Freud: Symptom Formation, the Realm of Fixation and the Cure

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For Sigmund Freud heredity, childhood, adult experience and fantasy are all connected in the realm of fixation. The realm of fixation is that of the neurotic and either symptom formation or perversion.

Freud says that everyone is born with a sexual constitution- the amount of libido endowed upon them form their parents-this is the hereditary background upon which sexual drive in life is based. In short our sexual constitution is the amount of libido we are born with. This amount cannot be changed throughout our lifetime. It can however, get tied up along the way and become lost in the unconscious.

The sexual constitution can be looked at as the level of ability to counteract neurotic tendencies (Freud, p. 4). Therefore, sexual constitution plays a key role in the development or prevention of developing a neurotic symptom. Sexual constitution is only one of two factors affecting libido- the other being childhood experience.

Libido- sexual energy- endowed upon us at birth can become tied up throughout life. The root of the ''tie-up' takes place in childhood- the childhood experience. It is here that the key to neurosis lies. Without an event in childhood to become fixated on in the future there can be no loss of libido and therefore no neurosis. Childhood experiences come in all forms. In Freud's life for example- as a child Freud wanted to be with his mother. His father took her away from him and Freud 'hated' him for it. This led to the symptom later in life of not being able to visit his father's grave. Often the childhood experience is Oedipusian in nature. The child will feel resentment towards the parent of the same sex because they are in competition for the attention of the other parent.Custom writing service can write essays on Freud: Symptom Formation, the Realm of Fixation and the Cure

It is the amount of libido possessed by a child at birth along with an infantile experience that leads to a fixation. People will become fixated on their childhood experience. Freud defines being fixated as not [able to] manage to free themselves from it (particular portion of the past) and were for that reason alienated from the present and the future. (Freud, p. 1) Depending on their sexual constitution they may be able to function with a fixation- they still have enough libido to continue normal life. It is when libido begins to run in short supply due to a fixation onto the past that problems arise.

When libido runs in short supply in adulthood and an event occurs- an accidental adult experience- such as a parent dying frustration occurs. The example from the movie where the woman's father died is classic. She was fixated on her childhood experiences of being taken away from her father by her mother. Thus she developed a hatred for her mother. When her father died her love object disappeared. This was the frustration- she no longer had anywhere to express her libido.

With no outlet for libido one creates an outlet through fantasy. Fantasy is regression to the fixation. In the same example of the woman- she lost her father and, therefore, seeked out the love of another man- Freud. The woman had regressed to wanting to spend time with her dad- now replaced by Freud.

A fixation to the past coupled with frustration and fantasy does not automatically lead to a neurotic symptom. Our superego influences our ego to either admit that the fixated emotion exists or deny its existence. With an admission our ego id will prevail over ego and we will act out our emotion. This is considered by society to be a perversion. To express love for our own mother or father in a sexual way is perverse- even though it may bring pleasure to the person who seeks it.

If, on the other hand, our ego prevails and we deny that our fixated emotion exists it will be repressed much in the same way the wish in a dream is repressed. This is when the dream- work like stage takes place. The Neurotic symptom that results from the condensation, displacement, plastic representation and symbolism is the same as the manifest dream. Condensation is used amalgamating a lifetime of events into a scene in the mind that explains- or seems to explain the symptom- in the movie the woman thought her father went to a hospital when in fact it was a brothel.

While the manifest dream is used to express the wish- it is changed from its raw form to protect the dreamer from his thoughts to allow him to sleep (Freud, p.50)- the neurotic symptom is used to express the desire to act upon the fixation in a form that protects the person from his desire to allow him to function in society. The only problem with a neurotic symptom as a protector of peace of mind is that the symptom itself becomes the problem.

Psychoanalysis is the key to getting rid of the neurotic symptom. There are several stages to go through in psychoanalysis. First the root of the fixation must be realized. This can be a long process in which the patient must dig and try to figure out where the fixation is in their past. This is what allows the analyst to help the patient find the root of the symptom. Through becoming conscious of the fixation a patient admits that it exists and is able to free pent- up libido. In short what was previously unconscious (the fixation) must become conscious (Freud, pp. 485-486). . Then the patient must go through the transference onto the doctor- or psychoanalysis. Transference is the love or hate of the doctor that is a manifestation of their symptoms and represses libido that was previously pent up in the symptom (Freud, p. 47). Once the libido is released from the doctor the neurotic symptom is cured and the person returns to normal.

