Eva Perón

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MARÍA EVA DUARTE DE PER�N

Eva Perón was one of the most important and powerful women of these times. She started her life in a poverty stricken, she was an illegitimate child to the First Lady of Argentina. Eva traveled a long path to ended where she did. She was loved passionately by many people but she was also very hated by others. Many myths and legends have been created after this woman. Evita is a strongly remarkable woman because of all the power she reached and the legacy she left to the world. She is also called the Cinderella of Argentina, this woman make all her dreams come true.

She was born Eva María Duarte in 11 in Los Toldos, Argentina. She came from very, very poor beginnings. She was the daughter of Juana Ibarguren and Juan Duarte, They were not married, but Eva's father had a fifteen year long affair with Juana, even though he was married. This couple was stable thought Eva and her four siblings were legally acknowledged by their father. But when their father died in 10 they could not enter to the funeral.

Though they lived in very poor conditions; Eva, her mother and sisters had to cook to wealthy families to survive. By this way of living Eva got the first images of the difference between the rich and the poor in Argentina. And her idea of social equality carried her through the rest of her life. She attended school in a town called Junin, where her family ended settling down. She had a difficult time there because she was not a very good student, receiving average grades and remembered as being rather strange looking. Order custom research paper on Eva Perón

Accepting that she would not have a great academic future, she became interested in acting. She got a small part in a school play called "Arriba Estudiantes" and made up her mind that someday she will became a very famous actress.

When she was about fifteen years old, a tango singer named Agustin Magaldi came to her town to perform. A few days later Eva left with him to Argentina's capital, Buenos Aires. She was a very young girl living in a very big city, so life was very difficult for her; that is why she had to take on lovers who could support her. She got her first job in a magazine. She looked very beautiful and very thin. She got her first break as an actress in a part of the play "La señora de Perez" in 15. This was a small part and she became ill, so it seemed like her dream of becoming an actress will never come true.

So she used one of her male connections to get a part on a radio soap opera. She became extremely popular in the radio, so she used this popularity to continue her relationships with men in power and military. With this relationships she got small parts in movies. She knew she was not a great actress but she also knew that it helped a lot being friends of the director. That was when she met a young army colonel named Juan Peron.

Soon after they met they fell in love. Eva lived as Juan's mistress for two years, They both were really ambitious so they made the best couple. With Eva by his side Peron gained lots of power. He was very loved by the people and also had lack of tolerance with them. One day he was arrested, but Eva and her influences got him out of jail. After this, his position as the most powerful man of Argentina was assured.

Eva and Juan got married in October 18 of 145. This was a risky marriage because Eva was of low birth and it was difficult for her to get into the elite social circles. And also many of Juan friends did not like the influence that Eva had in Juan's ideas. Eva was delighted by her new life, because she had always dreamed of being rich and glamorous but this does not mean that she was using her husband to gain fame. She also loved her husband and worshiped him. Juan also loved Eva and together they made the perfect couple that could rule Argentina.

Soon after this couple got married. Juan was elected president and Eva gained a lot of power and public's attention. She used her humble beginnings to get poor people love and initiated the Eva Peron foundation that distributed the wealth to the poor. She encouraged people to call her Evita. She build hospitals and helped the elderly and the poor. She was known as the "Lady of the Hope". She also was nominated vice-president but pressures from the military against a woman in such a high position forced Eva to back down.

Even though Eva did great things for Argentina she also had her dark side. She was as ruthless dictator as her husband. She used all of her power and her husband's power to put in jail people that did not agree with them and to shut down the magazines and newspapers that published things they did not like.

Not satisfied with her power, she visited Europe to gain more. She was very good received by Spain, her first country because Spain wanted to increase its trade relations with Argentina. Then she visited other European countries where she was not very good received. Disappointed she returned to Argentina where she was worshiped.

Evita was very loved by many throughout her life. It is more said that she worshiped Juan Peron, but it is also said that Juan Peron worshiped her equally. And there are also groups of people called the "descamisados" or the shirtless ones who really adored her. The poor people loved her as their famous first lady who built homes and hospitals for the poor. And she organized the Eva Peron Foundation, the Peronista Feminist Party, and gave women the right to vote. She won devoted fans for both her and her husband while she was in power.

