of this academic team is a huge honor and very tough academically. This is one instance that proves the first argument against interscholastic sport to be false. If seventy-five percent of the USA High School Academic Team was involved in some sort of school activity then the activity must not be taking away from the students focus on their educational goals. One might say that these students are the exception. In response to that, the Minnesota State High School League is quoted saying, "Student-athletes have a higher grade-point average than the average student and are absent from school less." The Iowa High School Athletic Association says that, "Students who do not participate in sports average a . GPA. Those who participate in one sport average a .61 GPA and those in two sports average a GPA of .8 GPA" (iahsaa). The interesting part of the Iowa High School Athletic Association's research is that the more involved the students are the better the students' grades end up. Indiana University did a study that revealed, "High activity" students, those involved in four or more activities, averaged a .05 GPA, while the "low activity" students averaged a .54 GPA (iahsaa). All three reports showed that the more involved and active that the students were in school activities, such as sports, the better their grade point average was. This could be due to several different components. One might be that the students with more school activities are doing better because the sports that they play are in different seasons, and if they wish to stay eligible to participate in these sports then they must keep up their grades. Another reason the student-athletes do well may be due to they have learned the value of hard work. The value of hard work is not some that you can teach, it is some thing that is learned through experience. USA Today did a study that revealed, nearly seven of ten Americans say high school sports teach students lessons about life they can't learn in a classroom (iahsaa). The results of several national surveys and research show that athletes on average do better grades and do better in school than non-athletes.

Another instance in which athletes tend to do better in than non-athletes is in dropout rate and attendance. The Women's Sports Foundation Survey showed that, high school athletes have higher grades, lower dropout rates, and attend school more than non-athletes (iahsaa). Also in a study done by the North Carolina Athletic Association they found that non-athletes are absent from school more than twice as many times as athletes and the dropout rate of non-athletes was nine times and many as athletes (NFHS). Corresponding to that is a research done by Skip Dane of Hardiness Research in 11, in which they found that by a -to-1 ratio, boys who have participate in sports do better in school, do not dropout and have a better chance to get through college (NFHS). The National Federation of State High School Associations found that ninety-six percent of dropouts in fourteen school districts in seven regions of the nation were not participating in school activity programs (iahsaa). Student-athletes find out real soon that if they want to play then they have to be in school. This teaches students that they have to be disciplined enough to show up to school everyday. If you don't show up for school, you can't practice after school and you can't play in the games if you miss practice. The also corresponds to why the dropout rates of athletes is so much lower than that of the non-athletes. It is very simple, if you are not enrolled in school then you can't be a part of the school team. This probably has a bigger impact then realized. If you take in to account the inner city kids that don't have a parent there to make them get up and go to school then sports may be the deciding factor for them.

Sports contribute to women's education just as much as it does to the men education. According to the Women's Sport Foundation, "Athletes do better in the class room and are more involved in school activity programs. High school athletic participation has a positive educational and social impact on many minority and female students. Based on an analysis of data collected from the U.S. Department of Education's High School and Beyond Study, girls receive as many benefits from sports as boys and sports involvement was significantly related to lower dropout rates in the school setting (iahsaa). In a research done by Skip Dane of Hardiness Research in 11, they found that the ratio for girls who participate in sports and do well in school in is three to one (NFHS). Women in sports is becoming bigger and bigger, and women's sports programs will continue to grow, as will men's, for the simple fact that the youth of America benefits so greatly due to this interscholastic involvement. Sports also help keep young men and women from smoking and using drugs.

The Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity states that, 'Sports and physical activity are viable alternatives to smoking for young women. They (sports and physical activity) can give young women the very benefits they perceive in smoking independence, status with their peers, a chance to make friends, relaxation, weight management, and a more positive sense of self" (iahsaa). The American Medical Association reports that student-athletes are forty percent less likely to smoke than that of non-athletes (iahsaa). There are many reasons why people shouldn't smoke and many athletes seem to take these reasons into consideration. If they are trying to be a superior athlete then most likely they are trying to stay health as possible and smoking in defiantly unhealthy. Another reason why athletes may not smoke is because they know that they could not perform to the top of their capabilities if they did smoke. Peer pressure is another thing that drives most people to smoking. If most athletes don't smoke then you are surrounding yourself with people that don't put the pressure of smoking upon you. This also ties into drug usage amongst athletes and non-athletes. In an analysis of National Data by the Department of Health and Human Services found that, "Students who spend no time in extracurricular activities are fifty-seven percent more likely to have dropped out of school by the time they would have been senior; forty-nine percent more likely to have used drugs; thirty-five percent more likely to have smoked cigarettes; and twenty-seven percent more likely to have been arrested than those who spend one to four hours per week in extracurricular activities" (NFHS). Sports programs along with other positive extracurricular after school activities have shown a tremendous positive effect on students. The statistics show that athletes are less likely to use drugs and smoke cigarettes then that of non-athletes.

An interesting survey I ran upon gave the perspective of our US high school principals and a percentage of students in all fifty states. In 185, the National Federation of State High School Associations sponsored the national survey of high school principal and nearly seven thousand high school students in all fifty states. This survey unveiled that ninety-five percent believed that participation in activities teaches valuable lessons to students that cannot be learned in a regular class routine; ninety-nine percent agreed that participation in activities promotes good citizenship; ninety-five percent agreed that activity programs contribute to development of "school spirit" among the student body; seven-six percent said they believed the demand on students' time by activities is not excessive; seven-two percent said there is strong support for school activity programs from parents and the community at large (NFHS). This was very interest because this survey gave a perspective of the principals that are around student-athletes on a day-to-day basis. The survey also consisted of a percentage of student in which they gave there perspectives also. The results of this survey show clearly that sport programs in schools are having a very positive influence on these students and schools.