The doctor has two items to work with in curing a symptom- the patient's will to get rid of the symptom and the intelligence of the patient. Intelligence is important because the doctor will then be able to use intelligence to have the patient think through and logically solve the mystery behind the symptom formation.

Freud was a very logical manner to his lecturing. He started people with parapraxes- SLIPS- something that everyone experiences. It is easy to accept that a slip has some meaning behind it- that the mind was thinking about the slipped topic when trying to say or do something. Freud then moves on to dreams. Similar to slips in that everyone has them and easy to understand that they have meaning behind them. Connecting the day's residue was easy to explain. Next the wish, not as simple, but still easy to believe with the build- up Freud had already established.

From explaining how dreams form Freud hints at an unconscious mind as well as a conscious one. If Freud had started by telling people they had thoughts that they could not control they would have laughed him out of the auditorium.

Once the unconscious was established Freud able to explain what occurs in the unconscious. He was able to delve into theoretical explanation about how the mind works- how thoughts and experiences effect adulthood and how they can lead to neuroses.

Freud's theory of the unconscious and of symptom formation revolutionized human life. It was simply assumed- because no reason not to believe so had ever been presented- that people were masters of their own thoughts and actions. With an unconscious, however, people are simply at the whim of an unseen part of the mind that can make them say the wrong thing, or send them to the edge of insanity with ridiculous neurotic symptoms. People no longer had control. Today this is accepted as the way human nature is- that shows how profoundly Freud's theories and work were on the human species.

Freud's effects on human nature do not end there- every time someone misspeaks, or makes a slip; people connect it to being a Freudian slip. Whenever someone is in therapy on TV or in a movie- the ultimate expression of the state of society at a given moment- it is portrayed as psychoanalysis. Take The Simpsons for example- Marge had a fear of flying and went to a psychoanalysis and sat on the couch not facing the analyst and was helped along by the therapist to realize the root of her fear. She remembered her father being a pilot at first but as the analyst pressed her to dig deeper into her memory Marge realized he had in fact been a stewardess. The analyst reassured her that there were many male stewards now and that her father had been a pioneer in the male steward industry. Marge was cured and was able to fly.

Patch Adams is a similar figure to Freud in modern life. Before Freud neurotic patients were quickly diagnosed and then locked up or drugged. In modern medicine patients are quickly examined by doctors and diagnosed. They are then given medications to cure them. Freud was able to speak to patients and cure them. Patch Adams using a positive environment and lots of personal attention is able to cure many illnesses by finding the root cause rather than the medical explanation.

Through Freud's ability to explain what seemed at the time to be ridiculous ideas in a rational and scientific manner Freud was able to forever change the way people view themselves and others, and was also able to revolutionize the treatment of neurotic patients.

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HOW TO LOSE WEIGHT EFFECTIVELY

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Weight is gained when one consumes more food energy than the body can burn in their daily activities. Trying to lose this weight can sometimes prove to be a difficult task for some people. However, after achieving a desired weight, a positive attitude has to be taken to maintain such weight. Some methods of losing weight effectively are exercise, diet, and surgery.

Regular physical activity is an important part of effective weight control. It helps one to use excess calories that would otherwise be stored as fat. Weight is determined by the number of calories you eat, therefore, physical activity should be a part of one's daily routine.

Dieting is one of the most commonly used methods of losing weight. Dieting does not mean starving one's self, however, care should be taken as to the amount of calories taken and the When using dieting as a means of losing weight, one has to consume fewer calories per day than the body actually needs, without depriving himself/herself of good nutrition.

A fat burning medication is another effective way of losing weight. This is done by the intake of a drip of medication in the mouth. The medication is absorbed directly into the body through the lining of the mouth, bypassing the digestive tract.

Exercise, diet and medication have proven to be very effective weight loss methods and have been used by many obese persons in today's society. This effectiveness could only be achieved through discipline and determination.

A consumer is someone who buys or uses goods and or services. Being an informed consumer can be very advantageous. An informed consumer is a wise consumer. This consumer becomes informed about purchases, understands rights as a consumer and responsible management of finances.

An informed consumer asks questions and proceeds only when he/she is comfortable with information obtained.

Whenever one is informed, he/she can be able to compare prices in order to achieve the best products at the cheapest prices.

The consumer gathers information about the products and the merchants before purchasing in order not to be tricked by unscrupulous merchants.

Informed Consumers read and follow instructions, thus reducing or eliminating the risk of serious injury resulting from the wrong usage of products.

As a consumer, there is the responsibility to keep receipts, warranties and service contracts in case of a problem with the product purchased. There might be the need for an exchange, which would not be possible without the presentation of the proper documents.