Sometimes the people were getting really tired of the dictatorship of Juan that they needed Eva to keep them loyal to Juan. After Eva's death people still adored her and stayed loyal but soon got tired of Juan.

In contrast of how Eva was loved by the poor ones, she was really hated by the high classes. The pope refused to see her more than 0 minutes, and England also denied her entry to the Buckingham palace. Also the elite classes of her own country despised her.

Maria Eva Duarte de Peron died on July 6, 15 of uterine cancer very young, she was only . During her lasts weeks she began to write a second book, entitled "My Message". This book attacked the enemies, especially the army was never published. And at the same time she was writing her will. Two versions of it were written. The first one became public tight after her death and the second one was given to a journalist by Juan on his deathbed in 175. Both wills begin with "I want to live forever with Peron and my people. That is my absolute and unchangeable will, and it is also my last wish". Then it continues telling the instructions that all her possessions were to be used in case of disasters affecting the poor.

On the morning of July 6, 15, she confessed to her maid that she had never been truly happy. She said that this was the reason why she left home. At eleven o'clock that morning, she went into coma. She died with her mother, bothers, sisters and other government officials surrounding her bed at 85 that night.

All day long radios had been broadcasting updates of her condition and moments after she died the radios made the announcement which put the country into shock. Uninstructed, the country immediately went into a state of mourning. All businesses closed, restaurants told their customers to leave and people began wandering the streets.

This was the story of a woman that changed the life of many people in her country and this is and example of how, even though you were born poor, the only thing that you need to achieve all you want in life and to make all your dreams come true like "Argentina's Cinderella" is to have hope and never lose it, and to make and do anything to get what you want, never loosing your principles and values.

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Redecorating Portfolio Project

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Calvin and Hobbes are redecorating their tree house and needs to find out how much it will cost and how much they need. They wanted to carpet and pad the wreck room, and then they want to tile the entryway, and paint the walls. In order to do so they must find the area of each section to find out how much they will need and how much it will cost. The formula for area is A=HW

In order to find out how much the carpeting will cost they will have to figure out the area of the wreck room. To find out the area you need to times width times height. The height is 17feet and the width is 1 feet. Then you will have to find the area of the entryway because that section will not be carpeted and then you will have to subtract the wreck room from the entryway and then you will get the area of the wreck room. So you will have to do this, and times the area by $1, which is the price per yard

Wreck area Entryway

1 x 17 = 04ft 6 x4 ftCustom writing service can write essays on Redecorating Portfolio Project

04 -4 =180 180 x $1 =$40 cost = $40

For padding, you use the area of the wreck area by because it cost $ per yard and you have to double the amount. After that time the answer by $ (amount per yard).

Padding

180 - = 14.7 14.7 x = $60 cost = $60

For tiling you have to find the area of the entryway and the area of each tiles. Before finding the area of the entryway you need to turn feet into inches so you have to time each side by twelve and times both answer together. Then you have to divide the area of the entryway by the area of the tile. Then you time the number to tiles by $.50 because that is the cost of a tile/

Entryway

4 x 1 = 48 6 x 1 = 7 48 x 7 = 456

Tile 8 x8 = 64in

456 - 64 = 54 tiles 54 x $.50 = $18 cost = $180

In order to find out how much the painting is going to figure out the area of each wall. The first wall is 17ft wide by 10 ft then times the answer by two. The other wall is 1ft by 10ft then times the answer by two. After that add both answer together. Then you have to figure out the area of the window ft by 4ft. and times the area by 4. Then subtract the area of the walls by the area of the windows. Then divide the answer by 76 (1 gallons covers 76ft) and times the answer by .

Wall 1 x 10 = 10 x = 40 17 x = 170 = 40 40 + 40 =580

580 - 48 = 5 5 - 76 = 7 gallons 7 x = $6 cost = $6

Overall the total cost equals $55

Calvin is working as a newspaper deliver for $ per hour and he work 4hr a day for 5 days a week and wants to know how long he has to work for to save up to pay for the redecorating. Firs time 4hour time $ to see what he makes in a day and then time that by 5 to find out how much he makes a week. Then divide 55 (the total cost) by how much money he makes a day.