Although sports do have a positive influence on students and school there are still some possible problems in interscholastic sports programs. Overemphasizing winning and on sports development, restriction of opportunities, and dominating coaches that emphasize on conformity and obedience are a few of the problems that students are encountering in today's interscholastic sport programs (Maughan). These problems do have solutions but the solutions are easier said then done. The solution to the overemphasis on winning would be to emphasize on the students development and play (Maughan). The enjoyment of the game needs to be emphasized more. There are many restricted opportunities for many young athletes. If there is only one basketball team then the coach can only take so many players, if you are not one of the best then you get cut out of the interscholastic sport (Maughan). This is unfair to a lot of students that just want to play. You also have too many dominating coaches today that do not allow for athletes to express themselves. To solve this problem more decision making opportunities need to be made available to the student-athlete (Maughan).

Do sport programs contribute to the student-athletes education? After researching the subject it is easy to determine that sport programs contribute a great deal to students, school system, and school environment. The statistics show that athletes are less likely to use drugs, smoke cigarettes, dropout of school, be absent, and do statically better in class then that of non-athletes. Sport programs have become a big part of the development of the youth of America today and teach our children many important lessons, such as teamwork, unity, and self-discipline that they might not learn in a classroom environment.

Works Cited

Coakley, Jay. Sport in Society Issues and Controversies 7th Edition. Avenue of the Americans, New York McGraw-Hill, 001

Maughan, Robert. "Interscholastic Sport Programs." 11//0

http//www.coe.unt.edu/maughan/050chapt6.htm.

National Federation of State High School Associations. "The Case for High School Activities." 11//0 http//www.nfhs.org/case.htm.

The Case For High School Athletics & Activities. 11//0 http//www.iahsaa.org/hsactiv.htm.

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Pesticide

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Pesticide is a chemical designed to kill pests and insects. Pesticides are mainly used by farmers on their crops, to minimise the damages, and increase their productivity. However, people who are not farmers are still exposed to pesticides every day of their life. Your occupation and lifestyle are large factors in determining how much pesticide you are exposed to. However, most exposure comes from foods and home pesticide use, as well as from the environment.

Pesticides are used in many public places, from restaurants to schools, but people are not intentionally exposed to them. Even cleansers and gasoline contain types of pesticide, but they are only toxic to human if used improperly. The manufacturers of pesticides used on crops design them to be toxic to insects and pests, but not to humans. However, long-term health effects of eating foods used with pesticide have not been proven yet.

Most pesticides have warnings or labels on them, and instructions of the correct way to use them. If these are not followed, it could lead to problems, such as poisoning. The benefits of using pesticides outweigh the risks, as the risk factor of pesticides is very low, unless you do not read the instructions for proper use.

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The pesticide industry is one of the most highly regulated industries. All pesticides undergo strict testing for potential human and environmental effects. Today, new pesticides may have over $50 million spent on product testing before the product enters the market. Therefore, all new pesticides can be considered safe for your health, and the environment, unless they are used improperly.

Pesticides need to continue to grow stronger and more potent, as after insects and pests are continually exposed to certain pesticides, they develop an immunity to it, and it no longer affects them in the same way. One of the risks of making pesticides continually stronger, is that eventually pests may develop a complete immunity to all types, and the pesticides will need to be so strong that it will be extremely harmful to humans as well as pests.

I hope my talk has been helpful, and it should help you understand the nature of pesticides, as well as the risks to humans and the environment.

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Why sustainable contruction hasnt grown

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Thesis Topic on Why Sustainable Construction Has Not Grown Exponentially

The construction sector of the economy has been booming for quite some time, predominately in the residential market. However, few construction companies employ the practices of sustainable development. The goal of my thesis is to look into the reasons why more contractors are not building environmentally friendly homes. By researching certain areas such as product availability, cost differences between traditional products and sustainable products, and estimating methods, I plan to undercover the reasons why we are still building in a wasteful manner.

Product availability could be a major factor in that certain products may be harder to obtain, therefore costing the builder and the owner more money. Some newer products also require different installation techniques and therefore may require the need for a skilled individual for installation. These skilled individuals may wind up costing the contractor more money than the traditional carpenter.

One of the reasons that sustainable development has not caught on yet may be that the newer products are not cost effective. These products may not be competitive enough in their pricing to warrant a change from the contractor.

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Lastly, estimating could play a factor as to why we are still building with traditional methods. It is the common goal of everyone to build fast, efficient, and cheap. When estimating a job, it may be harder to locate the cost of certain products or items. "Installation personnel responsible for developing project estimates have no way of accurately estimating the first costs of a sustainable project, let alone potential life cycle cost impacts of sustainability. In many cases the only method for estimating sustainable project costs is to add a contingency factor to the estimate for a traditional project to cover anticipated increases in design costs, material costs, and other project costs."

Construction is the largest part of our economy. Everything that we look at involves the construction industry in some form or another. I chose this topic because I believe we are coming to a point where there is no excuse not to build with the environment and various energy sources in mind.

