Minoans

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The Minoans first appeared in the Neolithic Period around the Bronze Age 500-100 BC. The Minoans lived in a town called Knosso, which was located in a Country Called Crete. Some other key cities that surround Knossos are Malia, Zakro, and Phaestos. These other cities play a big role in the survival of the Minoans. Knossos is the city where the Minoans primarily lived. Knossos is the capital, where the largest temple palace is located. This temple in Knossos is very elegant and prestige's where the king had his capital. Most of our knowledge comes from Knossos. Knossos was a great city, which helped the Minoans domination of the sea due to their fortune in having the island home of Crete, which was the crossroads that linked the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. Trade in goods and ideas existed with Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Scandinavia, which helped the Minoans become what they were. Neolithic farmers were first to colonize. The Minoans relied on trading and farming to get ahead for their survival, which in turn lead to their domination of the Mediterranean trade.

The Minoan worshiped women goddesses. Pictures of women are more visible than men in Minoan archaeological records. Two main goddesses were the La Parisienne and the snake goddess. These goddesses where worshipped very highly in the Minoans culture. Women were taken very seriously and were included in all events and social gatherings. Women were even included in sports or rituals. A sport or ritual called bull jumping which involves bravery, agility, and skill, involved men somersaulting over the back of a charging bull for women. Art also played a big role in the Minoans life style. A lot of the paining, sculptures, pottery, and buildings represented how the Minoans life style was. Throughout the city of Knossos there is a lot of well-constructed buildings that represented how luxurious the Minoans lived and how serious they took building these buildings. Art was represented in one way or another all over the town of Knossos. Order Custom Essay on Minoans

The Civilization of the Minoans was evolving more and more each day. Trade with their surrounding city's kept the Minoans alive for some time. This also brought the Minoans civilization to an end. A large volcanic eruption, which had huge tremors, took one third of the population of Knossos and primarily whipped out there crops and ships for trade. This major disaster took their modes of survival away from the Minoans. The Minoans tried to rebuild, but could not recover because the damages were way too serious. Because of the seriousness of this destruction on the city, this resulted in the Minoans abandoning their city and moving on to start a new life.

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Total Quality Management In Construction

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Total Quality Management In Construction

The major new element in world market competition is quality. During

the 170s and 180s, the Japanese and their U.S. companies demonstrated that

high quality is achievable at lower costs and greater customer satisfaction. It

Write your Total Quality Management In Construction research paper

was the result of using the management principles of total quality management

(TQM). More and more U.S. companies have demonstrated that such achievements

are possible Using TQM as a new way to manage. Such companies also found that

they were recognized with everyone pulling in the same direction. Improvement

had become a way of live.

Improving competitive position and profit has always been the

responsibility of management. Before the 180s, U.S. management was broadly

successful. Until then the dominant management model was that of the autocrat.

Management, primly senior management, decided how the business was to operate,

including what the policies and objectives were; how it was organized; what jobs

were established; and how should they be done. It was an unquestioned axiom

that if everyone did what the upper management required, the business would be

successful.

Organizations are composed of the people in them and the managers who

lead them. People respond strongly to leadership expectations and rewards. If

they are given little power in their jobs, they have little interest in

improving them. If leaders exhort the members for better output but reward

(promotions, bonuses, recognition) for mostly higher output, they get the

behavior they reward. Quantity over quality has been a common management

philosophy in the United States.

The first step in implementing TQM requires the an upper-management

change in both philosophy and behavior. Managers must adopt the objectives of

customer satisfaction and continuous improvement. They must implement the

change to achieve these objectives through their personal and continuous

involvement and in the reeducation of everyone in the organization in TQM

principles and practices. The past philosophy of management can work reasonably

well if a company dominates world markets. When markets become complex and

worldwide with more and stronger competitors, a new model is needed. Asian

companies and some in the United States have demonstrated that there is a more

effective way to manage, quite different from the autocratic model It is

employee involvement in quality improvement. These companies also introduce

high quality at lower cost as a competitive element, thereby changing the

competitive equation for everyone.

TQM is a way to continuously improve performance at every level of

operation, in every functional area of an organization, using all available

human and capital resources. Improvement is addressed toward satisfying board

goals such as cost, quality, market share, schedule, and growth. It demands

commitment and discipline, and an ongoing effort.

The quality management process includes the integration of all employees,

suppliers, and customers, within the corporate environment. It embraces two

underlying tenets

Quality management is a capability which inherent in your employees.