4 x = 1 1 x 5 = $60 55 - 1 = 46days

It will take him 46days to pay for the redecorating.

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Diversity

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I attended the panel discussion on February 1 at 00 600 in Kline Hall. The topic of discussion was Defining One's Own Identity with Dr. Phil Wander as a Moderator. I felt this to be a very important discussion as a teacher, because each and every day students as well as teachers are trying to define who they are, who they want to be and how to come about it. It was a very good session to go to and I really learned a lot about the many walks of life people take.

There was an array of speakers in this session. Students that spoke in this session were Aundre Bell (DSU) and he had a very brief speech about how he felt identity was forever changing by meeting new people that impact your mind and therefore your life. The next speaker was Gayla Greer (DSU), she defined her identity as a mother, wife, sister, daughter, cousin and friend. She than went on to speak about how her childhood was so defined about what she was (Mexican) rather than who she was. In her high school she described there was a hallway for whites, African Americans and Mexican and you wouldn't dare trespass into the other hallways where you didn't belong. Barb Schaan (DSU) followed up by starting her speech with a song that talked about feeling like she going through World War III the way her parents are fighting. She described her child hood as exactly that never peace, always a fight whether it was about a simple thing about T.V. or a huge deal like money problems it always felt like WW III. Since her childhood she has really struggled to come to terms with her identity and who she really wants to be. The last student speaker was Mary Brunelle (United Tribes Technical College) and she had a very motivational speech which main message was that you can do anything you set your mind to. She than talked about going through her life and doing some thing like coaching wrestling that everyone said "YOU CAN"T DO" you're a girl, you've never wrestle, but little did they know that she would coach her two sons to State Titles and at the national level. The message that was left in my mind after she got done speaking was I could do anything I wanted with dedication, hard work and perseverance.

There was also two faculty speakers, Brenda Hall-Dvorak (United Tribes Technical College) she spoke about being a native American and growing up with s many stereotypes and trying to overcome them without losing her own identity (culture), The last speaker was Dr. Charles Okigbo (NDSU) originally from Africa. He talked about going through life and defining his own identity. As he spoke I noticed his STRONG accent that he spoke about later that he has been in America for 5 years now and he will Never loss his culture or heritage, and that was one example, his accent.

Through the -hour session we also got into discussion groups with peers and discussed our own identity. The peers in my group on average where a lot older than me and it really surprised me when they talked about still trying to define there identity and that is why the came back to college and how hard it was to go back to college and sit with a group of 0 years old they said the first couple weeks they were so self-conscious! These discussions were really valuable and open my eyes to the many walks of life people have and make me feel fortunate for having such a positive childhood and all the experience my parents have exposed me to.Order Custom Essay on Diversity

Overall, it was a great session and I would attend another diversity conference if it did come back to Dickinson State.

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Constitution

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The Constitution

What is the Constitution?

The Constitution is a text that states the basic rules for the government as well the basic rights of the citizens.

The Constitution is the law that is the basis of laws in the United States of America. It is the framework and reference for all the other laws of the USA. All the other laws have to comply with what is written in the Constitution.

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What is its history?

The first main law (before the Constitution) was called the Articles of Confederation. But it did not work out so well, it did not specify enough details to be interpreted the same way by all States. So there were many fights and problems about it, and even sometimes it was ignored, for example in Shays rebellion when a State blocked the taxation wished by the other twelve states. That made the constitution so poor that they couldn't afford an army.

After Shay's rebellion in September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, a constitutional convention (meeting) was called to make a functional governmental system. Seventy three US citizens where called to this meeting from every single State, except from Rhode Island, but only fifty five of those citizens attended. Between them there were many famous people like the Philadelphian hero George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. In that meeting they wrote the Constitution. The document was a piece of work that everybody in the meeting wrote something in, but the main writer is thought to be governor Morris from Pennsylvania It was singed by thirty nine of the people that attended the convention.

