Gender identity

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Gender identity is and always will be difficult to define, especially with all the contemporary and modernized changes in society. It is almost impossible to identify a certain gender in a category anymore. With the influence of the mass media and certain people's set essentialist ideologies of gender norms, it is a fine line as to what the role of a man and woman is today. The media is a major if not catastrophic impact on societies beliefs, the media has the ability to manipulate and twist things to make them believable and acceptable to their viewers. Certain types of media like TV have a bigger influence on people, but others like newspapers and magazines are considered reassurances of what TV portrays. In specific regarding gender identity roles, is the role of men in media and how it is portrayed. Since the beginning of time men have always been considered the dominant gender, that thrive on there masculinity. And to define masculinity is to define what a man is. If you were to attack a man's masculinity you would be taking away his sole purpose identity. With reference to the media men have always been portrayed as the tough, overpowering, masculine, in charge type person. With the media portraying men in this way it has lead to societies beliefs that men are exactly this, thus making it extremely difficult to change their perspective of male identity roles. Now that we have an idea of what has been portrayed in the past I will be looking at how magazine media portrays men. I will be looking specifically at the men's magazine genre, this way I will be able get a perspective of what men thank and perceive of other men as well as society as a whole.

The whole idea of masculinity is directly correlated with how the roles of men and their identities are perceived in society. As I said earlier, men used to be considered the generic authoritative and powerful leaders of society. They were the care free, unemotional journeymen that were in control of society. Since the feminist move there has been a significant change in these roles, which has directly affected the identity of male masculinity and what it has become. The main elements that are associated to this shift in male masculinity roles are firstly, the structural changes in society, and the process of racial and gender equality. From an article done by a brazilian author name Marko Monteiro, he states that these changes in masculinity roles of men are correlated through three main elements they are "Economic modernization, that brought increasing numbers of women and races to the labour market and to professional fields that until then were white male-dominated. Secondly, was the so-called wave of feminism that exploded world-wide, that questioned patriarchy and traditional male roles by questioning the inferior position of women in society; this amounts to the construction of a feminist discourse and a feminist subject position consequences. Third, the explosion of gay power movements also world-wide, that questioned patriarchy and compulsory heterosexuality, thus also questioning traditional male identity and creating a new subject position, the gay subject" (Monteiro, Marko Him/Her discourses of masculinity in a Brazilian magazine, 16-17, www.artnet.com.br/~marko/him.html, with socio-cultural).

From reading the works of Norman Fairclough, on Discourse and social change, and Marko Monteiro's article on discourses of masculinity, I believe the change of masculinity, is a result of cultural and historical changes in the roots of society. Furthermore, from this shift of masculinity in society, it has launched the mass media to portray a new and modern male masculinity role in popular culture. With regards to Magazine media's portrayal of masculinity in males, which I spoke of earlier, they have a profound influence on people's ideologies in popular media culture. Magazines have been a form of entertainment and reading for years, since they have come into popular culture. There are many different genre's of magazines, but the one's I am going to be looking at are magazines that are geared towards men, and specifically image and representation issues in society. There may not be as many magazines that are directed towards the male audience as there is the female audience, but there is still enough out there to critique with. Certain male magazines of the past have portrayed men as strong, tough, rugged, care- free, and athletic. They show men to be more concerned with what they have rather than what they are. Even in advertisements like Marlboro, they show this big, rough looking tough guy on a horse, who doesn't care how he looks but rather with what he's doing. The Marlboro man is a good example of how magazine ads portrayed men as a tough masculine man's man. This idea ties into the spectrum of hegemony, as it represents the beliefs of society, where this is the dominant ideology of society as to male roles in popular media culture. With all the different types of magazine's available these days male identity can range from a hard core male to a softer more emotional male.

But to understand the bases of how men interpret or perceive what is being portrayed to them you have to look into the issue of identity theory. In this theory derived by Anthony J. Vigorito in his thesis paper says "that the perspective of symbolic interactionalism, states that it is through interaction that shared meanings are constructed. Individuals act toward reality on the basis of the meanings they give to it, meanings which are constantly modified in social interaction. For example, meanings of terms like 'male' must be found in the meanings persons bring to this category of experience. The central object to be negotiated in interaction is identity, one's perceived social location in reference to others. Individuals use others and the media as sources of information and tactics to maintain identities, and as source s of validation for existing identities. As Mills Horowitz observed, the mass media has become the lens of man-kind through which men see; the medium by which they interpret and report what they see. It is the semi organized source of their very identities. From this, the individual develops a role-identity, "an imaginative view of himself as he likes to think of himself being and acting in a given social position, emphasis original). Hence, men may aspire to hegemonic models of masculinity while rarely attaining the culturally idealized form of maleness" (Vigorito, Anthony J; Curry, Timothy J. Marketing Masculinity Gender Identity and Popular Magazines. July 18, pp. 15-15)

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This past couple paragraphs from the journal article Marketing Masculinity Gender Identity and Popular Magazines by Anthony J. Vigorito and Timothy J. Curry, The Ohio State University, shows how the media can play a huge role in manipulating male audiences of magazines to believe that they are a certain type of person rather than themselves, this ties in with the perspective of gender identity crisis among males in society. gender identity for men traditionally has been associated with the competitive rationality of work rather than the intimate emotionality of family. Masculine gender identity has been tied to family only in terms of how well a man provides for his family. As I said before men are more consumed with material things than emotional things. But this "good-provide role is in decline, because of the increasing participation of women in the labour force. Thus men are now becoming more nurturing and tied to family and household responsibilities.