It is advantageous to be an informed consumer. Being informed it to know your rights as a consumer and to know about products and services in order to be protected from unscrupulous merchants.

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My Love for Romeo's girl, Juliet

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I can't believe this happened in result of Tybolt's anger. That what he saw that day could have made him react so. I am lying on the ground, experiencing pain in my body that is unimaginable, the worst I have ever felt. But a sad truth that's reoccurring bitterly in my mind is that of my pain not only being physical, but in every way emotional as well. Romeo's sitting beside me, weeping and crying curses that are stinging my heart. Romeo, if only you knew, you would not be mourning me. Thinking that I have been stabbed by Tybolt by accident because you thought he was trying to kill you. If only you knew the truth.

The truth that that night at Lord Capulet's party, you were not the only one who noticed the enchanting beauty, and pureness of her. That you weren't the only one feeling your heart being stolen. I saw her too, Romeo. I watched and I was captured by her. I tried to be near her all night. Even if I didn't know her name, I just wanted to watch her. Even to just pretend I could have her. Then I lost sight of her, and my heart fell.

Little did I know who she was with, after losing where she was. I drank myself stupid. I had the tequila bottle that you had brought to the party, Romeo. The one you thought you needed to get over your love for Rosaline. Well, I downed it. Afterwards, Benvolio and I went searching for you, because we were ready for bed. We couldn't find you Romeo. I laughed with joy, thinking you had finally seduced your Rosaline. Benvolio and I went home and fell into a deep drunken slumber, both looking forward to hear you boasting news of Rosaline, and me dreaming of the one I saw that night.

I saw you next at the beach the next day, after you went and visited father Lawrence. You came over with a face of such joy I wondered if Rosaline could be that great in bed. Benvolio shouted 'there is our Romeo,' you laughed. I asked you, 'and what of Rosaline?' Your face broke into a smile, and you said, 'Rosaline, I hath forgotten there was thou.' Then you went on describing and speaking of a beautiful girl named Juliet. She was a Capulet, but you didn't care because even though she was the offspring of your father's greatest enemy, you were in love. Then I realized with a shock who you were bragging about. The one I had noticed as well.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on My Love for Romeo's girl, Juliet

You were describing the eyes I was captured by, the lips I wanted to kiss, the long, raven hair that I longed to touch. You were saying everything that I had secretly felt. As you spoke, I suddenly knew that there was an invisible barrier being drawn. A barrier that I couldn't cross. She was yours Romeo. You were the one she wanted, Romeo you had stolen her heart. You, my best friend since birth when your father adopted me, as I was a street kid living in an orphanage after my parents were murdered by Capulets Mafia, due to them being colored.

How could I even mention, that maybe I love her. One week after, I went out with Benvolio to the gunsmith. I went in and chatted to the owner while Benvolio found a gun he liked. I absent mindedly started to doodle with a pen off the desk, drawing to distract my boredness. I heard the door open and the bell ring. I turned around to see Tybolt, and his mates. Due to Tybolt and I never really having a problem with each other he went to walk past me. Then it happened. He glanced at my hand, then looked at me through eyes of such hate and anger that I felt my self start to shake.

'What is in scripted on thou hand?' Tybolt screamed at me. I nervously tried to make something up. 'What? I wrote it about thou-else.' Benvolio was on the other side of the shop. He had no idea what was going on. But I knew. Written on my hand was this 'Mercutio love's thou Juliet' Tybolt stared at me. He slowly started to walk up to me until he was so close I could smell his expensive imported after-shave. 'Why would thee Capulet ever fall in love with a colored swine?' he whispered, fuming silently so the rest of the shop would not hear his racist comment. I glanced at Benvolio who couldn't hear us. I nodded, as he tapped his gun pocket as a signal. 'Back off him! I'll fill thou with thy own led!' Benvolio cocked his gun behind Tybolt and his men. Tybolt froze in his actions, but his eyes stayed burning.

Slowly, Benvolio and I backed out of the shop. We ran to our car before Tybolt could fire at us. As we sped off, Benvolio gazed at me. 'With what evidence did thee Tybolt anger from?' I quickly lied to him, 'Capulets do not require thine evidence, only the will to feud.' We drove to the beach, then to the church where your family was supposed to be that day, Romeo. We saw you coming towards us.

I dreaded seeing you so happy, then felt guilty for feeling this. But you came over kind of disheartened because you explained how you hadn't heard from Juliet. My heart leapt at the thought of Juliet finding another love and that love being me, for I am not by blood a Montague, the sworn enemy of the Capulets.