KEY WORDS

SUSTAINABILITY

CONSTRUCTION

ESTIMATING

PRODUCT AVAILIBILITY

COSTS

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Gender identity

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Gender identity is and always will be difficult to define, especially with all the contemporary and modernized changes in society. It is almost impossible to identify a certain gender in a category anymore. With the influence of the mass media and certain people's set essentialist ideologies of gender norms, it is a fine line as to what the role of a man and woman is today. The media is a major if not catastrophic impact on societies beliefs, the media has the ability to manipulate and twist things to make them believable and acceptable to their viewers. Certain types of media like TV have a bigger influence on people, but others like newspapers and magazines are considered reassurances of what TV portrays. In specific regarding gender identity roles, is the role of men in media and how it is portrayed. Since the beginning of time men have always been considered the dominant gender, that thrive on there masculinity. And to define masculinity is to define what a man is. If you were to attack a man's masculinity you would be taking away his sole purpose identity. With reference to the media men have always been portrayed as the tough, overpowering, masculine, in charge type person. With the media portraying men in this way it has lead to societies beliefs that men are exactly this, thus making it extremely difficult to change their perspective of male identity roles. Now that we have an idea of what has been portrayed in the past I will be looking at how magazine media portrays men. I will be looking specifically at the men's magazine genre, this way I will be able get a perspective of what men thank and perceive of other men as well as society as a whole.

The whole idea of masculinity is directly correlated with how the roles of men and their identities are perceived in society. As I said earlier, men used to be considered the generic authoritative and powerful leaders of society. They were the care free, unemotional journeymen that were in control of society. Since the feminist move there has been a significant change in these roles, which has directly affected the identity of male masculinity and what it has become. The main elements that are associated to this shift in male masculinity roles are firstly, the structural changes in society, and the process of racial and gender equality. From an article done by a brazilian author name Marko Monteiro, he states that these changes in masculinity roles of men are correlated through three main elements they are "Economic modernization, that brought increasing numbers of women and races to the labour market and to professional fields that until then were white male-dominated. Secondly, was the so-called wave of feminism that exploded world-wide, that questioned patriarchy and traditional male roles by questioning the inferior position of women in society; this amounts to the construction of a feminist discourse and a feminist subject position consequences. Third, the explosion of gay power movements also world-wide, that questioned patriarchy and compulsory heterosexuality, thus also questioning traditional male identity and creating a new subject position, the gay subject" (Monteiro, Marko Him/Her discourses of masculinity in a Brazilian magazine, 16-17, www.artnet.com.br/~marko/him.html, with socio-cultural).

From reading the works of Norman Fairclough, on Discourse and social change, and Marko Monteiro's article on discourses of masculinity, I believe the change of masculinity, is a result of cultural and historical changes in the roots of society. Furthermore, from this shift of masculinity in society, it has launched the mass media to portray a new and modern male masculinity role in popular culture. With regards to Magazine media's portrayal of masculinity in males, which I spoke of earlier, they have a profound influence on people's ideologies in popular media culture. Magazines have been a form of entertainment and reading for years, since they have come into popular culture. There are many different genre's of magazines, but the one's I am going to be looking at are magazines that are geared towards men, and specifically image and representation issues in society. There may not be as many magazines that are directed towards the male audience as there is the female audience, but there is still enough out there to critique with. Certain male magazines of the past have portrayed men as strong, tough, rugged, care- free, and athletic. They show men to be more concerned with what they have rather than what they are. Even in advertisements like Marlboro, they show this big, rough looking tough guy on a horse, who doesn't care how he looks but rather with what he's doing. The Marlboro man is a good example of how magazine ads portrayed men as a tough masculine man's man. This idea ties into the spectrum of hegemony, as it represents the beliefs of society, where this is the dominant ideology of society as to male roles in popular media culture. With all the different types of magazine's available these days male identity can range from a hard core male to a softer more emotional male.

But to understand the bases of how men interpret or perceive what is being portrayed to them you have to look into the issue of identity theory. In this theory derived by Anthony J. Vigorito in his thesis paper says "that the perspective of symbolic interactionalism, states that it is through interaction that shared meanings are constructed. Individuals act toward reality on the basis of the meanings they give to it, meanings which are constantly modified in social interaction. For example, meanings of terms like 'male' must be found in the meanings persons bring to this category of experience. The central object to be negotiated in interaction is identity, one's perceived social location in reference to others. Individuals use others and the media as sources of information and tactics to maintain identities, and as source s of validation for existing identities. As Mills Horowitz observed, the mass media has become the lens of man-kind through which men see; the medium by which they interpret and report what they see. It is the semi organized source of their very identities. From this, the individual develops a role-identity, "an imaginative view of himself as he likes to think of himself being and acting in a given social position, emphasis original). Hence, men may aspire to hegemonic models of masculinity while rarely attaining the culturally idealized form of maleness" (Vigorito, Anthony J; Curry, Timothy J. Marketing Masculinity Gender Identity and Popular Magazines. July 18, pp. 15-15)

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This past couple paragraphs from the journal article Marketing Masculinity Gender Identity and Popular Magazines by Anthony J. Vigorito and Timothy J. Curry, The Ohio State University, shows how the media can play a huge role in manipulating male audiences of magazines to believe that they are a certain type of person rather than themselves, this ties in with the perspective of gender identity crisis among males in society. gender identity for men traditionally has been associated with the competitive rationality of work rather than the intimate emotionality of family. Masculine gender identity has been tied to family only in terms of how well a man provides for his family. As I said before men are more consumed with material things than emotional things. But this "good-provide role is in decline, because of the increasing participation of women in the labour force. Thus men are now becoming more nurturing and tied to family and household responsibilities.