How does it work?

The constitution is divided into articles and amendments. There were originally ten amendments (they are called the Bill of Rights) but now there are twenty seven. An amendment is a modification or added article. For that to happen, three fourths of the states must agree on it. The changes may be proposed by the President, Senators or Congressmen.

When the Senate and the Congress are ready to pass a law, they use the Constitution as reference to see if that law is valid or not. For example if someone proposes that all the Irish Americans have to be Christian or Catholic that law would be invalid because amendment number one opposes that by giving freedom of religion.

When there is a discussion about whether or not a law complies with the Constitution the US Supreme Court is the one that decides.

How does it relate to the American Revolution

Without this document the US after the would have been close anarchy. Without a strong government nor an army to protect it from invaders. It might be just recaptured by the English.

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One Flew over a Cuckoo's Nest

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Religious images and references appear in One Flew Over A Cuckoo's, yet not in purest forms. Blasphemous action and sinful transgressions fill this book. There remains, in this text, a strong religious reference to Christ and his crucifixion, from the very event of crucifixion, to relevant events in his life. The basis behind these references show McMurphy as a representation of Christ, who comes to the ward in an attempt to free the patients from the Combine and their impending mental illness.

Evidence of a religious theme consisting mainly of Christ-like associations, manifested itself early on in the book. Through the Chief's description of the ward, he observed the chronic Ellis, "…nailed against the wall…arms out, palms cupped." His fate illustrates the effect the combine has on the patients of the ward, and foreshadows the fate of anyone who comes to cross it.

McMurphy comes into the scene of the ward as an outsider; not fitting in with the rest of the patients. He has an air of confidence and leadership, compared to the meek and quiet residents of the ward. The people of the ward see him as a Christ-like figure whose actions amaze them and intrigue them with thoughts of salvation from the Combine. He comes into the ward causing much commotion and excitement. Acting out of the ordinary for a new arrival, greeting everyone, laughing and cracking jokes. "grinning and shaking hands with everybody he comes to…he's making everybody over there fell uneasy, with all his kidding and joking and with the brassy way he hollers and the black boy…and especially with that big wide-open laugh of his." This tall redheaded man brings a new light to the ward.

The Fishing trip is an integral representation of religious allegory in this book; conceived by McMurphy partially for monetary gains as well as to undermine the control of Nurse Ratched. He does his best to interest the patients in the trip, whether as an adventure into the real world, or as a rebellion against Nurse Ratched. He tries to convert the men from weak compliant followers, to strong self-assured individuals. Excitement builds as the trip nears, partially due to the knowledge of a prostitute who will be accompanying the men on their trip. This is an example of the sinfulness of men being present while in the presence of Christ like images.Order Custom Essay on One Flew over a Cuckoo's Nest

Finally, the day comes for McMurphy to set out with his twelve followers into the world. This journey is an allusion to that of Christ and his 1 apostles. As they leave for their journey, Ellis gives a farewell, seemingly to McMurphy, in Christ's words, "be a fisher of men." The men now embark on their journey into the vastness of the world and freedom from the Nurse's powerful control. McMurphy takes them out onto the boat without the permission or accompaniment of the captain and crew. They go on their own to make their own path and discover a new sense of being. All aboard find a new self-satisfaction in this freedom. George Sorenson begins to teach the patients how to fish as well as taking the helm. The group is wildly successful at catching fish and navigating the water; they are able to solve this crisis and hopefully the crisis of their lives. The trip ends up being very successful; the patients now have boosted confidence and a feeling of importance.

The Nurse attempts to bring down the success of the fishing trip much as Christ's adversaries attempted to quash his beliefs. She focuses on dividing the men from each other, revealing McMurphy's flaws and in the end shattering any self-confidence gained by the fishing trip. She claims that he is not a martyr or a saint, but simply a con man who manipulated the patients. Disbelievers in Christ performed similarly when refuting his claims of being the son of God.