Then a car pulled up. A Capulet car. I half expected to see Juliet come out, and I grew excited at the possibility of seeing her. But it was not the girl I longed to see. Out of the car stepped an old, fat lady, for a moment I thought it might be lady Capulet, but this woman wasn't dressed in enough riches. Then I knew who she was Juliet's nurse. She walked over and summoned for you to go over to her, Romeo. You and her went into the church and spoke. As you came back out, I saw you glowing with happiness. I realized the nurse must have bought you good news about Juliet as she walked back to her car. I started to joke with Benvolio about her. She got upset and drove off. I realized later that I must have done this so she would notice me and at least mention to Juliet about me. Even if they were bad words, at least she would know I existed.

The next time I saw you Romeo I have to admit, I questioned my loyalty. The boys and I were at the beach. We were all talking about something to do with Benvolio's new rifle, but of course I had my mind on Juliet. Then I heard a familiar sound and my whole body stiffened. The Capulet boys. Tybolt's car could be heard rumbling up the street. I glanced and saw Tybolt and his crew park their car and get out. Tybolt peered around and saw me. They all walked towards us and Benvolio whispered, 'With thy own nose I smell danger, Mercutio!'

They came right up to us and we all stood up. Tybolt stared at me, 'Thou hath been hiding from me, Mercutio?' he asked. I swallowed, as he pulled a gun from his pocket. At that moment you pulled up, Romeo. You were wearing a suit and I knew you had married her. Benvolio had told me that day, but I wouldn't believe it. Inside, I wanted to swear, scream to die. I was so jealous, I wanted to be with Juliet, and you to die. You came over, and joked and laughed with me. But I felt cold towards you.

The next series of events are a blur. Tybolt grew angry as you and I were ignoring him, he swore at me. You turned around Romeo and you offered peace! I understood that you had just married his cousin but he didn't hate you. He hated me. Tybolt of course got violent. You didn't understand why because you didn't know what Tybolt knew, Romeo. He knew that I, a black man, was in love with his cousin. The same girl you just wed. If he knew you had just married her, he would have killed you. But you were my best friend what could I say? I loved you as a brother, but I loved Juliet with every part of my being.

Then it all happened. Tybolt got me cornered and cocked his gun. I thought it was my death. But then you, you Romeo, you jumped in front of me and punched Tybolt. His anger turned from me to you. You and him fought for a long time. Then I saw you fall on the ground, Tybolt grabbed some broken glass off the ground. I could see what he was going to do. I didn't want to lose my best friend Romeo. So I ran behind you, just as Tybolt attempted to stab you.

The glass cut right through my flesh. Through my heart. I saw you look into my eyes, and you went white. You thought Tybolt had tried to kill you. But he saw me coming behind you, and took advantage of it. I staggered back, and saw Tybolt who looked as though he knew the mistake he had just made, for Romeo, you would get mad. You tried to help me Romeo, but I was resentful, I hated both of you, Tybolt and yourself. But still I knew that I was going to die, I screamed at you and Tybolt 'A plague on both your houses!' then, everything went black, as I dropped to the dust.

So here I lay, bleeding. Romeo, you are so loyal, your sitting beside me, swearing that you will get Tybolt back. Well, you do that friend, you get him for me. But if I could say something that would make this easier it would be this. You've won Romeo, and I've lost. You've won her, my Juliet! Only she's yours and always has been, look after her, make sure you treat her well, because if I can't have her you would be the only friend I would want to instead of me. And maybe I'll see you both someday in another life. Where things are different.

Someone told me something once that I am remembering now that I am dying. And it was 'Some say a life without love or friends is not a life at all. But, to love and lose a friend because of this love is not worth living for.' I am realizing this is right, because Juliet never loved me, but Romeo is here by my side. My body is going numb, and Romeo, your face is going hazy. I think this is it. Goodbye my friend Romeo, and Juliet, how I love thee.

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Globalization

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As we move into the globalization era, it is almost impossible for existing companies to do things the old and traditional way. They need to adapt themselves to integrate into the global society and fully participate in it. To do this successfully, organizations need to have a deeper understanding of themselves, customers, markets and the cultures of the world. It is with all these new knowledge can organizations survive well in today's world. One must also note that they may be inter-related and not independent of one another.