So to get a better understanding of the influence of media depictions of masculinity on males (specifically magazines) you need to specify how the variables of class, age, sex, and marital status of the target audience are related to gender portrayals. There are two basic variables. The

first dependent variable "percentage of men depicted in occupational roles"

is taken to be an indicator of hegemonic masculinity. The second dependent

variable , "percentage of men depicted in parent or spouse /partner

roles" is taken to be an approximate indicator of a non-hegemonic form

of masculinity. From examining a few issues of Men's Health, as well as many other men's magazine's that I have ever read, I have realized that there is still more of a portrayal of men depicted in occupational roles. A good contrast to this is that men's Health has the diversity to show the softer and more nurturing male. A lot of articles in Men's health are on topics like, getting in shape, healthy foods to eat, and there are more advertisements geared towards fashion and design for men. This is the opposite of what used to be portrayed.

Now you have to look at what the intended target audience of this magazine is, as well as who the target audience actually is. This magazine 'Men's Health" is targeted towards the heterosexual male, but surprisingly more than half the audience of this magazine and a lot of men's magazines is the homosexual male. A lot of the ads that are in this magazine are of half naked athletic men, so it is no surprise to me that the homosexual male is intrigues by this magazine. But in the same respect, the target audience is obviously for heterosexual, because all the articles and writings are geared towards men interacting with women. For example in the March, 00 issue of Men's Health that I looked at, there was an article called " secret sex spots". This article was a guide for men to find areas of desire on women to help them sexually. This is obviously geared for the heterosexual male. Even with all these underlying tones of a heterosexual target audience for this magazine, the audience is split. This goes to show you how the identity of males in society is not necessarily represented in media texts, such as a men's health magazine.

Another study done by Deana Rohlinger called Eroticizing Men Cultural Influences on Advertising and Male Objectification, shows how the changing American values have influenced advertiser practices as they relate to sexualized images of men in mainstream media. Men have become more of an object in advertising as a result of the cultural factors such as the gay liberation movement in the 160's, and the gender identity crisis as of recent. Some advertisers note that sexualized images of men are on the rise in terms of economics. In a post-industrial era, advertisers seek to find new markets. As such, erotic images of men are designed to appeal to liberated women as well as the new male homosexual consumer (Rohlinger, Deana A, February 00, pp. 61-74) This is evident in the apparent up-rise of male figures that are used in ads these days, for example in women's magazine's like Cosmo, they have ads that portray men as sexual objects rather than an actual person. I fell that the shift in The role of men in advertising plays a very important role in the reformatting of male masculinity, because it puts the male body as an object and portrays men's masculinity as more of a sexual object rather than the tough, rugged guy of the past.

Going back to Men's Health magazine, this magazine is made for the modern guy simply because it is a magazine that can attract a lot of the interests of men. It portrays a variety of masculinities of men such as the athletic guy who likes working out, or the business orientated guy who is into politics and business, even the softer and gentle guy who enjoys fashion, and design. Another great link that this magazine has that editors of this magazine have used is what girls have been reading for years and that is 'gossip', men of now are more interested in gossip and hearsay, which brings a whole new light to the identity of masculinity in men in society. I feel that there is almost a convergence of identities between men and women with respect to identities, male masculinity and feminism have come together to form a somewhat unisex identity. Although there still is a huge discrepancy between the sexes, and they are much diverse in gender roles.

In this article by Joseph Sharples called "Are contemporary men's magazines a progressive force in society?", he touches on the ideas that men's magazines are a new trend of diversity, and how the role of masculinities has changed ten fold from what it used to be. He also says how society needs to clearly look at and analyze the content and type of individual articles in an attempt to ascertain possible influence over the reader to initially find how the audience perceives the identity of masculinity that is being portrayed and whether it is the desired result. As well, the essay talks about the issue of whether men's magazine's are a progressive force in society, in the instance of whether it has a positive influence over the reader , towards men coping with personal identity of what it is to be a male in society today, Furthermore, the larger issue of masculinity and what it is to men.

In Conclusion, representation and the media are two very persuasive forms of communication in society, they can twist and manipulate what an audience or viewer sees or interprets. With regards to the representation of male masculinity in mass media, specifically magazines, it is evident that there has been a major shift in the roles and identities of men and there masculinity over the years. With the rise in feminism, racial equality and economic and historical modernization the male identity has a much more diverse and multicultural identity. Magazines now have the ability to portray a wide variety of levels of masculinity in males, from the tough rugged, care free male, to the softer image based gentlemen. The issue that is still in review is how each magazine is perceived by the readers and what they feel the portrayal of male masculinity means to them. With the four issues of Men's Health magazines that I used in my paper, they show a good idea of what the modern identity of males are in a society whether it be heterosexual of homosexual. This magazine has a good grasp on the reality of masculinity of males, although that is subject to change and opinion as is everything in our society.

Please note that this sample paper on gender identity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gender identity, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on gender identity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Smoking Issue in the Work Place

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Smoking Issue in the Workplace

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

If we thought smoking at the workplace is a new issue, we are wrong. For years now is being a big problem. We can see the impacts in the organizations that smokers can bring. For this, many companies have policies about the subject; some others have economical rewards and free programs to try to implant a solution.

Impact in the Organization

There is severals impact in a business that smokers can cause. Health problems can be the number one cause for a company to put in action a nonsmoker environment. Weis, an accounting professor at Seattle Universities' Albers School of Business who has been airing his anti-smoking views on TV talk shows and in public forums. Studying such factors as absenteeism, property damage, productivity and employee morale, Weis calculates that is costs a company more than $4,600 a year for every smoker in payroll. By hiring only nonsmokers, companies can save 0%-to-50% on personnel, insurance and other cost and cut disability payments by 75%. (Levy, 18) And according to Lyncheski "In both the long and short run, smokers are more likely to incur higher medical costs. Employees who smoke may be more costly in terms of lost productivity, and they are more likely to catch colds or the flu. The long-term effects of cigarette smoking are serious and well-known."(17)

Another problem is the employee ethics; many companies by promoting two separates groups are causing conflicts between co-workers. "Smoking can divide organizational members, with smokers feeling marginalized and nonsmokers resenting the extra break time that smokers are given to indulge their habits."(Lyncheski, 17)