-Quality management is a controllable process, not an accidental one.

The idea of an integrated, human-orientated systems approach to management was

successfully used by W. Edwards Deming in the 150s. Deming told the Japanese

that they could become world-class leaders if they followed his advice and they

did. He lectured top Japanese business leaders on statistical quality control.

He proposed a system that would change the approach to management in many ways.

Today, this system is the pillar of TQM philosophy. These components make up

the strategic portion of the quality pyramid (figure. 1). There are mainly

eight functional elements from which other concepts flow. These are

1.Organizational vision

Organizational vision provides the frame work that guides a firms

believes and values. The gist of the corporate vision should be a simple, one

sentence guide or motto that every employee knows, and more important, believes.

If well crafted, the vision statement can serve through a torrent of change in

product and service technology. The strategic vision needs to consider both the

external customer and the employees, but should lack a defining or

differentiating phrase between them. For example, General Motors provides all

employees a card with its strategic vision, including a cause-effect diagram

that indicates the importance of team work (figure ).

Simply stating a vision is not enough. It needs to be demonstrated by

the actions of the executives, managers , superiors, foremen, and individuals.

It should be done continuously in all their actions and initiatives. Moreover,

deliberation must be exercised in developing these goals and strategies. They

must reflect the values and culture of the work force. While top-management

commitment is essential, managers should realize when to lead and when to get

out of the way. In a sense quality management is management from the bottom up.

An atmosphere of responsibility must be created toward the customer for whatever

product is produced or service is rendered (fig., below).

. Barrier Removal

It is inevitable that change will be resisted. In fact, a great deal of

effort in quality management is expended in overcoming such resistance, usually

by allowing change to come from individuals directly involved, rather from

management. The whole idea of continuous improvement leads to continuous change.

Some of these barriers are

- We know what they really want (without asking them).

- Quality is not a major factor in decisions-low initial cost mentality prevails.

- Creative accounting can increase corporate performance.

- Cant manufacture competitively at the low end.

- The job of senior management is strategy, not operations.

- Success is good, failure is bad.

- If it isnt broke, dont fix it.

- The key disciplines from which to draw senior management are finance and

marketing.

- Increase in quality means increase in cost.

- Thinking that time, quality, cost are the worst mutuality exclusive, at best

we can only choose two out of three.

The following are the steps to barrier removal

I. Identify barrier. As seen above some of these barriers may apply

effecting progress.

II. Place into categories. Related barriers and their systemic causes may

now be analyzed. Categorization may be facilitated by using either cause-effect

diagrams or quality function deployment.

III. Establish priority. An objective process that is not influenced by

management or hidden agenda must be developed. At this stage barriers are

judged on their validity in accordance with the severity of the problem.

IV. Problem solve. This means more than symptoms removal. Sick

organizations do not recover for the long term if the symptoms are masked. It

is vital to address the root of the problem. The elimination of one barrier may

solve many problems for example poor communication between management and staff.

Keep in mind that analyzing the problem should include estimates of resources

required for it solution.

V. Goals and strategies for resolution. Resolution of problems may entail

goals over a period of months or years. Goals should be realistic and

attainable with the given resources. Strategies ensure that goals can be

accomplished. Bear in mind that numerical goals as such may not be what is

required. Numerical goals may also limit the amount of growth, particularly in

organizations used to working up to an average.

.Communication

Communication is the glue that binds all the techniques, practices,

philosophies, and tools. Communication may be written, verbal, or nonverbal.

Understanding and refining skills for each main type communication is an ongoing

process for everyone.

All forms of communication involve four elements the sender, the

receiver, the message, and the medium. The medium is the method of delivery,

and can effect the message. It was said that the medium is the message,

referring in part to the filtering effects that can happen to the message and

how personality factors may influence our understanding (figure. 4).

VI. Written Communication. Office memos and reports are the result of

hundreds of hours (studies indicate anywhere from 1% to 70% of office workers

time is spent in manipulating written information) of work, and their final form

should be worthy of spending some time to get words right. The use of white

space and graphical elements such as charts and figures enhances the readability

of any written piece. Given the vast amount of time spent on reading and

creating memos, letters, proposals, and the like, the byword on written

communication should be more is better, and the less is permanent (memos sent

electronically, faxes, hand notes on the bottom of the letters, rather than

typed, recorded reply) the better.