So to get a better understanding of the influence of media depictions of masculinity on males (specifically magazines) you need to specify how the variables of class, age, sex, and marital status of the target audience are related to gender portrayals. There are two basic variables. The

first dependent variable "percentage of men depicted in occupational roles"

is taken to be an indicator of hegemonic masculinity. The second dependent

variable , "percentage of men depicted in parent or spouse /partner

roles" is taken to be an approximate indicator of a non-hegemonic form

of masculinity. From examining a few issues of Men's Health, as well as many other men's magazine's that I have ever read, I have realized that there is still more of a portrayal of men depicted in occupational roles. A good contrast to this is that men's Health has the diversity to show the softer and more nurturing male. A lot of articles in Men's health are on topics like, getting in shape, healthy foods to eat, and there are more advertisements geared towards fashion and design for men. This is the opposite of what used to be portrayed.

Now you have to look at what the intended target audience of this magazine is, as well as who the target audience actually is. This magazine 'Men's Health" is targeted towards the heterosexual male, but surprisingly more than half the audience of this magazine and a lot of men's magazines is the homosexual male. A lot of the ads that are in this magazine are of half naked athletic men, so it is no surprise to me that the homosexual male is intrigues by this magazine. But in the same respect, the target audience is obviously for heterosexual, because all the articles and writings are geared towards men interacting with women. For example in the March, 00 issue of Men's Health that I looked at, there was an article called " secret sex spots". This article was a guide for men to find areas of desire on women to help them sexually. This is obviously geared for the heterosexual male. Even with all these underlying tones of a heterosexual target audience for this magazine, the audience is split. This goes to show you how the identity of males in society is not necessarily represented in media texts, such as a men's health magazine.

Another study done by Deana Rohlinger called Eroticizing Men Cultural Influences on Advertising and Male Objectification, shows how the changing American values have influenced advertiser practices as they relate to sexualized images of men in mainstream media. Men have become more of an object in advertising as a result of the cultural factors such as the gay liberation movement in the 160's, and the gender identity crisis as of recent. Some advertisers note that sexualized images of men are on the rise in terms of economics. In a post-industrial era, advertisers seek to find new markets. As such, erotic images of men are designed to appeal to liberated women as well as the new male homosexual consumer (Rohlinger, Deana A, February 00, pp. 61-74) This is evident in the apparent up-rise of male figures that are used in ads these days, for example in women's magazine's like Cosmo, they have ads that portray men as sexual objects rather than an actual person. I fell that the shift in The role of men in advertising plays a very important role in the reformatting of male masculinity, because it puts the male body as an object and portrays men's masculinity as more of a sexual object rather than the tough, rugged guy of the past.

Going back to Men's Health magazine, this magazine is made for the modern guy simply because it is a magazine that can attract a lot of the interests of men. It portrays a variety of masculinities of men such as the athletic guy who likes working out, or the business orientated guy who is into politics and business, even the softer and gentle guy who enjoys fashion, and design. Another great link that this magazine has that editors of this magazine have used is what girls have been reading for years and that is 'gossip', men of now are more interested in gossip and hearsay, which brings a whole new light to the identity of masculinity in men in society. I feel that there is almost a convergence of identities between men and women with respect to identities, male masculinity and feminism have come together to form a somewhat unisex identity. Although there still is a huge discrepancy between the sexes, and they are much diverse in gender roles.

In this article by Joseph Sharples called "Are contemporary men's magazines a progressive force in society?", he touches on the ideas that men's magazines are a new trend of diversity, and how the role of masculinities has changed ten fold from what it used to be. He also says how society needs to clearly look at and analyze the content and type of individual articles in an attempt to ascertain possible influence over the reader to initially find how the audience perceives the identity of masculinity that is being portrayed and whether it is the desired result. As well, the essay talks about the issue of whether men's magazine's are a progressive force in society, in the instance of whether it has a positive influence over the reader , towards men coping with personal identity of what it is to be a male in society today, Furthermore, the larger issue of masculinity and what it is to men.

In Conclusion, representation and the media are two very persuasive forms of communication in society, they can twist and manipulate what an audience or viewer sees or interprets. With regards to the representation of male masculinity in mass media, specifically magazines, it is evident that there has been a major shift in the roles and identities of men and there masculinity over the years. With the rise in feminism, racial equality and economic and historical modernization the male identity has a much more diverse and multicultural identity. Magazines now have the ability to portray a wide variety of levels of masculinity in males, from the tough rugged, care free male, to the softer image based gentlemen. The issue that is still in review is how each magazine is perceived by the readers and what they feel the portrayal of male masculinity means to them. With the four issues of Men's Health magazines that I used in my paper, they show a good idea of what the modern identity of males are in a society whether it be heterosexual of homosexual. This magazine has a good grasp on the reality of masculinity of males, although that is subject to change and opinion as is everything in our society.

Please note that this sample paper on gender identity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gender identity, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on gender identity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Smoking Issue in the Work Place

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Smoking Issue in the Workplace

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

If we thought smoking at the workplace is a new issue, we are wrong. For years now is being a big problem. We can see the impacts in the organizations that smokers can bring. For this, many companies have policies about the subject; some others have economical rewards and free programs to try to implant a solution.