Through the Nurses attempt to disband the feeling of pride among the patients a brawl ensues. The Chief and McMurphy are sent to the Disturbed ward due to their involvement; as Christ punished for his religious claims. For their transgressions, the nurse sentenced the both of them to electroshock treatment. "'Anointest my head with conductant. Do I get a crown of thorns?'" McMurphy's last statements before electroshock treatment was began. His body sprawled out on a cross-like table, hands and ankles bound to the table, crown of silver contacts around his head. Arms spread and legs together Christ like in appearance. Singing and speaking in a content tone, fearless and ready to receive his treatment.

The Chief's treatment commences shortly after McMurphy's, in which the Chief fell into a fog-filled state of mind. Quickly, however, was his recovery from the treatment; his strong will allowed him to return to the real world in only a day. McMurphy refuses to give into the nurse after his first treatment; the Nurse continually subjects him to shock treatments. After a few more procedures, it is evident that they are having little effect on McMurphy and he returns to the ward along with the Chief.

Soon after his return, the group decides that his escape must take place that Saturday night. The group made plans for a festive going away party at the ward on that night which would conclude with McMurphy's escape. On that night, the guard is bribed with the services of Candy (a prostitute), who manages to get him drunk and immobilized. Chaos ensues in the ward, the drug room is broken into and some men search through the nurse's files. At the end of the night, Harding comes up with a plan to point blame for the events to McMurphy and allow his escape. McMurphy however ends up sleeping through the night and never makes his escape. This seems a bit too convenient and it appears as thought he never intended to leave. He decided to put himself up on the cross for the patients of the ward, to protect them from the Nurse's retribution.

After this night, the evidence of their disobediences is discovered, Sandy is allowed to escape, but Billy Bibbit is discovered with Candy in the seclusion room still a little drunk. Nurse Ratched breaks him down back to a blithering fool again and sends him to the doctor's office. It is at this point that the final battle between the Nurse and McMurphy occurs. He again shatters the glass of the Nurse's office, but this time he does not stop there. He proceeded to attack her, eventually ripping her uniform down the front, exposing her breasts. This exposure strips all hope of her having power away. However, this act does not go without recourse, McMurphy is quickly flogged and falls unconscious.

As a Christ-like figure McMurphy's actions lead to many changes in the ward. The other patients finally had the courage to sign themselves out of the hospital, or at least of the ward. In addition, the doctors as well no longer feared her. However, McMurphy suffered for these changes, for he returned to the ward lobotomized. This left him much like the other vegetables, unresponsive, white faced and staring blankly. He chose this fate, for it was necessary to overcome the power of the nurse; to release her grasp on the patients of the ward. The Nurse left voiceless and now could not hide her womanhood; her power over the patients lost.

McMurphy, like Christ, suffered for the patients of the ward; he suffered to overcome the evil presence of Nurse Ratched. He became a martyr for the people, allowing them to regain self-confidence and sanity. McMurphy cannot be a direct comparison toe Christ because he is a man, a man who sins. McMurphy is instead a man of Christ like ideals; he sins as a man would, but suffers for the people as Christ would.

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Odin

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Odin

Odin was one of the gods of the Norse, the people of the North, today known as Scandinavians. Odin was the one-eyed Aesir god, the god of wisdom and poetry, and of war and death. He is sometimes called All-father, meaning the father of the gods. The fourth day of the week is named after Odin, Wednesday (Davidson, 168).

Odin was descended from one of the earliest Norse gods, Bor, and goddess Bestla. His brothers were Vili and Ve. Odin's Aesir wife was Frigga, and his sons were Thor, Vali, and possibly Tyr. Nevertheless, Odin had many other wives and children (Daly, 1158).