Firstly, in order to live harmoniously and work effectively in the international community, business people from organizations also need to be able to adapt to new cultural environments, develop cross cultural awareness and develop the ability to communicate across cultures. For business groups developing their enterprises in the global arena, they cannot call themselves global companies without truly understanding the diverse cultures and social norms of the countries and regions they operate in. They must first respect this global diversity and then strive to attain deep understanding of it that will allow them to create new values which are appropriate for customers and users worldwide. We can see the importance of having cross-cultural acumen in today's society from the fact that intercultural training is in vogue at the moment.

In Singapore, for instance, many companies (especially multinational companies) organize courses and workshops on for their employees to let them understand more about different cultures of the world, particularly those of their customers or suppliers. And this is for a good reason often, intercultural skills are equally, or even more important than language skills. It certainly pays to understand the culture, the little jokes, the handshakes and the kisses of colleages or suppliers abroad. Organizations should be provided with the key knowledge of the communities and cultures of particular countries in order to dispel fear and misunderstandings. Besides this, they should also explore the importance of understanding the corporate cultures of the area in order to improve relations and be more effective in business.

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How a key scene (Act 1) from the play might be stagedand explaining the role of a chosen character (Birling) in the part of the play.

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Assignment

How a key scene (Act 1) from the play might be staged

and explaining the role of a chosen character (Birling) in the part of the play.

As the curtains are drawn, the audience should immediately be able to see that the house belongs to a prosperous family. The furniture in the room would show this. It should be large, solid furniture of the time, as Priestley described it, substantial and comfortable looking however not welcoming and homelike. It should be more like a show room, a chance for the family to show their wealth with many ornaments and precious antiques on display. The dinning table should be in the centre of the stage so to dominate the room, as this is were the characters will be. The table should also be at an angle so as the characters are seated their back would not face the audience. I imagine the seating plan to be as follows; Birling would at the head of the table, Gerald would be on his right and Eric would be on his left. Custom Essays on How a key scene (Act 1) from the play might be stagedand explaining the role of a chosen character (Birling) in the part of the play.

Before the inspector enters the room, the lighting should convey a warm and intimate atmosphere in the room, as it is a special family occasion, Priestley suggests pink light. On arrival of the inspector, there should be a fairly strong spotlight on him to create a feeling of superiority. Once the inspector has sat down the intimate lighting should fade away and become stronger since Edna had been instructed by Birling to give them more light. Also it would help create an instant change in the atmosphere from being "pink" to it being white, cold and harsh.

Once the inspector arrives he would take his place directly on the left of Birling, as Eric would move down one chair away from his father. Edna should enter from the right side of the stage, then curtsy to show her respect. When she comes in with the inspector he should be hidden behind her, as she moves away to presents him, is the point in which the spotlight should be shone on him. Before the inspector arrives-as Birling is giving Gerald and Eric his speech- Eric should be sitting looking fed up and uninterested while Gerald would be sitting up straight and attentive. As the doorbell rings (a strong, loud doorbell like sound would need to be used to show the importance of cutting off Birlings speech at the particular point) and stops Birling from continuing Eric should jump up with excitement to say his line as a sign of relief.

All the characters should be smartly dressed, in order to show what social class they belong to. Edna should be wearing an apron etc. as a maid of the time would.

I chose to do this particular scene, as it is when the inspector is firstly introduced to the audience. This makes it interesting as one can see the initial reactions of main characters like Birling to him. I think this is important as it tells us many things about the person's character. It also gives the audience hints as to how the play may develop. For example, it already begins to show us that no-one recognised the inspector despite Birlings links with the Brumly police which does not seem significant now but is later on in the play. It Also begins to suggest to us the problems that Birling might encounter with the inspector due to him not showing Birling the respect he wants/is used to. This is also an interesting scene as Edna is a part of it, it is the only time where we can see how Birling treats the lower class, helping the audience to understand his character even more.

Throughout the play Birling is shown as an almost emotionless character whose main concern is to achieve "lower costs and higher prices," regardless of the hurt it might cause anyone around him. He thinks that "a man has to make his way has to look after himself" as he has done. The pompous, oppressive and inflexible character of Birling are stereotypical characteristics of "a hard-headed man of business," of the time trying to work his way up the social hierarchy. To show his over confidence and pompousness on stage, while he is saying his speech he must be standing up with his head held high to show authority and importance. The way he sees the engagement of his daughter Sheila to Gerald Croft as an opportunity to unit the families and in business so they are "no longer competing but working together," shows us his main concerns and his way of thinking. This is shocking, especially to a modern audience, which is what makes Birlings character interesting to study. The arrogant and immoral personality of Birling also shows us Priestley's views of that social class of the time and of capitalism in general. Birlings disrespect for the lower class is demonstrated in this scene, as he does not give Edna the chance to give him a message (about the arrival of the inspector) without him constantly interrupting her, to keep her in her place and show his supremacy. Birling beginning his sentence almost before she has finished saying her last words would show this on stage.