Impact in the Organization

There is severals impact in a business that smokers can cause. Health problems can be the number one cause for a company to put in action a nonsmoker environment. Weis, an accounting professor at Seattle Universities' Albers School of Business who has been airing his anti-smoking views on TV talk shows and in public forums. Studying such factors as absenteeism, property damage, productivity and employee morale, Weis calculates that is costs a company more than $4,600 a year for every smoker in payroll. By hiring only nonsmokers, companies can save 0%-to-50% on personnel, insurance and other cost and cut disability payments by 75%. (Levy, 18) And according to Lyncheski "In both the long and short run, smokers are more likely to incur higher medical costs. Employees who smoke may be more costly in terms of lost productivity, and they are more likely to catch colds or the flu. The long-term effects of cigarette smoking are serious and well-known."(17)

Another problem is the employee ethics; many companies by promoting two separates groups are causing conflicts between co-workers. "Smoking can divide organizational members, with smokers feeling marginalized and nonsmokers resenting the extra break time that smokers are given to indulge their habits."(Lyncheski, 17)

The Law can be another impact on smokers, while is not official in all states the Smoking Law several places already establish it. While many local ordinances restrict smoking in offices and other public places, employers are free to restrict or ban smoking in their offices in areas where there are no local ordinances. In general, there is no right to smoke in the workplace. (Lyncheski, 17)

Solutions

Organizations around the world are coming with different solutions. Establishing company policies will give to the employer some expectations about smoking in the workplace. The policy can specify where and when to smoke. Short statements that leave no room for interpretation work best "No smoking permitted in the office." "Cigarette break times may be taken only during regularly scheduled breaks times." (Lyncheski, 17)

Employers are using another way to put a stop to this issue; they are offering programs at no cost for those who want to quit smoking. It is good to know that many health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer smoking cessation programs free of charge to their participants. If your healthcare provider does not offer such a program, it may be worth the money to your company to pay the costs of having employees take these programs. (Lycheski, 17)

Some others are offering liquid bonuses. In return for not smoking on the job, staffers at Los Angeles' Merle Norman Cosmetics receive a cash bonus every three months, while Houston's Neon Electric Corp. offers a special raise to reformed smokers who stay off the weed for six months. Moreover, Los Angeles' Cybertek Computer Products awards a five hundred "health bonus" to employees who quit smoking for a year. (Levy, 18, P)

Relationship to my Organization

Any associate in my company can say who is a smoker and a nonsmoker, the reason. We had a big lunchroom that was divided in two separate sections, smokers and nonsmokers. Everyone look for their group to feel more comfortable with each others. The smokers will stay together sharing their common habit; the nonsmokers will make faces because the noxious smell. The battle lines are drawn at buildings entrances all across the United Stated. In one camp, smokers hunch their shoulders against the cold and rain, trying to stay warm and keep their cigarettes lit. In the other camp, nonsmokers hold their breath and cast ugly glances as they run the smokers' gauntlet to get inside the building. (Lyncheski, 17) Nevertheless, in recent months we can see how the government has established a Smoking Law in several states. As recently as three months ago my company shut down the smoking room and builds up an outside park for smokers. This action has not bring a solution for the separation in groups, but at least the majority of people feel better about this change.

Summary

It can be years form now when we all can come with a real solution about smoking in the workplace, but we can see how companies have the same concerns about their employee and how far they are willing to go to motivate and help them.

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

If we thought smoking at the workplace is a new issue, we are wrong. For years now is being a big problem. We can see the impacts in the organizations that smokers can bring. For this, many companies have policies about the subject; some others have economical rewards and free programs to try to implant a solution.

Impact in the Organization

There is severals impact in a business that smokers can cause. Health problems can be the number one cause for a company to put in action a nonsmoker environment. Weis, an accounting professor at Seattle Universities' Albers School of Business who has been airing his anti-smoking views on TV talk shows and in public forums. Studying such factors as absenteeism, property damage, productivity and employee morale, Weis calculates that is costs a company more than $4,600 a year for every smoker in payroll. By hiring only nonsmokers, companies can save 0%-to-50% on personnel, insurance and other cost and cut disability payments by 75%. (Levy, 18) And according to Lyncheski "In both the long and short run, smokers are more likely to incur higher medical costs. Employees who smoke may be more costly in terms of lost productivity, and they are more likely to catch colds or the flu. The long-term effects of cigarette smoking are serious and well-known."(17)

Another problem is the employee ethics; many companies by promoting two separates groups are causing conflicts between co-workers. "Smoking can divide organizational members, with smokers feeling marginalized and nonsmokers resenting the extra break time that smokers are given to indulge their habits."(Lyncheski, 17)

The Law can be another impact on smokers, while is not official in all states the Smoking Law several places already establish it. While many local ordinances restrict smoking in offices and other public places, employers are free to restrict or ban smoking in their offices in areas where there are no local ordinances. In general, there is no right to smoke in the workplace. (Lyncheski, 17)

Solutions

Organizations around the world are coming with different solutions. Establishing company policies will give to the employer some expectations about smoking in the workplace. The policy can specify where and when to smoke. Short statements that leave no room for interpretation work best "No smoking permitted in the office." "Cigarette break times may be taken only during regularly scheduled breaks times." (Lyncheski, 17)

Employers are using another way to put a stop to this issue; they are offering programs at no cost for those who want to quit smoking. It is good to know that many health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer smoking cessation programs free of charge to their participants. If your healthcare provider does not offer such a program, it may be worth the money to your company to pay the costs of having employees take these programs. (Lycheski, 17)

Some others are offering liquid bonuses. In return for not smoking on the job, staffers at Los Angeles' Merle Norman Cosmetics receive a cash bonus every three months, while Houston's Neon Electric Corp. offers a special raise to reformed smokers who stay off the weed for six months. Moreover, Los Angeles' Cybertek Computer Products awards a five hundred "health bonus" to employees who quit smoking for a year. (Levy, 18, P)

Relationship to my Organization

Any associate in my company can say who is a smoker and a nonsmoker, the reason. We had a big lunchroom that was divided in two separate sections, smokers and nonsmokers. Everyone look for their group to feel more comfortable with each others. The smokers will stay together sharing their common habit; the nonsmokers will make faces because the noxious smell. The battle lines are drawn at buildings entrances all across the United Stated. In one camp, smokers hunch their shoulders against the cold and rain, trying to stay warm and keep their cigarettes lit. In the other camp, nonsmokers hold their breath and cast ugly glances as they run the smokers' gauntlet to get inside the building. (Lyncheski, 17) Nevertheless, in recent months we can see how the government has established a Smoking Law in several states. As recently as three months ago my company shut down the smoking room and builds up an outside park for smokers. This action has not bring a solution for the separation in groups, but at least the majority of people feel better about this change.