VII. Verbal. Verbal communication takes place in many different settings,

and the form of the communication will vary. One sort of vocabulary may be used

to address shareholders and a different idiom may be used altogether when

chatting with construction workers. The skills principally lacking in verbal

communication are public speaking and small group interactions. Public speaking

scares people to death. This fear may be overcome by training(organizing and

practice), videotaping the presentation (to review latter), and practice(on

small group to build confidence). Small group interactions are essential to

buildup comfort and ease among the group.

It will provide a sense of team work and it is vital to have small talk among

the team.

VIII. Nonverbal. Humans infer a great deal of information from nonverbal

clues. This non verbal clues includes body language as well as things as dress

for success. Psychologists believe that nonverbal clues lead to gut feels

about how to interact with another person. Despite the similarities of nonverbal

communication, there are cultural differences, and is probably most important to

understand these, rather than reading individuals body language. It is easy to

fall into the trap of overanalyzing nonverbal clues and infusing them with

meaning, when, for example, someone may be hard of hearing or near/far-sighted

rather than being inattentive (or too attentive).

4.Continuous Evaluation

Feedback is essential to continuous improvement. How else would we know

if our goals are being reached?. These feedback mechanisms may be simple oral

or written reports, information systems, or complex automated statistical

analyses integrated with our expert systems. The key is to receive the

information in time to allow initiating corrective action. For example, in

construction feedback from engineers, subcontractors and so forth can help us as

managers to find new ways to reduce cost and schedule. Feedback may also help

architects to find the best way to construct a building and therefore effecting

the design. We also should understand and separate assessable causes from chance

causes. Assessable causes have distinct reasons for there existence, while

chance causes are those causes that we have no control over.

5.Continuous Improvement

Unlike innovation, which require great resources, and no small amount of

serendipity, continuous improvement is easier to manage and utilize everyones

talent. Japanese companies have used this idea for some time, and call this

approach kaizen. This idea fits hand in hand with team building approach.

Kaizen and innovation are compared in figure 5 below.

To reduce cost and time and increase productivity, in any industry, the

focus must be projected on the process that produces the product. Improving the

process in construction, for example, reduced or may eliminate costly change

orders and therefore reduced complexity and time. Through inspection and

analysis of the process, everyone shares a common learning experience and the

accumulated knowledge and understanding of the process become the basis for

improving it.

Precepts of Quality Improvement - Quality leadership must begin with top

management.

- The most important aspect of quality is identifying the activities within the

organization that effect quality.

- Written procedure are one of the necessary communication media by which the

management functions of directing and controlling are exercised.

- One of the most critical activities in quality improvement is preparing a

clear, concise description of the services to be acquired.

- The cost, time, and effort devoted to evaluating and selecting suppliers must

be commensurate with the importance of the goods and services to be procured.

- Quality audits must determine the adequacy of, and compliance with,

established policies, procedures, instructions, specifications, codes, standard

and contractual requirements. Quality audits must also assess the effectiveness

of their implementation.

- The simple objective of most quality audits is to gather enough reliable data

through inspection, observation, and inquiry to make reasonable assessment of

the quality of the activity being audited.

- the foundation of quality control is having timely and accurate information

so that systems that are not capable of producing consistent quality can be

identified and improved.

- An effective quality cost program can help the management team to allocate

strategic resources for improving quality and reducing costs.

- Productivity, profit, and quality are the ultimate measure of success of the

production system.

6.Customer/Vendor Relationship

The hearing the voice of the customer has become a key phrase in the past few

years. This would seem to be a obvious point but its not. After world war II,

The United States was the only major country that did not have a devastated

economic infrastructure. Therefore, it was able to produce items of any quality

and sell them. Industries were internally driven and not customer driven. As

the glob markets grow, new competitors with new technologies approached these

markets providing better quality products and involving the customers. This

approach worked miracles for these new industries and valuable lessons should be

learned from this. Here are some strategies for improving customer and vendor

relation

- Link organizational vision to customer satisfaction.

- Reward suppliers.

- Move to a single source.

- Minimize the overall number of vendors.

- Identify the internal and external customers.

- Identify end users and distributors.

- Establish routine dialogue with customers.

- Involve the customer in planning and development.

Keep in mind that vendors must be qualified and have policies that are

compatible with yours. Viewing these vendors as partners, rather than

adversaries leads to the ability to implement successfully such cost-saving

measures as just-in-time, whereby materials arrive as needed to the construction

site.