In a previous scene of the play Priestley has used hindsight to show the audience that Birlings confidence is meaningless and his views are incorrect. For example when he talks about there being no war and all the "silly little war scares" showing that he is not a character to be taken seriously and almost ridiculing that class of men. I think Priestley has done this to confirm his views on capitalism.

Once the inspector has entered the room. All the attention on Birling transfers to the inspector. The language used by the inspector is very short, simple and to the point. It is almost as if he is implying that there is no need for him to explain himself, as he is something greater than the other characters.

I would imagine him to say his lines in a very cold and unfriendly tone of voice. This also helps create an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness around the inspector. Birling is obviously irritated by this therefore he attempts to put the inspector back in his place. He does this by flaunting to him about being an alderman and a Lord Mayor for two years to inform the inspector about his social position (if he was unaware) and to try to alleviate the situation and make it less serious and professional. Birling also repeatedly says its "trouble with a warrant," this gives Priestley another chance to show the audience that Birlings ideas are incorrect and as his role in the play represents a whole class of people it again shows us Priestley's ideas of that class. Birlings insensitivity and the way he sees the lower working as inferior to him, is shown when his response to death of Eva Smith is self-possessed. However, I also think that Birling also becomes begins to feel uneasy and anxious. "I don't understand why you should come her inspector, "I think this is trying to hide those feelings. To show this on stage he should say these lines in a concerned way, not in his usual confident tone.

Although most people's views of men from Birlings social class is the same as Priestleys, some people might see Birlings character as offensive, and the way Priestley seems to represent an entire class my one man, as very narrow minded and too general. Especially as there is proof of not all employers of the time being as ruthless as Birling.

On the other hand, Priestly could be using Birling simply for anyone who is pompous, over confidant and unrelenting as Birling regardless of class or at what point in time. I think he could be trying to show that these are terrible characteristics to have. He is proving that people should not think that they can live life not caring about other people around them and always doing what they wish to do, as the tables will someday turn and all the thoughtless actions that the person has committed will come back to haunt them.

Birling is also a character in the play for contrast, and to create variation keeping the play interesting. For example, him and Sheila (by the end of the play) become two completely opposite characters in every way. As well, shows how different people react to the same situation in a completely different way, it also proves that some people of that class were not all like Birling. Furthermore, it was not just the women as Eric reacts similarly, but in contrast to Sheila there is Mrs. Birling. As we can see priestly has chosen to represent the younger generation as more humane, sensitive and open minded, he could have done his to try and show the audience that the future should not be like past and we should all try to change our faults. Everyone does mistakes, but you must learn from them. He could also be using them to represent all the new ideas being explored by the people in the time when priestly wrote the play for example everyone is equal and should be treated equally not by class, but based on basic human rights.

Please note that this sample paper on How a key scene (Act 1) from the play might be stagedand explaining the role of a chosen character (Birling) in the part of the play. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How a key scene (Act 1) from the play might be stagedand explaining the role of a chosen character (Birling) in the part of the play., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on How a key scene (Act 1) from the play might be stagedand explaining the role of a chosen character (Birling) in the part of the play. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mother with small children should not work

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In my native country, Vietnam, most wives or mothers with small children stay home. Fathers always have to work and find money to support their wife and children. In America today, I believed that about 0% of mothers are working. They find a babysitter to baby-sit their children. However, I believe that mothers should not work when they have small children based on three reasons health, behavior and knowledge.

The reason that mothers should not work is because of their children's health. Mothers can cook the right foods that have more proteins to make the kids healthy. Baby-sitters sometimes don't care because a lot of babysitters are young, they don't have any experience. When mothers stay home, they make their children eat and sleep on time. In that way, children get used to it, which is good for them later on. At the childcare places, small children will get sick easily from other kids. Mothers who stay home with their children provide a safer environment for the kids.

Moreover, the behavior of small children is really important. Stubborn kids won't listen to their babysitters, and probably they don't understand those kids, so, they just ignore them. But when kids are with their mother, they probably listen to their mother. There are a lot of bad things going on in the world and on television. Babysitters cannot control kids better than their mother. Sometimes, babysitters just let the kids do whatever they want, so they might watch adult movies. Things seem small, but that will influence small children's lives later on. Small children learn really quickly. So if mothers want their children to be in good shape, they have to have to stay home to teach their children in a good way, their own way.