The Law can be another impact on smokers, while is not official in all states the Smoking Law several places already establish it. While many local ordinances restrict smoking in offices and other public places, employers are free to restrict or ban smoking in their offices in areas where there are no local ordinances. In general, there is no right to smoke in the workplace. (Lyncheski, 17)

Solutions

Organizations around the world are coming with different solutions. Establishing company policies will give to the employer some expectations about smoking in the workplace. The policy can specify where and when to smoke. Short statements that leave no room for interpretation work best "No smoking permitted in the office." "Cigarette break times may be taken only during regularly scheduled breaks times." (Lyncheski, 17)

Employers are using another way to put a stop to this issue; they are offering programs at no cost for those who want to quit smoking. It is good to know that many health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer smoking cessation programs free of charge to their participants. If your healthcare provider does not offer such a program, it may be worth the money to your company to pay the costs of having employees take these programs. (Lycheski, 17)

Some others are offering liquid bonuses. In return for not smoking on the job, staffers at Los Angeles' Merle Norman Cosmetics receive a cash bonus every three months, while Houston's Neon Electric Corp. offers a special raise to reformed smokers who stay off the weed for six months. Moreover, Los Angeles' Cybertek Computer Products awards a five hundred "health bonus" to employees who quit smoking for a year. (Levy, 18, P)

Relationship to my Organization

Any associate in my company can say who is a smoker and a nonsmoker, the reason. We had a big lunchroom that was divided in two separate sections, smokers and nonsmokers. Everyone look for their group to feel more comfortable with each others. The smokers will stay together sharing their common habit; the nonsmokers will make faces because the noxious smell. The battle lines are drawn at buildings entrances all across the United Stated. In one camp, smokers hunch their shoulders against the cold and rain, trying to stay warm and keep their cigarettes lit. In the other camp, nonsmokers hold their breath and cast ugly glances as they run the smokers' gauntlet to get inside the building. (Lyncheski, 17) Nevertheless, in recent months we can see how the government has established a Smoking Law in several states. As recently as three months ago my company shut down the smoking room and builds up an outside park for smokers. This action has not bring a solution for the separation in groups, but at least the majority of people feel better about this change.

Summary

It can be years form now when we all can come with a real solution about smoking in the workplace, but we can see how companies have the same concerns about their employee and how far they are willing to go to motivate and help them.

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

If we thought smoking at the workplace is a new issue, we are wrong. For years now is being a big problem. We can see the impacts in the organizations that smokers can bring. For this, many companies have policies about the subject; some others have economical rewards and free programs to try to implant a solution.

Impact in the Organization

There is severals impact in a business that smokers can cause. Health problems can be the number one cause for a company to put in action a nonsmoker environment. Weis, an accounting professor at Seattle Universities' Albers School of Business who has been airing his anti-smoking views on TV talk shows and in public forums. Studying such factors as absenteeism, property damage, productivity and employee morale, Weis calculates that is costs a company more than $4,600 a year for every smoker in payroll. By hiring only nonsmokers, companies can save 0%-to-50% on personnel, insurance and other cost and cut disability payments by 75%. (Levy, 18) And according to Lyncheski "In both the long and short run, smokers are more likely to incur higher medical costs. Employees who smoke may be more costly in terms of lost productivity, and they are more likely to catch colds or the flu. The long-term effects of cigarette smoking are serious and well-known."(17)

Another problem is the employee ethics; many companies by promoting two separates groups are causing conflicts between co-workers. "Smoking can divide organizational members, with smokers feeling marginalized and nonsmokers resenting the extra break time that smokers are given to indulge their habits."(Lyncheski, 17)

The Law can be another impact on smokers, while is not official in all states the Smoking Law several places already establish it. While many local ordinances restrict smoking in offices and other public places, employers are free to restrict or ban smoking in their offices in areas where there are no local ordinances. In general, there is no right to smoke in the workplace. (Lyncheski, 17)

Solutions

Organizations around the world are coming with different solutions. Establishing company policies will give to the employer some expectations about smoking in the workplace. The policy can specify where and when to smoke. Short statements that leave no room for interpretation work best "No smoking permitted in the office." "Cigarette break times may be taken only during regularly scheduled breaks times." (Lyncheski, 17)

Employers are using another way to put a stop to this issue; they are offering programs at no cost for those who want to quit smoking. It is good to know that many health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer smoking cessation programs free of charge to their participants. If your healthcare provider does not offer such a program, it may be worth the money to your company to pay the costs of having employees take these programs. (Lycheski, 17)

Some others are offering liquid bonuses. In return for not smoking on the job, staffers at Los Angeles' Merle Norman Cosmetics receive a cash bonus every three months, while Houston's Neon Electric Corp. offers a special raise to reformed smokers who stay off the weed for six months. Moreover, Los Angeles' Cybertek Computer Products awards a five hundred "health bonus" to employees who quit smoking for a year. (Levy, 18, P)

Relationship to my Organization

Any associate in my company can say who is a smoker and a nonsmoker, the reason. We had a big lunchroom that was divided in two separate sections, smokers and nonsmokers. Everyone look for their group to feel more comfortable with each others. The smokers will stay together sharing their common habit; the nonsmokers will make faces because the noxious smell. The battle lines are drawn at buildings entrances all across the United Stated. In one camp, smokers hunch their shoulders against the cold and rain, trying to stay warm and keep their cigarettes lit. In the other camp, nonsmokers hold their breath and cast ugly glances as they run the smokers' gauntlet to get inside the building. (Lyncheski, 17) Nevertheless, in recent months we can see how the government has established a Smoking Law in several states. As recently as three months ago my company shut down the smoking room and builds up an outside park for smokers. This action has not bring a solution for the separation in groups, but at least the majority of people feel better about this change.

Summary

It can be years form now when we all can come with a real solution about smoking in the workplace, but we can see how companies have the same concerns about their employee and how far they are willing to go to motivate and help them.