He was believed to welcome into his hall warriors who died a heroic death on the battlefield. The worshippers of Odin were the kings and princely warriors of the Migration period (third to sixth centuries A.D.) and the Viking Age, and many royal families among the Anglo-Saxons claim to be his descendants. The earliest worship of Odin is believed to go back to the Scandinavian Bronze Age, somewhere around 1600 to 450 B.C. (Davidson, 16).The belief in Norse gods, including Odin, began to wane in the ninth and tenth centuries as young Scandinavian men came under new influences from the lands they were journeying in (Davidson, 16). Likewise, Christian communities were beginning to appear in Scandinavia during this time period, having the effect of gradually wiping out the worship of Odin and other Norse gods.Order custom research paper on odin

Stories of Odin, like other Norse gods and goddesses, were recited by bards and minstrels throughout the centuries, until it was finally written in text in the thirteenth century. There are no written, primary texts, other than runic inscriptions and a book written by the Roman historian Tacitus at the end of the first century A.D., that can tell us anything more about the people who worshipped Odin or about Odin himself. (Daly, 1158). It is important to remember that the stories of Odin have survived through the work of Christian writers, and that much of the original heathen tradition was edited, misunderstood, or forgotten before the myths reached us.

People worshipped Odin through human sacrifice. This was often performed by hanging them on gallows. It was believed that Odin and his ravens would visit the victims and talk to them. As well, Scandinavians would vow to Odin that in return for victory they would sacrifice all that they won in battle. Sacrifices to Odin also took place by strangling, while at the same time the victim was stabbed with a spear (Davidson, 16). The bodies of the men and animals sacrificed were left hanging from trees. The type of sacrifice most typical to worshippers of Odin was that of men killed in battle or put to death by the victors, and the symbol for a warrior's death was the spear (Davidson, 166). Sacrifices to Odin might have included women as well as men. The wives or female slaves of high-born men in the Viking Age are represented as voluntarily giving themselves to death when their men died (Davidson, 164). Cremation was also practiced by followers of Odin (Davidson, 164).

The purpose of Odin as a god was to allow for a degree of assurance when it came to war and battle. Warriors could pray to Odin and feel that they had some control over their fate in battle. As well, Odin gave answers to phenomena like death through his wisdom. Nevertheless, it was believed that Odin would always fail his followers in the end because fate was stronger than Odin (Davidson, 1650).

Bibliography

Daly, Kathleen. Norse Mythology A to Z. New York Facts on File Limited, 11.

Davidson, H.R. Scandinavian Mythology. London Paul Hamlyn, 16.

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Breast cancer

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Progress in the treatment of breast cancer has been painfully slow. Treatment changes can occur after physicians and their patients have been convinced that a new treatment is equal or superior to another already in use. Treatment of breast cancer depends on a woman's age and health as well as the type, extent, and location of the tumor, and if the cancer has remained in the breast or has spread to other parts of the body. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation or a combination of treatments.

There are various surgical techniques that might differ in the amount of breast tissue that is removed with the tumor, such as whether it has spread away form the breast or with in it and the patients feelings towards which surgery. The surgeon normally removes some lymph nodes under the arm as part of the operation, so they can test for the presence of cancer cells. One surgical treatment includes Lumpectomy, also called breast conservation. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and the surrounding area of the normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph nodes (Andrew). The treatment aims to maintain a normal breast appearance when surgery is done; less painful and least amount of time to recover which are all positive points. After the lumpectomy, a six to eight week course of radiation therapy is used to treat the remaining breast tissue. Most women who have small, early stage breast cancer are first-rate candidates for this treatment. There are however women who are not typically eligible for a lumpectomy including those who have already had radiation therapy to the affected breast. Women who have two or more areas of cancer in the same breast that is too far apart to be removed through on incision. As well as having cancer that was not completely removed during the first surgery (Andrew). Another choice that women have with surgery is partial or segmental mastectomy. This is where the surgeon removes more breast tissue than a lumpectomy. The cancerous area and surrounding outskirts of normal tissue are removed, and radiation therapy is given after surgery for six to eight weeks. This treatment also is a less painful procedure and less costly.

Now if the cancer cells have moved to spreading through the lymph nodes, then they will be recommended to get chemotherapy. In chemotherapy, the patient takes cancer fighting medications that travel trough the body to slow the growth of cancer cells or even kill them. If no cancer cells are found in the tissue other than the breast, chemotherapy may be given in addition to surgery to reduce the risk that the cancer will come back (Spatt). It also may be used as a primary treatment for women with more advanced cases of breast cancer to reduce the size of the tumor for more convenient surgical removal. In these cases high doses of chemotherapy kill cancer cells, but also kill stem cells, blood-producing cells in the bone marrow (Spatt). Some women in sophisticated stages of breast cancer may undergo chemotherapy followed by a bone-marrow transplant to restore healthy stem cells, although it is not clear whether the method helps prolongs a woman's survival. Long term physical therapy might have to come in later after chemotherapy is done; as well as not the cheapest procedure to conduct.