7.Empowering The Worker

Empowering the worker means enabling the worker to achieve his or her

highest potential. For most American companies, this is new, and may be the

most powerful and useful concept in quality management. Allowing and

facilitating workers to achieve their highest potential may seem obvious or

impossible, but in fact it is neither. Empowering requires turning the

organizations chart upside down, recognizing that management is in a place to

aid the worker in overcoming problems they encounter, not to place new

roadblocks on the way.

Empowering strategies may include

I. Ownership. A key strategy in empowering employees is to allow them

ownership of tasking, project, or division. Ownership implies trust and

requires a delegation of authority commensurate with the responsibility of the

task. Ownership can also be granted to a team. Ownership also demands that the

final resolution of the tasking be in the hands of the owner.

II. Value all contributions. Whether or not we appreciate them, it is

important to enhance self-esteem of the contributor to accept their contribution

and evaluate it.

III. Every one has a value. If they didnt why would they be employed? Treat

everyone with respect. All work has dignity to it.

IV. Teams must own problem. Teams are a waste of time if management vetoes

or substantially changes their recommendation. If management is unable to trust

the recommendations that come from the team, then management fear rules, and

will spiral to lower and lower productivity.

V. Delegate authority to the lowest possible organizational level.

Constantly ask why should I do this? If you have hired competent people, let

them do there job. No one knows about the job than the person directly involved

with it.

8.Training

The outcome of training is modified behavior. It may be enhanced

interpersonal skills or specific manual skills, but there is a direct,

identifiable modification. Training need not consist solely of traditional

classroom instruction. Employees can train other employees very effectively.

A company-wide curriculum should be developed that address the needs of

each department. Courses should be just long enough to be effective. Anything

over three or four days is unlikely to immediately be absorbed into daily work

habits. Immediate reinforcement of the training is necessary to be effective.

Bibliography

1. R. Stein, The Next Phase of Total Quality Management., Macel Dekker,

Inc.,14. . T. Cartin, Principles and Practices of TQM., ASQC Quality

Press.,1. 1. W. Schmidt and J. Finnigan, TQManager., Jossey-Bass Publishers.,

1. 1. B.Brocka and S. Brocka, Quality Management Implementing The Best Ideas

Of the Masters. Irwin, Inc.,1. . H. Kerzner, Project Managment., Van

Nostrand Reinhold.,1.

Please note that this sample paper on Total Quality Management In Construction is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Total Quality Management In Construction, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Total Quality Management In Construction will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Studying abroad

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In recent years, there has been a stark increase in the number of students studying abroad. There are several reasons to this phenomenon. In some cases, they want to study a subject that is not available in their own country. Also, some may want to experience a different education system and studying environment. In this essay, I shall proceed to explain the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad

At first sight, education and travel in foreign countries appear to be entirely beneficial and advantageous. For example, studying other languages abroad expands and improves our abilities and job prospects. In addition, by studying or simply travelling abroad, we can discover many differences in terms of culture, way of thinking, history, customs and lifestyle; the awareness of these differences makes us more tolerant and open-minded. What is more, we gain a broader experience of life in general.

On the other hand, it may indeed be true to say that travelling and studying abroad could influence us in a negative way. The experience could be so powerful, and alter the travellers way of thinking so greatly, that they lose their cultural identity. If he or she integrates into the new society, they will almost certainly meet difficulties when they try to readjust later to their own culture. Another potential problem is that the traveller or student may become a victim of discrimination, and lose their confidence as a result. Since their behaviour and customs may be very different from those of the inhabitants of the host culture, they may encounter negative reactions - unfriendliness, or even hostility, for example.

Furthermore, the long distance prevents them from contacting their families so often. Gradually, they are either rejected by or break away from their families. As a result, there emerge many family tragedies.Custom writing service can write essays on Studying abroad

When all is said and done, there are many choices and it is for students and travellers to weigh up both sides of the issue and come to their own conclusions.

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Goobers

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dis is tight my ho mies

hi

Youll see something funny 0 sec. after you send to 15 people.

PLEASE READ TO THE END---Youll understand

Near to the door

he paused to stand

as he took his class ring

off her hand

all who were watching

did not speak

as a silent tear

ran down his cheek

and through his mind

the memories ran

of the moments they walked

and ran in the sand (hand and hand)

but now her eyes were so terribly cold

for he would never again

have her to hold

they watched in silence

as he bent near

and whispered the words......