Summary

It can be years form now when we all can come with a real solution about smoking in the workplace, but we can see how companies have the same concerns about their employee and how far they are willing to go to motivate and help them.

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

If we thought smoking at the workplace is a new issue, we are wrong. For years now is being a big problem. We can see the impacts in the organizations that smokers can bring. For this, many companies have policies about the subject; some others have economical rewards and free programs to try to implant a solution.

Impact in the Organization

There is severals impact in a business that smokers can cause. Health problems can be the number one cause for a company to put in action a nonsmoker environment. Weis, an accounting professor at Seattle Universities' Albers School of Business who has been airing his anti-smoking views on TV talk shows and in public forums. Studying such factors as absenteeism, property damage, productivity and employee morale, Weis calculates that is costs a company more than $4,600 a year for every smoker in payroll. By hiring only nonsmokers, companies can save 0%-to-50% on personnel, insurance and other cost and cut disability payments by 75%. (Levy, 18) And according to Lyncheski "In both the long and short run, smokers are more likely to incur higher medical costs. Employees who smoke may be more costly in terms of lost productivity, and they are more likely to catch colds or the flu. The long-term effects of cigarette smoking are serious and well-known."(17)

Another problem is the employee ethics; many companies by promoting two separates groups are causing conflicts between co-workers. "Smoking can divide organizational members, with smokers feeling marginalized and nonsmokers resenting the extra break time that smokers are given to indulge their habits."(Lyncheski, 17)

The Law can be another impact on smokers, while is not official in all states the Smoking Law several places already establish it. While many local ordinances restrict smoking in offices and other public places, employers are free to restrict or ban smoking in their offices in areas where there are no local ordinances. In general, there is no right to smoke in the workplace. (Lyncheski, 17)

Solutions

Organizations around the world are coming with different solutions. Establishing company policies will give to the employer some expectations about smoking in the workplace. The policy can specify where and when to smoke. Short statements that leave no room for interpretation work best "No smoking permitted in the office." "Cigarette break times may be taken only during regularly scheduled breaks times." (Lyncheski, 17)

Employers are using another way to put a stop to this issue; they are offering programs at no cost for those who want to quit smoking. It is good to know that many health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer smoking cessation programs free of charge to their participants. If your healthcare provider does not offer such a program, it may be worth the money to your company to pay the costs of having employees take these programs. (Lycheski, 17)

Some others are offering liquid bonuses. In return for not smoking on the job, staffers at Los Angeles' Merle Norman Cosmetics receive a cash bonus every three months, while Houston's Neon Electric Corp. offers a special raise to reformed smokers who stay off the weed for six months. Moreover, Los Angeles' Cybertek Computer Products awards a five hundred "health bonus" to employees who quit smoking for a year. (Levy, 18, P)

Relationship to my Organization

Any associate in my company can say who is a smoker and a nonsmoker, the reason. We had a big lunchroom that was divided in two separate sections, smokers and nonsmokers. Everyone look for their group to feel more comfortable with each others. The smokers will stay together sharing their common habit; the nonsmokers will make faces because the noxious smell. The battle lines are drawn at buildings entrances all across the United Stated. In one camp, smokers hunch their shoulders against the cold and rain, trying to stay warm and keep their cigarettes lit. In the other camp, nonsmokers hold their breath and cast ugly glances as they run the smokers' gauntlet to get inside the building. (Lyncheski, 17) Nevertheless, in recent months we can see how the government has established a Smoking Law in several states. As recently as three months ago my company shut down the smoking room and builds up an outside park for smokers. This action has not bring a solution for the separation in groups, but at least the majority of people feel better about this change.

Summary

It can be years form now when we all can come with a real solution about smoking in the workplace, but we can see how companies have the same concerns about their employee and how far they are willing to go to motivate and help them.

Please note that this sample paper on Smoking Issue in the Work Place is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Smoking Issue in the Work Place, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Smoking Issue in the Work Place will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

What is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales?

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What are the economic effects of illicit drug use in England and Wales?