Finally, knowledge for small children is also important. Mothers can buy some book that have pictures in it and read out loud for kids to listen to. They can teach them what's good, what's bad, and especially how to deal with life when they grown up. Mother can make them study and do homework if they have school. Babysitter can't tell them to do school stuff because most kids just listen to their mother. Mothers can make the relationship between them and their children are closer; and who knows? That might make their life brighter and happier.

Cheap Custom Essays on Mother with small children should not work

In general, mothers with small children should stay home to take care of their family. They can cook and watch out for their kids. Also, they can teach them to have a strong base and be in a better shape in life, especially their health, behavior and knowledge.

Please note that this sample paper on Mother with small children should not work is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Mother with small children should not work, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Mother with small children should not work will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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BIOLOGY

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Investigation - Resistance of a Wire

Aim The resistance of a wire depends on certain factors. Investigate the effect of two of these factors

Planning Write your BIOLOGY research paper

Some variables that will be relevant to this investigation are

Length

Thickness

Temperature

Voltage

Resistance

Material

Of these the variables will be input and output voltages in experiment one, and length and resistance in experiment two. The other variables (temperature, material and voltage) will have to be kept constant in both experiments to make sure that only length, thickness and resistance are investigated. In experiment 1 the same bit of wire and the same thickness need to be kept constant. In experiment , the length will need to be kept constant to make sure only the variables indicated are investigated to ensure a fair test.

Metals conduct electricity because the atoms in them do not hold on to their electrons very well, and so creating free electrons, carrying a negative charge to jump along the line of atoms in a wire. Resistance is caused when these electrons flowing towards the positive terminal have to 'jumps' atoms. So if we double the length of a wire, the number of atoms in the wire doubles, so the number of jumps double, so twice the amount of energy is required There are twice as many jumps if the wire is twice as long.

The thinner the wire is the less channels of electrons in the wire for current to flow, so the energy is not spread out as much, so the resistance will be higher We see that if the area of the wire doubles, so does the number of possible routes for the current to flow down, therefore the energy is twice as spread out, so resistance might halve,

i.e. Resistance= 1/Area.

This can be explained using the formula

R = V/I

where there is X the current, and the voltage is the same, therefore R will halve. I did some research and in a book called 'Ordinary Level Physics' By A. F. Abbott, it says 'that doubling the area will therefore halve the resistance'- in other words the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its area, or R ? 1/A , but we are measuring diameter, so if the area is ?r = ?(d?) A= ?d ? 4 Where A is area and d is diameter.

Method

Experiment One - First a length of wire over a metre long is sellotaped to a metre rule. The positive crocodile clip is attached at 0cm. And the negative is moved up and down the wire, stopping at 0, 40, 60, 80 and 100cm. Each time reading the ammeter and voltmeter to work out resistance R = V/I. This is using 0 SWG wire. Other variables, voltage, thickness, and temperature will be kept constant, although the temperature will rise once current is passing through it, which will cause the atoms in the wire to vibrate, and so obstruct the flow of electrons, so the resistance will increase, creating an error. In both experiments constantan wire is used because it does not heat up as much as copper, so the resistance is not effected as much.

Experiment Two - The circuit isset up is the same, as is the method apart from the length is constant at 50cm, and the thickness is changed between 8, 0, , 4, 6, 8 and 40 swg. For both experiments the voltage will be kept the same at V dc from a power pack. Both experiments will be done twice with different ammeters in case of any damaged or old equipment to gain more accurate results.

Results

Experiment 1

Length (cm)

V1 (volts)

V (volts)

A1 (amps)

A (amps)

Average resistance (Ohms)

100

1.00

1.00

0.0

0.0

5.00

80

1.00

1.00

0.0

0.8

4.00

60

0.0

0.0

0.40

0.0

.80

40

0.0

0.85

0.50

0.40

1.4

0

0.70

0.80

0.80

0.75

0.4

Experiment

Thickness (mm)

Area (mm)

V1 (volts)

V (volts)

A1 (amps)

A (amps)

Resistance

8

0.6

0.107

0.8

0.8

0.61

0.5

1.

0.

0.066

0.

0.

0.4

0.51

1.8

0.

0.5

0.04

0.

0.

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.18

0.05

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.16

0.00

1.0

1.0

0.16

0.17

0.61

0.8

0.1

0.011

1.1

1.1

0.0

1.00

0.0

1.00

11.6

40

0.05

0.000

1.