I LOVE YOU in her ear

he touched her face and started to cry

as he put on his ring and wanted to die

and just then the wind began to blow

as they lowered her casket

into the snow....

this is what happens

to man alive.....

when friends let friends....

drink and drive.

Please send this out to everyone so they understand.

Its not a chain letter or a joke. Thank you! YOU

HAVE A HEART!

THE RULES

1. You must FORWARD it within 0 minutes or you will

spoil it for everyone.

. You must follow these rules and something will

pop up on your screen that

is so

funny 0 sec. after you send to 15 people.

. Dont drink and drive.

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John F. Kennedy

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John F. Kennedy was the thirty-fifth president of the United States

and the youngest to be assassinated. He also served in World War II on a

PT boat. He also helped to solve the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was

assassinated in 16 in dallas texas. He also started the peace corps to

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help rd world countries better them selves.

He was born of Irish decent in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May ,

117. In 140 he entered the second World War and he served on a PT. In

14 when his PT was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer, even though

he was injured severely he still helped survivors to safety. After the war

he became a Democratic Congression from the Boston area, moving on to a

senator in 15. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September, 15. In

155 he wrote a book called Profiles of Courage which won the Pulitzer

prize in history.

In 156 he almost gained the democratic Vice President, and four

years later he was the first-ballot nominee for president. Kennedy became

the first Roman Catholic President. His Inaugural Address offered the

memorable line Ask not what your country can you--ask what you can do

for your country.

As president he set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get

America moving again. His economic programs launched the country on its

longest sustained expansion since World War II. Before his death, he laid

plans for a massive plans for assault on persisting pockets of privation

and poverty.

John F. Kennedy was called the dreamer President. This inspireing

president challenged America to be the first country to land a man on the

moon. He gave the space program its first push. His assassination was

truely a sad day for America. He was a very loved and respected president

and will truely be missed.

Please note that this sample paper on John F. Kennedy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on John F. Kennedy, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on John F. Kennedy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels

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Introduction

The postmodern aesthetic can be used to address all manner of objects and texts; this includes using these aesthetics in the horror film series' such as Scream (1, and ) and Halloween (1, , 4, 5, 6 and 7) to illustrate the examples of postmodern aesthetics in blockbuster horror sequels. Both the Scream and Halloween series are films of the horror genre that exhibit examples of typically postmodern aesthetics and the qualities of a blockbuster movie.

Postmodernism

Postmodernism reacts against earlier modernist principles by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of a method, technique or style, for example horror film or romance novel. In other words using principles of a particular object or text and changing parts of it, while still retaining some of the original concepts of the object of text it is based on. Terry Eagleton in his book The Illusions of Postmodernism says "postmodernism is a style of culture which reflects something of the epochal change in a depthless, decentred, ungrounded, self-reflexive, playful, derivative, eclectic, pluralistic art which blurs the boundaries between 'high' and 'popular' culture as well as between art and everyday experience." (Eagleton, 17, pvii)

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This set of theories, though not always well defined, in essence, is the re-creation of something as something new but that is still recognisable as what it was before not necessarily improving it but leaving a self-conscious reference to the old object or text. For example, in fashion, a style of dress may become fashionable again but with a new fabric and different accessories. It is still recognised as a dress from its original time period (eg. the hippie fashion of the 160s) but it is a new style because of a few modernising adjustments (eg. instead of cotton it could be made of a cotton/nylon blend), leaving a product that when viewed can be recognised as a similar object from the past.

Therefore the postmodern text is the following of a set of rules, essentially by creating the rules in the work itself. By drawing on past works, to create a new product familiar to audiences by genre or style, creating a type of derivative and pluralistic art that is, as Eagleton said, ungrounded, eclectic, playful and self-reflexive, is comfortable to audiences because it is recognisable as something else, blurring the borders involving 'high' and 'popular' culture as well as between art and everyday experience despite any differences.

Postmodernism in Film

"A notable achievement of contemporary mainstream English-language cinema is the slick recreation as new cinema of the styles and techniques of the past." (Pen, 16, p) Postmodernism tendencies are evident in the contemporary horror film genre. By using a set of 'rules' as stated in each subsequent Scream movie, we can see how this film in particular, self-consciously references the horror genre and by using the generic norms of the slasher sub genre of the horror family established in Halloween and its sequels are playfully and self consciously referenced in Scream and its sequels making the Scream trilogy an example of postmodern representation.