The first and most obvious affect that the illicit use of drugs must have on the economy is the affect that non-subscription drugs have on the health of the labour force. There have been various studies on the psychological and physical affects of illicit drug use and any absenteeism caused by the effects will have an adverse affect on productivity. This absenteeism can also cause lower wages, as lower productivity will naturally lead to a fall in the wage rate for the labour force. Having said this it seems logical that illicit drug use among the employed would be low. This assumption is upheld by the British Crime Survey which showed that drug use was much less prevalent among the employed that among the unemployed. This would seem to make rational sense, however as shown by Bretteville (1) the illicit taking of certain drugs is not rational. He stated that, that there are two types of approaches to 'addictive behaviour'. The first is the myopic addictive approach this means that consumers will ignore the effect on future utility. This means of course that irrational decisions are likely to be taken. Then there is the rational addiction approach. This states that those taking the drugs take account of the future effects of current consumption when determining the optimal amount of the good to take in the present. Having said this it becomes obvious that the consumption of drugs such as heroin and crack cocaine cannot be rational. Why then are seemingly rational consumers behaving in an economically irrational way? Becker and Murphy offer a possible solution They stated that consumers time preference rates have a great deal to do with illicit drug taking. People with high time preferences for the present are more likely to have sub-optimal consumption levels. That is, those who want to satisfy their utility now are more likely to show myopic addictive behaviour. Strong addictive behaviour, such as that shown by drug addicts, requires a large effect of previous consumption of the good on present consumption. The time preference rate is usually expressed as the marginal rate of substitution between present and future utility, that is, the amount of the good that is the amount of units of the good that the consumer is prepared to give up in the future to have one more unit now. Thus the higher the value for the time preference rate then the higher the consumers desire for satisfaction in the present and the more likely they are a to display addictive behaviour. To arrive at this model Becker and Murphy have made three assumptions the first is that all time preferences are stable. This means that if consumers have higher preferences for the present then they will stay that way and then it is assumed that there is a large interpersonal variation in the size of time preference rate. Finally it is assumed that people with a high time preference rate are more likely to become addicted to drug taking. Becker and Murphy state that as with most goods the consumption of drugs are based on consumers utility function current and expected prices, income, initial stock of consumption capital, depreciation rate of consumption capital and consumers time preference rate. Having said this Becker and Murphy emphasized that there may be multiple points of equilibrium on the same utility function reflecting how the consumer may have different levels of consumption of the addictive good at different times as this reflects how many drug addicts tend to go on 'binges' or may go 'cold turkey' to try and get off a certain drug.

The first major insight into drug use in the UK came with the British crime survey that was first conducted in 1. However the original survey was considered fairly unsuitable for analysis compared to more updated surveys conducted in '4 and '6. The British Crime Survey (BCS) was a household survey given to 1,00 people across England and Wales. In this survey there were three questions pertaining to use of 1 of the most used illicit drugs that fall into the three classes as defined by the 171 Misuse of Drugs Act. That is hard or classes A drugs such as crack ecstasy and heroin, and soft or class b and c drugs such as cannabis, amphetamines and unprescribed tranquillisers. The three questions asked about each drug in the survey were as follows

1. Have you ever taken [DRUG] even if it was a long time ago?

. In the last 1 months have you ever taken [DRUG]

. In the last three months have you taken [DRUG]?

These questions are intended to provide information on the lifetime use and any relationship between that and current or recent use. This survey was the most comprehensive of its kind with the largest study group. There had been other studies on the nature of drug use in England and Wales such as Parker and Measham (14) and Leitner et al's 'four cities survey' in 1. However these had much smaller sample sizes and thus the BCS was the clearest indication so far into the illicit use of drugs in England and Wales. However there are some problems with the BCS in relation to answering the question of the economic affect of illicit drug taking, as we shall see.

The first and most obvious problem is that the BCS is a survey. The subject of drugs is still a very sensitive one and the propensity for inaccurate or dishonest answers is very real. The other main problem is perhaps less obvious. It occurs in the order of the survey's questions. The survey is aimed at discovering two types of drug use past use, and recent use (within a year of the survey). With this in mind the order of the questions makes it impossible to separate past and recent drug use. In fact it is only possible to observe three rather than four possible usage scenarios. That is that the interviewee has never used the drug (i.e. they answered no to the 'ever' question) or that they have only used the drug in the past (i.e. yes to the 'ever' question and no to the 'past year' question). The third possibility is that the response to both questions was yes which would indicate ongoing drug use. The simple answer to this problem would be to re-order the questions in the survey. If the 'ever' question was asked after the 'past year' question more information would instantly become available. Instead of the three possibilities we can observe four. The same three previous observational possibilities, plus a fourth, which would be ascertained if the answer to both questions was yes. This would indicate that there was past and current drug use and could greatly affect any policies that could be installed from this information. Without these observations it becomes virtually impossible to assess any ongoing or escalating drug use problem and thus makes it very difficult to ascertain the economic impact of any change in drug taking behaviour. This is a particular problem, as any economic affect of illicit drug taking will need to be separated into occasional recreational drug use and chronic constant abuse.

Having said outlined the problems with the British crime Survey we must now discuss what can be learned form its results. The first major finding of the survey was the extent of illicit drug taking in this country. The results show that over a quarter of the observed sample have tried at least one drug at some point in their life. Furthermore this can be presumed to be a 'conservative' result as there is bound to be a certain amount of underreporting in the survey due to its sensitive subject nature.