Evaluation

Evaluation Experiment one This experiment was quite accurate, as when it is compared to the manufactures line which is on the same graph, we can see that this line is at most only 0.4? different form the manufactures line. This is a percentage difference of approximately 8%, using the formula Difference ? original X 100 This shows that the results were good, as 8% is a very small margin of error. The error bars on the graph show that the most inaccurate result was the 60cm result. This could be down to an error in the measurement of the wire or a temperature rise. The two results for 100cm are exactly the same, and it is near to the manufacture's line, so this is the most accurate point.

The other three readings have almost the same inaccuracy, an average of 10%, which again, is fairly accurate. The inaccuracy could have been because of the wire coming from a different manufacturer to the predicted results, as there is some discrepancy between the amount of copper and nickel in different brand's wire. The ammeters and voltmeters could have been damaged and reading falsely on both the meters used.

Measuring the lengths of the wire is also a inaccuracy as the rulers used are not exact, and it is difficult to get an accurate reading of length by eye, as the wire might not be completely straight, it may be of different thicknesses throughout the length. These would have contributed as well to the error. These results would be difficult to improve on as they are reasonably accurate, and there were no anomalous results. But if I were to do this experiment again, I would use newer, more accurate ammeters and voltmeters, a more accurate method of measurement, and take a much wider range of readings, and more readings so that a more accurate average can be taken.

I would also investigate other factors, such as temperature, voltage and current, and see how these effect the resistance. I would also do the experiments under different conditions such as temperature and pressure to see if it makes any difference to resistance. As these results had a range of only 5 readings, from 0-100cm, and were only repeated twice, and that the results are not 100%, accurate due to the errors discussed earlier, then I would say that these results are not strong enough to base a firm conclusion on because there are so many sources of error, which are explained earlier.

Experiment two - These results were not as accurate as experiment one. I had predicted that the resistance should halve as area doubles, which it does, however not to the predicted curve. When the resistance is 4ohms, the % inaccuracy is 6%, and when the resistance is 6 ohms, the inaccuracy is 8%. These inaccuracies are fairly large. The error bars, however, are too small to be drawn accurately on the graph. They are at most % inaccurate, using the same formula as before. This suggests that the inaccuracies were not experimental, but permanent errors due to problems with the measuring equipment.

These results were this inaccurate as the tool used for measuring the diameter of the wire were very inaccurate due to a zero error on the screw reading, i.e. the mark given for zero mm was not the real mark, hence throwing all the results off by the same amount. The ammeters and voltmeters could have been damaged and reading falsely on both the meters used. Measuring the lengths of the wire is also a inaccuracy as the rulers used are not exact, and it is difficult to get an accurate reading of length by eye, as the wire might not be completely straight, it may be of different thicknesses throughout the length. These would have contributed as well to the error.

There was one slightly anomalous result, at 0.5mm. This could have been due to a unique error in the measuring and or reading of the meters, or a temperature change. These results could be done better. If I were to do this experiment again, I would use newer, more accurate ammeters and voltmeters, a more accurate method of measurement, and take a much wider range of readings, and more readings so that a more accurate average can be taken. I would also investigate other factors, such as temperature, voltage and current, and see how these effect the resistance. I would also do the experiments under different conditions such as temperature and pressure to see if it makes any difference to resistance.

As these results had a range of only 7 readings, from 0.1mm, and were only repeated twice, and that the results are not 100% accurate, due to the errors discussed earlier, then I would say that these results are not strong enough to base a firm conclusion on because there are so many sources of error, which have been explained earlier.

Analysis

The graph of experiment 1 is a straight line through the origin, which means R is directly proportional to L. This means that if the length is 40cm, and resistance is ?, then if length is doubled to 80cm, resistance also doubles to 4.

This is because of the scientific idea, stated in the planning that if you double length, you double the number of atoms in it, so doubling the number of electron 'jumps', which causes resistance The results support my predictions well, the results turned out the way I had expected, they match the predicted line well. I had predicted a straight line through the origin, which means R is directly proportional to L.

The graph of experiment is an inversely proportional curve. This is because R is directly proportional 1/A, this means when A doubles, R halves. for example when the Area is 0.05mm the resistance is 4.8. When A doubles to 0.05, R halves to .4?. When A doubles again, R halves again to 1.. This is because, as stated earlier We see that if the area of the wire doubles, so does the number of possible routes for the current to flow down, therefore the energy is twice as spread out, so resistance might halve, i.e. Resistance is directly proportional 1/Area.

This can be explained using the formula R = V/I, where there is X the current, and the voltage is the same, therefore R will halve.

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