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

Smoking Issue in the Workplace

If we thought smoking at the workplace is a new issue, we are wrong. For years now is being a big problem. We can see the impacts in the organizations that smokers can bring. For this, many companies have policies about the subject; some others have economical rewards and free programs to try to implant a solution.

Impact in the Organization

There is severals impact in a business that smokers can cause. Health problems can be the number one cause for a company to put in action a nonsmoker environment. Weis, an accounting professor at Seattle Universities' Albers School of Business who has been airing his anti-smoking views on TV talk shows and in public forums. Studying such factors as absenteeism, property damage, productivity and employee morale, Weis calculates that is costs a company more than $4,600 a year for every smoker in payroll. By hiring only nonsmokers, companies can save 0%-to-50% on personnel, insurance and other cost and cut disability payments by 75%. (Levy, 18) And according to Lyncheski "In both the long and short run, smokers are more likely to incur higher medical costs. Employees who smoke may be more costly in terms of lost productivity, and they are more likely to catch colds or the flu. The long-term effects of cigarette smoking are serious and well-known."(17)

Another problem is the employee ethics; many companies by promoting two separates groups are causing conflicts between co-workers. "Smoking can divide organizational members, with smokers feeling marginalized and nonsmokers resenting the extra break time that smokers are given to indulge their habits."(Lyncheski, 17)

The Law can be another impact on smokers, while is not official in all states the Smoking Law several places already establish it. While many local ordinances restrict smoking in offices and other public places, employers are free to restrict or ban smoking in their offices in areas where there are no local ordinances. In general, there is no right to smoke in the workplace. (Lyncheski, 17)

Solutions

Organizations around the world are coming with different solutions. Establishing company policies will give to the employer some expectations about smoking in the workplace. The policy can specify where and when to smoke. Short statements that leave no room for interpretation work best "No smoking permitted in the office." "Cigarette break times may be taken only during regularly scheduled breaks times." (Lyncheski, 17)

Employers are using another way to put a stop to this issue; they are offering programs at no cost for those who want to quit smoking. It is good to know that many health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer smoking cessation programs free of charge to their participants. If your healthcare provider does not offer such a program, it may be worth the money to your company to pay the costs of having employees take these programs. (Lycheski, 17)

Some others are offering liquid bonuses. In return for not smoking on the job, staffers at Los Angeles' Merle Norman Cosmetics receive a cash bonus every three months, while Houston's Neon Electric Corp. offers a special raise to reformed smokers who stay off the weed for six months. Moreover, Los Angeles' Cybertek Computer Products awards a five hundred "health bonus" to employees who quit smoking for a year. (Levy, 18, P)

Relationship to my Organization

Any associate in my company can say who is a smoker and a nonsmoker, the reason. We had a big lunchroom that was divided in two separate sections, smokers and nonsmokers. Everyone look for their group to feel more comfortable with each others. The smokers will stay together sharing their common habit; the nonsmokers will make faces because the noxious smell. The battle lines are drawn at buildings entrances all across the United Stated. In one camp, smokers hunch their shoulders against the cold and rain, trying to stay warm and keep their cigarettes lit. In the other camp, nonsmokers hold their breath and cast ugly glances as they run the smokers' gauntlet to get inside the building. (Lyncheski, 17) Nevertheless, in recent months we can see how the government has established a Smoking Law in several states. As recently as three months ago my company shut down the smoking room and builds up an outside park for smokers. This action has not bring a solution for the separation in groups, but at least the majority of people feel better about this change.

Summary

It can be years form now when we all can come with a real solution about smoking in the workplace, but we can see how companies have the same concerns about their employee and how far they are willing to go to motivate and help them.

Please note that this sample paper on Smoking Issue in the Work Place is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Smoking Issue in the Work Place, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Smoking Issue in the Work Place will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

What is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales?

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on what is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality what is the economic effect of illicit drug use in england and wales? paper right on time.

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What are the economic effects of illicit drug use in England and Wales?

The first and most obvious affect that the illicit use of drugs must have on the economy is the affect that non-subscription drugs have on the health of the labour force. There have been various studies on the psychological and physical affects of illicit drug use and any absenteeism caused by the effects will have an adverse affect on productivity. This absenteeism can also cause lower wages, as lower productivity will naturally lead to a fall in the wage rate for the labour force. Having said this it seems logical that illicit drug use among the employed would be low. This assumption is upheld by the British Crime Survey which showed that drug use was much less prevalent among the employed that among the unemployed. This would seem to make rational sense, however as shown by Bretteville (1) the illicit taking of certain drugs is not rational. He stated that, that there are two types of approaches to 'addictive behaviour'. The first is the myopic addictive approach this means that consumers will ignore the effect on future utility. This means of course that irrational decisions are likely to be taken. Then there is the rational addiction approach. This states that those taking the drugs take account of the future effects of current consumption when determining the optimal amount of the good to take in the present. Having said this it becomes obvious that the consumption of drugs such as heroin and crack cocaine cannot be rational. Why then are seemingly rational consumers behaving in an economically irrational way? Becker and Murphy offer a possible solution They stated that consumers time preference rates have a great deal to do with illicit drug taking. People with high time preferences for the present are more likely to have sub-optimal consumption levels. That is, those who want to satisfy their utility now are more likely to show myopic addictive behaviour. Strong addictive behaviour, such as that shown by drug addicts, requires a large effect of previous consumption of the good on present consumption. The time preference rate is usually expressed as the marginal rate of substitution between present and future utility, that is, the amount of the good that is the amount of units of the good that the consumer is prepared to give up in the future to have one more unit now. Thus the higher the value for the time preference rate then the higher the consumers desire for satisfaction in the present and the more likely they are a to display addictive behaviour. To arrive at this model Becker and Murphy have made three assumptions the first is that all time preferences are stable. This means that if consumers have higher preferences for the present then they will stay that way and then it is assumed that there is a large interpersonal variation in the size of time preference rate. Finally it is assumed that people with a high time preference rate are more likely to become addicted to drug taking. Becker and Murphy state that as with most goods the consumption of drugs are based on consumers utility function current and expected prices, income, initial stock of consumption capital, depreciation rate of consumption capital and consumers time preference rate. Having said this Becker and Murphy emphasized that there may be multiple points of equilibrium on the same utility function reflecting how the consumer may have different levels of consumption of the addictive good at different times as this reflects how many drug addicts tend to go on 'binges' or may go 'cold turkey' to try and get off a certain drug.