Blockbusters

The aesthetics that make these films blockbusters make them an example of postmodern textuality. By creating and using the rules, the films can all make narrative less influential to the movie and concentrate on more suspense and gore. Robin Pen, in his book The Secret Life of Rubber Suited Monsters Selected Essays 10-5, says "with the right formula, who needs a story." (Pen, 16, p) This characteristic ethos of the traditional blockbuster movie is evident in both Scream and Halloween.

"The key to Hollywood's survival and the one abiding aspect of its postwar [sic] transformation has been the steady rise of the movie blockbuster." (Schatz, 1, p) James Monaco is quoted in the Schatz book Film Theory Goes to the Movies, describing the offspring of the classic blockbuster as mere "machines of entertainment, precisely calculated to achieve their effect." (Monaco, 1, p1) It is this mechanisation and calculation by filmmakers to create the mass marketed and produced blockbuster effect that can be categorised as postmodern because of the qualities in the text. In the same book Schatz talks about characterisation in the blockbuster and the prominence of narrative over characterisation. The "emphasis on plot over character marks a significant departure from classic Hollywood films…wherein plot tended to emerge more organically as a function of the drives, desires, motivations, and goals of the central characters." (Schatz, 1, p)

The Rules

The Scream trilogy picks ups and self-consciously employs generic 'rules' first established by the Halloween series. The Halloween series is part of the slasher sub-genre of horror. "Through pandering to the ideas and beliefs of the audience, filmmakers parallel those ideas and beliefs in their creations. This correlation was demonstrated in the glut of so-called slasher films during the period 174-184. Although the films were diverse in form and execution, the basic plot of these movies involved some sort of deranged psychopath gleefully stalking and killing a number of unfortunate teenage victims." (King, 00, p1) John Carpenters Halloween (178) has killer Michael Myers strangling baby-sitters on Halloween night.

"The most evident archetype within the slasher sub-genre is the Virgin. Usually the Virgin is the protagonist of the film, a female teenager of moral purity and physical desirability." (King, 00, p1) The Virgin, as her name implies, is portrayed as a non-sexual being, removed of any erotic feelings or actions for the duration of the film. Even though the characteristic is more often than not only implied, in Halloween and subsequently Scream protagonists are openly stated to be actual virgins. This asexuality is an indication of the largely righteous behaviour that the Virgin characters share. Halloweens Laurie, played by Jamie Lee Curtis, abandons an anticipated date to baby-sit. Being the essential character, the Virgin must ultimately do battle with the antagonist slasher. After a futile endeavour to break away from the Slasher, the Virgin more often than not turns to the offensive. Basically, the Virgin will search for a passive escape from her circumstances, but will resort to violent behaviour if needed. (King, 00, p1)

The survival of the Virgin is also a characteristic in this sub-genre. "The acceptance and frequent use of an archetype like the Virgin has much to say concerning the morality of contemporary society. While the Virgin is morally pure in thought and action, the remainder of the teenaged cast is quite the opposite, frequently engaging in premarital sex and drug use. Interestingly, the immoral supporting characters are systematically slaughtered while the Virgin lives to remain virtuous for another day. What this turn of events implies is that sin equals death. If a person is involved in premarital sex, illegal drugs, or any other social wrong, that person will eventually meet an unfortunate and miserable end. In contrast, those who live a good life, according to cultural norms, will be rewarded with survival." (King, 00, p)

The Horror Film

In Scream a few rules and theories are given for Horror films. These rules are repetitions on the characteristics of the slasher sub genre in horror that are apparent in Halloween. This also ties in with the marketing principles of blockbuster film production.

One of the theories in the movie is

" "That's the beauty of it all [horror genre], simplicity. Besides if you get too confusing you lose your target audience. There's a formula to it. A very simple formula! Everybody's a suspect!" " ('Randy' in Williamson, 14)

Then there are the specific rules as seen in this piece from the script of Scream

" "There are certain rules you must abide by in order to successfully survive a horror movie. For instance

#1. You can never have sex. Big no-no. Big no-no. Sex equals death okay?

#. You can never drink or do drugs. This is sin. It's an extension of number 1.