Hormone therapy exploits some of the chemicals the body naturally produces. Example; some breast cancer cells thrive on the hormone estrogen, which is produced in the ovaries. Hormone therapy slows the growth of cells by preventing them form using estrogen (Grayson). One of the drugs engaged in hormone therapy is tamoxifen, which can prevent breast cancer in women who carry a mutation of the brca gene, which produces tumors that require estrogen to grow. Tamoxifen does not how ever reduce the risk in women who carry the BRCA1 gene, which produces tumors not affected by estrogen. Tamoxifen my also prevent new cancers from forming in the other breast. Tamoxifen's chemical cousin, raloxifene, has shown similar results in preliminary studies (Grayson). The most radical forms of hormone therapy are the removal of the ovaries by surgery or the virtual destruction of the ovaries by radiation treatments to prevent these organs from secreting estrogen.

While tamoxifen blocks estrogen from being used by breast cancer cells to stimulate further growth, other types of drugs under investigation reduce the amount of estrogen available in the body of postmenopausal women. As menopause the ovaries cease to produce estrogen, but estrogen production continues in other tissues, including breast tissue (Andrew). Another drug recently approved for treating breast cancer is monoclonal antibody called transuzumab, marketed under the brand name Herceptin. This drug targets cells that overproduce HER-, a protein implicated in about one-third of all breast cancer cases. Herceptin suppresses rapid tumor growth, enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy (Andrew). Women with family history of breast cancer may choose to undergo genetic testing to determine if they carry mutated forms of the BRCA1 or BRCA genes. There is no way to know for sure if a women who carries these genes will develop breast cancer, but some statistics show that about 50 to 60 percent of women with these genes will develop breast cancer by the age of 70 (Grayson). With being put through hormone therapy there are also risk factors of still getting breast cancer after being highly medicated. The medications are also something that have to be taken for long periods of time and are costly.

Radiation therapy is a form of cancer treatment that uses high levels of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them form growing and dividing back while minimizing damage to healthy cells. Radiation is delivered to the affected breast and in some cases, to them lymph nodes under the arm or at the collarbone. The therapy is usually given after a lumpectomy and sometimes after a mastectomy to reduce the risk of local recurrence of cancer in that breast (Spatt). The treatments generally start several weeks after surgery so the area has some time to heal. Once therapy treatments start, there are expected to receive small daily does of radiation over a period of several days to several weeks. Small marks resembling freckles will be tattooed on the skin along the treatment area by the radiation therapist. These marks provide a permanent outline of the treated area (Vahdat). Side affect might include skin changes; redness, swollenness, warm and sensitive, as if you had a sunburn there. These are common, but there are long term side effects such as slight darkening of the skin, enlargement of the pores on the breast, increased or decreased sensitivity of the skin, a thinking of breast tissue or skin and a change in breast size (Vahdat). Radiation is one of the most costly procedures done. Having the longest time frame for recovery and most side effects given.

Treatments of breast cancer are determined on a woman's age and health as well as the type of cancer, extent of the tumor, and location of the tumor. If the cancer has remained in the breast or has spread to other parts of the body will also be brought in to consideration. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation or a combination of treatments. These are in order of which one is less costly and less physical pain given to the most. But there is no price or level of pain a woman wouldn't go through to make sure that the disease is gone.

Work cited

Andrew, Joe. MD. Understanding breast cancer. /11/0

Grayson, Charlotte E. MD. How do you get breast cancer and what to do about it? The Cleveland Clinic. /1/0.

Spatt, Karen. Ph.D. Breast cancer. /1/0

Vahdat, Linda T. MD. Is breast cancer in your genes? New York Presbyterian Medical Center. /11/0

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