To assess what effects economic illicit drug taking has we must also consider how economic circumstances affect illicit drug taking. The British Crime Survey cannot take into account emotional circumstances and other situations such as other studies did (e.g. Stenbacka et al). However it does indicate that low income unemployed males that are frequent drinkers are the most likely to consume illicit drugs. With this in mind it seems that the economics is affecting the taking of illicit drugs. However if unemployment is positively related to drug consumption this will adversely affect the economy as a whole. Peck and Plant argued that drug use fostered unemployment. The unemployed involved in frequent drug taking are naturally going to find it harder to find a job and earn higher income thus the government will not only be losing out on tax revenue but also on benefit payments. It is also widely reported that drug addiction is linked to crime; many addicts will steal to 'feed their addiction'. It is estimated that the crime as a result of illicit drug taking has cost the UK £1.5 billion pounds a year. In the US the regulation of cocaine alone has cost the government $0billion dollars in one year. The most major problem that arises from drug abuse would be the one of health. Thus it makes sense to observe the statistics that link drug abuse to missed workdays. It was estimated in 1 that alcohol abuse and drug abuse combined to cause a total of 14 million missed workdays a year. It makes sense to assume that if frequent drug users are constantly taking days off work then, 'assuming workers receive the value of their marginal product as pay, this reduced productivity will manifest itself through lower wages'. Therefore if there is a relationship between drug abuse and days off then it should follow that groups with lower wages are more likely to take illicit drugs. There is a flaw in this argument. That is that there are innumerable factors that could cause low wages and having drug abuse, as the only independent variable could be misleading. The main problem would be the simultaneous causation between drug use and low wages. In other words low wages could be causing the drug use or the drug use could be causing the low wages. With this in mind we must examine the evidence of the impact of drugs on the labour force. Kenkel and Ribar (NLSY) found that there was a negative association between use of marijuana and the amount of labour hours supplied by young men in America in 14. However the US national household survey on drug abuse found 'no significant relationship between past month labour supply and the use of cigarettes, alcohol or cocaine'. Indeed the conclusion of the report was that there is little evidence of a relationship between labour supply and drug use. These conflicting results may well be due to the fact that Kenkel and Ribar allowed for the endogeneity of the two variables however the US national survey conducted extensive tests for the exogeneity of the two variables. In fact there are many studies that show that once endogeneity has been taken into account wages and drug use are actually positively related. Gill and Michaels (1), Register and Williams (1) and Kaestner (11) all found that drug use and high wages were positively correlated. Having said this in 14 Kaestner conducted another study using the same data as the NLSY study. This time the longitudinal results suggest that any correlation between drug use and wage level varies greatly. The variations follow the differences between the individual and the type of drug in question. For example it was found that there was a positive relationship between cocaine use and wage level for females and a negative relationship between marijuana use and wages for males. It is now becoming obvious that this is a very difficult subject to quantify. Is it possible therefore to learn more from accident rates or productivity? Once again we find that any immediate discoveries will be very hard to come by. Many studies have been aimed at finding out lost productivity caused by drug use (Rice et al 10, Normand et al 14) but these studies were found to be too broad in there assumptions. Thus national level data can be hard to use, however smaller more individual samples have overturned some interesting facts. Dawson (14) found that the use of illicit drugs is consistent with a higher risk of workplace accidents while Kandel and Yamaguchi (187) found that drug abuse lead to a greater number of absences and a greater risk of being fired or resigning from a job. It seems on the whole that drug use has a positive relationship with the increased number of accidents in the workplace. Workers who have tested positive for marijuana, cocaine and other drugs were five times more likely to suffer reportable accident s at work than those who tested negative according to Crouch et al. (18). The occurrence of accidents is not only a nuisance but also an expensive proposition to businesses in this country. Even workers who are not involved in drug taking can be affected by accidents caused by drug users and this will result in time lost and thus revenue lost to the firm and the economy as a whole.

There can be no denial that the taking of illicit drugs in England and Wales is having a negative effect on the economy. Whether it is through costs to the NHS, social security, police force or business productivity the cost of drugs is enormous. It is estimated in a study conducted in 1 by the IPD that the use of illicit drugs costs the UK a total of £800 million each year. The answer to this problem may lie in legalisation rather than prohibition. The campaign for legalisation has been a very high profile one over the past few years. While it is inconceivable that all drugs will be legalised in the near future it seems that economically at least this may be a sound policy. To use the United Sates as an example, Jeffrey Mirron (Boston University) has suggested that the legislation of drugs could save the federal budget up to $4 billion through tax revenue from a controlled dugs market. Obviously the social and ethical issues surrounding legalisation will have enormous effect but from an economic viewpoint it seems like a possible solution to a very difficult problem.

Bibliography

Caulkins, Johnson, Taylor, Taylor, Journal of Drug issues 'Drug Use, Workplace accidents and employee turnover'. J. Hoffman , C. Larison. 1

Macdonald, Z. 'Illicit Drug use, unemployment and occupational attainment' 000

Dr Simper, R. 'Economics of Criminology' 001

Please note that this sample paper on what is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on what is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on what is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discourse on Islam

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Islam is pure, perfect and clear

For those who embrace, shall have no fear

Its from the Creator of man, and the universe

Our life on earth, is as in the verse

Order custom research paper on Discourse on Islam

I have not created jinn and man, save to worship me

Yet He bestows His Mercy, how could this be?

It is the love of Allah, for His creatures

After all Most Merciful, is one of His features

And the pillars of Islam, they amount to five

To implement them all, we shall strive

The first of them, is comprised of two

Allah is One, and His Messenger to you

It is this that stands, as a strong foundation

Making the Prophets Ummah, the best of nations

Upon this condition, you enter this Deen

Propagating this Creed, makes you more keen

The second of them, stand forth in Prayer

Only five each day, miss them dont dare!

The prophet narrated, in a certain hadith

Leaving prayers can lead, to disbelief!

We come to the third, as Zakaat it is known

So distribute you wealth, as Muhamed had shown

And those who give, for Allahs sake

Their wealth decreases not, make no mistake!

The fourth we know, Ramadan we must Fast

Obstain from food, until light has passed

But not just stomachs, we must restrain

Hearing and seeing, haram we obstain

So in the pillars, four have passed

Its time to recall, and state the last

Its the pilgrimage, to Hajj we make

If youre able to do so, for Allahs sake

But dont be fooled, for Allah knows

If youve the means, but just dont go

Its bounties are greater, than may appear

A command from Lord, surely Allah we fear

That covers them all, you can count on your hand

A burden theyre not, like a grain of sand

They are personal fards, as you will find

Now establish Islam, for all mankind!

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