The first major insight into drug use in the UK came with the British crime survey that was first conducted in 1. However the original survey was considered fairly unsuitable for analysis compared to more updated surveys conducted in '4 and '6. The British Crime Survey (BCS) was a household survey given to 1,00 people across England and Wales. In this survey there were three questions pertaining to use of 1 of the most used illicit drugs that fall into the three classes as defined by the 171 Misuse of Drugs Act. That is hard or classes A drugs such as crack ecstasy and heroin, and soft or class b and c drugs such as cannabis, amphetamines and unprescribed tranquillisers. The three questions asked about each drug in the survey were as follows

1. Have you ever taken [DRUG] even if it was a long time ago?

. In the last 1 months have you ever taken [DRUG]

. In the last three months have you taken [DRUG]?

These questions are intended to provide information on the lifetime use and any relationship between that and current or recent use. This survey was the most comprehensive of its kind with the largest study group. There had been other studies on the nature of drug use in England and Wales such as Parker and Measham (14) and Leitner et al's 'four cities survey' in 1. However these had much smaller sample sizes and thus the BCS was the clearest indication so far into the illicit use of drugs in England and Wales. However there are some problems with the BCS in relation to answering the question of the economic affect of illicit drug taking, as we shall see.

The first and most obvious problem is that the BCS is a survey. The subject of drugs is still a very sensitive one and the propensity for inaccurate or dishonest answers is very real. The other main problem is perhaps less obvious. It occurs in the order of the survey's questions. The survey is aimed at discovering two types of drug use past use, and recent use (within a year of the survey). With this in mind the order of the questions makes it impossible to separate past and recent drug use. In fact it is only possible to observe three rather than four possible usage scenarios. That is that the interviewee has never used the drug (i.e. they answered no to the 'ever' question) or that they have only used the drug in the past (i.e. yes to the 'ever' question and no to the 'past year' question). The third possibility is that the response to both questions was yes which would indicate ongoing drug use. The simple answer to this problem would be to re-order the questions in the survey. If the 'ever' question was asked after the 'past year' question more information would instantly become available. Instead of the three possibilities we can observe four. The same three previous observational possibilities, plus a fourth, which would be ascertained if the answer to both questions was yes. This would indicate that there was past and current drug use and could greatly affect any policies that could be installed from this information. Without these observations it becomes virtually impossible to assess any ongoing or escalating drug use problem and thus makes it very difficult to ascertain the economic impact of any change in drug taking behaviour. This is a particular problem, as any economic affect of illicit drug taking will need to be separated into occasional recreational drug use and chronic constant abuse.

Having said outlined the problems with the British crime Survey we must now discuss what can be learned form its results. The first major finding of the survey was the extent of illicit drug taking in this country. The results show that over a quarter of the observed sample have tried at least one drug at some point in their life. Furthermore this can be presumed to be a 'conservative' result as there is bound to be a certain amount of underreporting in the survey due to its sensitive subject nature.

To assess what effects economic illicit drug taking has we must also consider how economic circumstances affect illicit drug taking. The British Crime Survey cannot take into account emotional circumstances and other situations such as other studies did (e.g. Stenbacka et al). However it does indicate that low income unemployed males that are frequent drinkers are the most likely to consume illicit drugs. With this in mind it seems that the economics is affecting the taking of illicit drugs. However if unemployment is positively related to drug consumption this will adversely affect the economy as a whole. Peck and Plant argued that drug use fostered unemployment. The unemployed involved in frequent drug taking are naturally going to find it harder to find a job and earn higher income thus the government will not only be losing out on tax revenue but also on benefit payments. It is also widely reported that drug addiction is linked to crime; many addicts will steal to 'feed their addiction'. It is estimated that the crime as a result of illicit drug taking has cost the UK £1.5 billion pounds a year. In the US the regulation of cocaine alone has cost the government $0billion dollars in one year. The most major problem that arises from drug abuse would be the one of health. Thus it makes sense to observe the statistics that link drug abuse to missed workdays. It was estimated in 1 that alcohol abuse and drug abuse combined to cause a total of 14 million missed workdays a year. It makes sense to assume that if frequent drug users are constantly taking days off work then, 'assuming workers receive the value of their marginal product as pay, this reduced productivity will manifest itself through lower wages'. Therefore if there is a relationship between drug abuse and days off then it should follow that groups with lower wages are more likely to take illicit drugs. There is a flaw in this argument. That is that there are innumerable factors that could cause low wages and having drug abuse, as the only independent variable could be misleading. The main problem would be the simultaneous causation between drug use and low wages. In other words low wages could be causing the drug use or the drug use could be causing the low wages. With this in mind we must examine the evidence of the impact of drugs on the labour force. Kenkel and Ribar (NLSY) found that there was a negative association between use of marijuana and the amount of labour hours supplied by young men in America in 14. However the US national household survey on drug abuse found 'no significant relationship between past month labour supply and the use of cigarettes, alcohol or cocaine'. Indeed the conclusion of the report was that there is little evidence of a relationship between labour supply and drug use. These conflicting results may well be due to the fact that Kenkel and Ribar allowed for the endogeneity of the two variables however the US national survey conducted extensive tests for the exogeneity of the two variables. In fact there are many studies that show that once endogeneity has been taken into account wages and drug use are actually positively related. Gill and Michaels (1), Register and Williams (1) and Kaestner (11) all found that drug use and high wages were positively correlated. Having said this in 14 Kaestner conducted another study using the same data as the NLSY study. This time the longitudinal results suggest that any correlation between drug use and wage level varies greatly. The variations follow the differences between the individual and the type of drug in question. For example it was found that there was a positive relationship between cocaine use and wage level for females and a negative relationship between marijuana use and wages for males. It is now becoming obvious that this is a very difficult subject to quantify. Is it possible therefore to learn more from accident rates or productivity? Once again we find that any immediate discoveries will be very hard to come by. Many studies have been aimed at finding out lost productivity caused by drug use (Rice et al 10, Normand et al 14) but these studies were found to be too broad in there assumptions. Thus national level data can be hard to use, however smaller more individual samples have overturned some interesting facts. Dawson (14) found that the use of illicit drugs is consistent with a higher risk of workplace accidents while Kandel and Yamaguchi (187) found that drug abuse lead to a greater number of absences and a greater risk of being fired or resigning from a job. It seems on the whole that drug use has a positive relationship with the increased number of accidents in the workplace. Workers who have tested positive for marijuana, cocaine and other drugs were five times more likely to suffer reportable accident s at work than those who tested negative according to Crouch et al. (18). The occurrence of accidents is not only a nuisance but also an expensive proposition to businesses in this country. Even workers who are not involved in drug taking can be affected by accidents caused by drug users and this will result in time lost and thus revenue lost to the firm and the economy as a whole.