#. Never, never, ever under any circumstances do you ever say I'll be right back cause you won't be back." "

('Randy' in Williamson, 14)

Two of these rules are then used directly following their mention with the overly sexual character of Tatum, while getting beer is killed.

The Horror Sequel

In Scream , once again a set of rules and theories are given. This set of rules and theories created in and then applied to this movie, outline the differences between the 'horror movie' rules and the rules of the sequel.

In the movie, Randy, our rule setter in the first Scream film, once again gives the rules of the sequel. He says, in response to the realisation that the group in the film are once again dealing with a serial killer " "its our job to observe rules of a sequel. Number one, the body count is always bigger. Number two, the death scenes are always much more elaborate, more blood, more gore, carnage candy. Your core audience just expects it." " ('Randy' in Williamson, 16)

Just as Randy states it, the movie's body count does eventuate a larger tally and the death scenes are more elaborate and gory than in the first Scream movie.

The Final Instalment of a Horror Trilogy

Although the final instalment of a trilogy is a rare occurrence in the horror genre, once again specific rules are listed for the movie to follow, event though these rules are created within the movie itself.

After the killings restart, once again Randy appears (despite his death in the previous film) to give the rules of the film. He says

" "If you find yourself dealing with an unexpected back-story, and a preponderance of exposition, then the sequel rules do not apply. Because you are not dealing with a sequel, you are dealing with the concluding chapter of a trilogy…Its a force to be reckoned with, because true trilogies are all about going back to the beginning and discovering something that wasnt true from the get go…So if it is a trilogy you are dealing with, here are some super trilogy rules. One, you got a killer whos gonna be super human…Number two anyone including the main character can die…Number three the past will come back to bite you in the ass! Whatever you think you know about the past, forget it. The past is not at rest, any sins you think were committed in the past are about to break out and destroy you." "

('Randy' in Williamson, 16)

These rules are used in the film when it is discovered that Sidney's mother was a film star for a period of time in her youth. This truth being revealed opens up the 'unexpected back-story' that Randy speaks of. The three main rules talk about the way the killer is super human. This is seen in the resilience of the killer despite being shot and stabbed numerous times by varying characters. The rule that anyone can die adds another dimension to the film with the killer targeting Sidney more viciously than seen in the previous two Scream films. The third main rule about the past coming 'back to bite you in the ass', is a reference to Sidney's mother's promiscuousness in her movie days and the consequences it causes, namely the third killing spree.

Postmodernism, The Rules and Halloween

Halloween (178) and the sequels that follow (not including Halloween III Season of the Witch that was related to the first two films by name only) are the continued story of mentally deranged, and at times 'supernatural' man named Michael Myers. By looking at the rules mentioned for horror movies in the movie Scream we can see the following of these rules in Halloween. The rules are that characters in the film can never have sex, never drink, and never say 'I'll be right back'. The people killed in this first film is not the virginal heroine Laurie (played by Jamie Lee Curtis) but her school friends Annie who was on the way to her boyfriend's; Bob, going into the kitchen to get a beer after having sex with Lynda (a double no-no); and then Lynda herself, waiting for Bob to come back to bed. All three use at least the two first rules of no sex (or at least the actions heading towards sex in Annie's case) and no alcohol.

In the following sequels (not including Halloween III for the aforementioned reason) Halloween II (181), Halloween 4 The Return of Michael Myers (188), Halloween 5 The Revenge of Michael Myers (18), Halloween 6 The Curse of Michael Myers (16) and Halloween H0 (18) all stick to the 'rules' of the horror sequel listed in Scream . "These are better taken as remakes than sequels; although the later part purports to take up where the earlier part left off, in most cases it simply duplicates with only slight variation the plot and circumstances the formula of its predecessor" (Clover, 1, p) When the Halloween sequels are compared to the original Halloween there is more gore and the body count is higher as stated in the sequel rules in Scream .

Postmodernism, The Rules and Scream

Scream uses the aforementioned aspects of postmodernism and the rules of the horror film, the horror sequel and the final instalment of a horror trilogy that the Scream films both invent and employ in the story. Wes Craven, the director of the Scream trilogy, "continually draws on the established codes of the horror film to foreground them, not always in terms of parody, but rather to reassert the function of horror to deliberate on horrality and its operation in watching these films." (Fuery, 000, p5) In other words, by drawing on the generic characteristics of the slasher sub genre, the Scream trilogy though sometimes viewed as a parody because of its playfulness, as mentioned by Eagleton, still retain their horror by basing the generic characteristics in the films. These established codes stated in the film as the rules are what creates the postmodern aesthetic to these horror films. Films such as the Scream trilogy "function precisely on acknowledging the horror genre…openly stating its operations…in order to intensify the horror." (Fuery, 000, p5) Meaning that they work as a horror film because they say they are a horror film. The trilogy does this by stating the rules, creating a way of telling the audience exactly what it is and is going to do. This functions not only as an example of postmodernism but of blockbuster film because of its employment of the blurred boundaries between 'high' and 'low' culture.

Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels

Horror franchises made to be blockbusters are, as a result, postmodern. The continued repetition of ideas, themes and plots seen in horror movies and their sequels are not only an example of postmodern aesthetics but also a blockbuster. Halloween and its follow-ups' use of this continuing familiarity with its characters and storyline, made this movie into a blockbuster. It became so popular through this familiarity that they are still being made with Halloween Resurrection being released early next year.

Scream and its sequels were made to be blockbusters from the start by utilising the repetitions in postmodern aesthetics to attract an audience familiar with the genre and basic storyline within horror movies.

Conclusion

As you can see postmodern aesthetics can help make a film into a blockbuster, as with the Halloween series, or give guidelines on how to create a blockbuster such as the Scream trilogy, by using a set of rules. Therefore if these movies are simply texts that implicitly follow certain rules for narration and form, they are merely generic texts but not necessarily postmodern, however because of their self-reflexivity and playfulness and the repetition of the blockbuster franchise the later incarnations are recognisably postmodern.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bordwell, D. and Thompson, K. (001) Film Art An introduction (Sixth Edition), New York McGraw-Hill

. Brewes, T. (17) Cynicism and Postmodernity, London Verso

. Clover, C. J. (1) Men Women and Chainsaws Gender in the Modern Horror Film New Jersey Princeton University Press

4. Creed, B. (1) The Monstrous Feminine Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis, London Routledge

5. Eagleton, T. (17) The Illusions of Postmodernism, USA Blackwell Publishers

6. Fuery, P. (000) New Developments in Film Theory, USA Macmillan Press Ltd

7. King, J. (00) Archetypal Characters Within the Slasher Film Sub-Genre, http//www.english.uga.edu/freshcomp/engl1101-8-.html

8. Kruger, E. (1) Scream Script, http//blake.prohosting.com/horrorsu/scripts/scream_transcript.txt (0/0/0)

. Lyotard, J (17) The Postmodern Condition A Report on Knowledge, United Kingdom Manchester University Press

10. Monaco, J. as quoted in Schatz, T. in Collins J., Preacher-Collins, A. and Radner H. (eds) (1) 'The New Hollywood', Film Theory Goes to the Movies, New York Roultledge

11. Newman, K. (ed) (16) The BFI Companion to Horror, United Kingdom Cassell

1. O'Neill, J. (14) Terror On Tape A Complete Guide to Over ,000 Horror Movies on Video, New York Billboard Books

1. Pen, R. (16) The Secret Life of Rubber-Suit Monsters Selected Essays 10-5, Western Australia Optima Press

14. Schatz, T. in Collins J., Preacher-Collins, A. and Radner H. (eds) (1) 'The New Hollywood', Film Theory Goes to the Movies, New York Roultledge

15. Williamson, K. (14) Scream Script, http//www.screentalk.org/moviescripts/Scream.pdf (14/10/0)

16. Williamson, K. (16) Scream Script, www.blake.prohosting.com/horrorsu/scripts/screamtranscript.txt (0/0/0)

FILMOGRAPHY

· Carpenter, J. (dir) (178) Halloween, USA Media

· Chappelle, J. (dir) (16) Halloween 6The Curse of Michael Myers, USA Buena Vista

· Craven, W. (dir) (16) Scream, USA Miramax Films

· Craven, W. (dir) (17) Scream , USA Miramax Films

· Craven, W. (dir) (000) Scream , USA Dimension Films

· Little, D. H. (dir) (188) Halloween 4 The Return of Michael Myers, USA CBS/Fox

· Miner, S. (dir) (18) Halloween HO, USA Dimension Films

· Otherin-Girard, D. (dir) (18) Halloween 5 The Revenge of Michael Myers, USA CBS/Fox

· Rosenthall, R. (dir) (181) Halloween II, USA MCA/Universal

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