There can be no denial that the taking of illicit drugs in England and Wales is having a negative effect on the economy. Whether it is through costs to the NHS, social security, police force or business productivity the cost of drugs is enormous. It is estimated in a study conducted in 1 by the IPD that the use of illicit drugs costs the UK a total of £800 million each year. The answer to this problem may lie in legalisation rather than prohibition. The campaign for legalisation has been a very high profile one over the past few years. While it is inconceivable that all drugs will be legalised in the near future it seems that economically at least this may be a sound policy. To use the United Sates as an example, Jeffrey Mirron (Boston University) has suggested that the legislation of drugs could save the federal budget up to $4 billion through tax revenue from a controlled dugs market. Obviously the social and ethical issues surrounding legalisation will have enormous effect but from an economic viewpoint it seems like a possible solution to a very difficult problem.

Bibliography

Caulkins, Johnson, Taylor, Taylor, Journal of Drug issues 'Drug Use, Workplace accidents and employee turnover'. J. Hoffman , C. Larison. 1

Macdonald, Z. 'Illicit Drug use, unemployment and occupational attainment' 000

Dr Simper, R. 'Economics of Criminology' 001

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Discourse on Islam

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Islam is pure, perfect and clear

For those who embrace, shall have no fear

Its from the Creator of man, and the universe

Our life on earth, is as in the verse

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I have not created jinn and man, save to worship me

Yet He bestows His Mercy, how could this be?

It is the love of Allah, for His creatures

After all Most Merciful, is one of His features

And the pillars of Islam, they amount to five

To implement them all, we shall strive

The first of them, is comprised of two

Allah is One, and His Messenger to you

It is this that stands, as a strong foundation

Making the Prophets Ummah, the best of nations

Upon this condition, you enter this Deen

Propagating this Creed, makes you more keen

The second of them, stand forth in Prayer

Only five each day, miss them dont dare!

The prophet narrated, in a certain hadith

Leaving prayers can lead, to disbelief!

We come to the third, as Zakaat it is known

So distribute you wealth, as Muhamed had shown

And those who give, for Allahs sake

Their wealth decreases not, make no mistake!

The fourth we know, Ramadan we must Fast

Obstain from food, until light has passed

But not just stomachs, we must restrain

Hearing and seeing, haram we obstain

So in the pillars, four have passed

Its time to recall, and state the last

Its the pilgrimage, to Hajj we make

If youre able to do so, for Allahs sake

But dont be fooled, for Allah knows

If youve the means, but just dont go

Its bounties are greater, than may appear

A command from Lord, surely Allah we fear

That covers them all, you can count on your hand

A burden theyre not, like a grain of sand

They are personal fards, as you will find

Now establish Islam, for all mankind!

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Contrasting identical twins

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Most people think of identical twins as being physically,intellectually,and emotionally identical,but this may not always be the case.I know identical twins who are so different in personality that no one ever confuses them.although diane and dana are identical twins,they are different in their attitudes toward school,their taste in clothing,and their choices of boyfrinds. Diane dana are seniors in high school,but their academic records are completly different.Diane loves to learn;she is in the National Honor Society;she takes advanced courses;and she genuinely likes her teachers.Dana hates school,she never makes the honor roll,she takes regular courses instead of advanced courses,and she dislikes all teachers. Diane and Dana never dress alike.Diane dresses conservatively with long skirts,loose pants and high necklins;Dianes swimsuit is A modest one-piece model.Dana wears wild, eyecatching outfits with short skirts,tight pants,and plunging necklines;Danas swimsuit is a bikini. Dianes and Danas dates reflect their different personalities.Dianesnice guys would be appreciated by parents everywhere.Most of Dianes dates are churchgoing,honor students,and her parents like them very much.However,Danascriminaltypes usually have police records;they are frightening to her parents. Diane and Dana are physically identical,but they are so different in personality that no one ever confuses them.Their conrasting personalities are obvious in they both have different attitudes toward school,they both have different taste in clothing,and they both have different choices of boyfrinds.

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Crazy Courage

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Crazy Courage

In her poem, "Crazy Courage," Alma Luz Villanueva asserts that nonconformist

behavior takes immense courage. She is first introduced to Michael B. when he enters her fiction class dressed, as any man would be, in men's clothing. "Moved by the gentleness of his masculinity," she notices the same mild mannered man dressed in a "mini skirt, high boots…and purple tights" enter her poetry class. Daringly carrying "a single, living, red rose, in a vase, to the podium," he "shock[s] the young, seen-it-all MTV crowd-into silence." Not only is it difficult for the visitors to accept his distinctly different attire, but also his mannerisms involving the rose. The sixth stanza describes Michael as having "perfect dignity" while offering this red rose to all those in the crowd vividly watching him. No doubt the awe-struck congregation curiously awaits to investigate the motives of Michael, the scantily clad fellow. And as he holds the rose innocently above the people, he is filled with pride. Not because he feels he is any better than them, but because he wants to offer his way of living to all those who are unwilling to accept his innocent presence. Even to the people "who would kill him, and to those who would love him," Michael expresses his unconventional behavior to both. Strange as is may be to them, he is stronger than anyone who discriminates against him. He knows what he likes and he knows who he is. He has "the crazy courage to be whole, as a rose is whole, as a child is whole." We realize that the nonconformity he cherishes takes immense courage, and he should not be punished for the standards which the visitors believe in, no matter how much they think they are right.

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Pharmacy Technician

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WHAT IS A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN?

A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN is an individual who, under the direct supervision and control of a pharmacist, performs packaging, manipulative, repetitive, or other non-discretionary tasks related to the processing of a prescription in a licensed pharmacy, but excludes all functions restricted to a registered pharmacist. To work as a pharmacy technician in California, you must possess and keep current registration as a pharmacy technician. It takes approximately six weeks to issue a pharmacy technician permit after submission of a complete application package. The board will notify you if it needs additional information.

Effective January 1, 000, an applicant for registration as a pharmacy technician must be a high school graduate or possess a general education development (GED) equivalent AND meet one of the qualification methods (described below). If you were registered as a pharmacy technician in the past and are reapplying, you must meet the educational requirement.

HOW TO APPLY TO BECOME A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN Write your Pharmacy Technician research paper

Your application must include the following

1. A non-refundable fee of $50.

. A completed Application for Registration as a Pharmacy

Technician (17A-5), with all questions answered. You must

sign this form and attach a photograph.

. A copy of Request for Live Scan Service Form verifying that

your fingerprints have been scanned and all applicable fees paid.

4. Documentation demonstrating that you have completed the

qualification requirements

5. Yellow postcard that you have addressed to yourself (this is

your notification that the board has received your application).

QUALIFYING METHODS AND REQUIRED DOCUMENTS

Identify which of the following methods qualifies you for registration as a pharmacy technician, and submit the required document(s) for that method

M e t h o d A

At least an associate of arts degree in a field of study directly related to the duties performed by a pharmacy technician. Directly related fields of study include; but are not limited to, health sciences, biological sciences, physical sciences, or natural sciences.

Submit An official transcript, indicating date of graduation and degree earned, must be sent DIRECTLY to this office from the school(s) you attended.

M e t h o d B

Completion of a training course accredited by the American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP); training provided by a branch of the federal armed forces; or any other course that provides a minimum of 40 hours of theoretical and practical instruction, provided that at least 10 of these hours are in theoretical instruction.

S u b m i t If the course you attended was accredited by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), submit the original certificate displaying the ASHP accreditation seal. If your training was provided by a branch of the federal armed services, submit the original certificate or a certified true copy of your DD14. If you completed any other course, you must request that the course provider send us a transcript or other documentation indicating the date of completion and the number of hours completed in theoretical and practical instruction. Copies of diplomas cannot be accepted.

M e t h o d C

Eligible to take the boards pharmacist licensure examination.

S u b m i t Identify yourself as being a candidate for the licensure examination on the face of the application.

M e t h o d D

At least one year of experience (to include a minimum of 1,500 hours) performing the tasks of a pharmacy technician as outlined in section 17. of the California Code of Regulations in an inpatient hospital, correctional facility, federal installation, out-of-state retail or hospital pharmacy, or within the last three years, as a registered pharmacy technician in California.

S u b m i t Experience affidavit (17A-10) completed by the pharmacist(s) having direct knowledge of your experience certifying that you have completed a minimum of 1,500 hours performing the duties of a pharmacy technician in an inpatient hospital, correctional facility; federal installation, out-of-state retail or hospital pharmacy, or within the last three years, as a registered pharmacy technician in California. If the qualifying experience was obtained in more than one pharmacy, each employer must complete an experience affidavit. Out-of-state pharmacy technicians must request that the board of pharmacy of the state where the experience was gained verify the license status of the pharmacy and the pharmacist completing the experience affidavit. The verification must be sent directly to this office by the out of state board. Failure to do so will delay the issuance of your registration.

M e t h o d E

A minimum of 1,500 hours experience working in a community or outpatient pharmacy performing the duties of a clerk-typist, as specified in section 17. of the California Code of Regulations.

S u b m i t Equivalent experience affidavit (17A-6) certifying to the completion of at least 1,500 hours experience within the last three years in an outpatient or community pharmacy. The form must be completed by the pharmacist having direct knowledge of your experience. If the qualifying experience was obtained in more than one pharmacy, each employer must complete an experience affidavit.

RENEWAL OF REGISTRATION

Approximately six weeks prior to the expiration date of the technician registration, a renewal application is mailed to the last known address of record. It is your responsibility to renew in a timely manner regardless of whether you receive a courtesy renewal notice.

The renewal application and fee are to be returned to the board office allowing sufficient time for processing. Currently it takes approximately 4 to 5 weeks for processing.

CHANGE OF NAME AND/OR ADDRESS

You are required to notify the board of any change in name or address within 0 days. Change of name and/or address may be made on the renewal notice or in writing to the board. Any change of name must be supported with one of the following

Copy of marriage certificate.

Copy of court document authorizing a legal name change.

Clear copy of driver's license and social security card.

ADDRESS CHANGES CANNOT BE ACCEPTED BY E-MAIL - the board must receive a document which bears the applicant/licensee signature in order to change an official address of record.

DUPLICATE/REPLACEMENT LICENSE

If a license has been misplaced or lost, a duplicate license will be issued upon receipt of a complete. Application for Reissue of License and $0 reissue fee.

If you fail to receive a license, the board will reissue a replacement after sufficient time has elapsed for delivery by the postal service. A completed Request for Duplicate/Replacement License, certifying under penalty of perjury that the license has not received, must be received before the printing of a new license will be requested.

RETIRED PHARMACISTS

A pharmacist who has been licensed in California for 0 years or longer and who holds a current, renewable license that is not suspended, revoked, or otherwise disciplined or subject to pending discipline, may request that the license be placed on retired status. A pharmacist holding a retired license cannot engage in any activity for which an active license is required. The retired license does not need to be renewed. However, to restore the license to active status, the pharmacist must take and pass the examination required for initial licensure.

BEING A PRECEPTOR

A preceptor is a pharmacist, licensed in good standing, who accepts the responsibility and takes the time to educate and train an intern in practical experiences. The preceptor is ultimately responsible for the professional activities performed by the intern while under his or her supervision.

When considering whether to serve as a preceptor ask yourself

What is the breadth of my experience as a pharmacist

and can I share this with an intern?

Do I actively participate in continuing education programs

and preceptor training conferences?

Am I able to spend time providing instruction to an intern?

Am I able to use effective communication skills from which

the intern can learn?

The setting in which you practice is as important as your willingness to teach. The ideal pharmacy for pharmacy interns incorporates practices and attitudes befitting the professional activities that are performed. It has an adequate set of reference materials, a computerized patient profile system, sufficient clerical help to enable you time to work with the intern, and a clean and inviting environment. The pharmacy should exemplify the highest standards of the profession.

CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION

A pharmacy technician registration may be cancelled 60 days after the expiration date. If a technician registration is cancelled, it may not be renewed. Returning to work as a technician in California will require the submission of a new application with the appropriate fees and meeting the current requirements.

Things You Always Wanted to Know

About the Board of Pharmacy

but were afraid to ask!

What is the California State Board of Pharmacy?

The California Board of Pharmacy was formed in 181 to function as a state health regulatory agency. In 171, the Board became part of the Department of Consumer Affairs, which is part of the executive branch of the government of the State of California.

The Board of Pharmacy consists of 11 members who are appointed to four year terms. Members can serve only two terms. The governor appoints seven registered pharmacists who reside in different parts of the state and two public members. The Senate Rules Committee and the Speaker of the Assembly each appoint one public member. Public members are not licentiates of this Board or any other Board under this division.

Members of the Board appoint the executive officer who directs the Boards operations and oversees a staff of 50, including 18 inspectors who are registered pharmacists.

The Board is totally self-funded and receives no tax money from the General Revenue Fund of the State of California. Funds necessary for its operation are generated primarily through its licensing fees.

What is the Boards purpose?

The Boards purpose is to serve the public by

Protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the people of California with integrity and honesty;

Advocating the highest quality of affordable pharmaceutical care;

Providing the best available information on pharmaceutical care; and

Promoting education, wellness and quality of life.

How does the Board accomplish its purpose?

The Board accomplishes its purpose by ensuring that pharmacists provide patients with pharmaceutical care by dispensing information; by protecting patients from drug misadventures; and by taking responsibility for therapeutic outcomes resulting from their decisions.

The Board further ensures that

The quality skills of those entering pharmacy practice are maintained by requiring candidates for the Boards licensing examination to have graduated from accredited pharmacy schools and have completed a minimum of 1,500 hours of internship in both community and hospital pharmacies. Additionally, continuing education is required for pharmacist license renewal.

The Boards enforcement of regulations is another way in which the Board seeks to protect the public from the misuse and diversion of prescription drugs from pharmacies.

The Boards enforcement efforts are focused toward the improvement of therapeutic outcomes and compliance with the highest standards of pharmaceutical care.

Who does the Board regulate?

The Board of Pharmacy regulates the pharmacy practice of pharmacists, interns, pharmacy technicians, and exemptees (those who are involved with the wholesale or manufacturer of drugs and medical devices, but not required to hold a pharmacist license).

The Board also regulates all types of firms that distribute prescription drugs and devices in California, including community pharmacies and those located in hospitals, clinics, home and community support services facilities, and out-of-state

How does the Board resolve complaints?

A primary way the Board protects the public is through the investigation of consumer inquiries and complaints involving the pharmaceutical care patients have received. The Board advocates and enforces laws that protect the health and safety of patients and encourages the submission of complaints and inquiries from the public.

Each complaint is evaluated to determine if the complaint involves a pharmacist, pharmacy, or firm regulated by the Board, and whether the complaint involves a violation of California Pharmacy Law.

If the complaint is within the Boards jurisdiction, the complaint may be referred to an inspector who will contact you for additional information about the complaint, or a consumer services representative may resolve your complaint.

If the complaint is not within Boards jurisdiction, it may be closed with no action taken or referred to another agency. In any case, you will be advised of the Boards action on your complaint.

Many complaints are closed with a verbal or written warning that becomes part of the licensees record. However, a complaint could result in disciplinary action being taken against the licensee. The action may range from reprimand to revocation of the license with loss of the right to practice or operate a pharmacy.

The Board does not represent the person making the complaint individually and does not seek restitution or money damages on behalf of any individual.

How do I file a complaint with the Board?

Complaints may be filed by writing to

Board of Pharmacy

400 R Street, Suite 4070

Sacramento, CA 5814-67

(16) 445-5014

Will I be told of the status and resolution of my complaint?

The Board will notify you in writing when the complaint is resolved unless you inform us that you would prefer not to receive written notification. However, no information may be released if an investigation relating to the complaint is in progress.

How does the Board discipline pharmacists or pharmacies?

The Board may reprimand, cancel, suspend, or revoke the license of a pharmacist or pharmacy that is found to have violated pharmacy or drug laws.

During disciplinary proceedings, licensees may be represented by an attorney and are given an opportunity to demonstrate their compliance with the law. Once the Board has taken action against the licensee, he or she has the right to appeal the action to state courts.

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