Different Animation Styles

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TRADITIONAL CEL ANIMATION

By far the most widely recognised and most popular of the five different animation styles portrayed here, Cel animation has developed and advanced technologically over several decades of films. When the first ever full- length feature film animation (Snow White and the Seven Dwarves) was produced, the animation process was different to today slightly as the frames of the animation were traced onto individual transparent plastic cels to be overlayed onto a backdrop (usually hand painted), then photographed by a camera positioned directly above the backdrop. Nowadays most full- length feature films are produced more on the computer, where the cels and the backgrounds of the older days of animation have been replaced by layers of drawing on the computer screen. However, the premise is much the same as the animator still has to painstakingly draw each frame of animation individually. The computer is used at this stage just to reduce the time on the more laborious tasks of the process (like colouring in each frame of animation), although it has become a growing trend to mix computer special effects into the drawn animations.

Fantasia 000

By Disney

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Released January 000

Fantasia 000, an update to the original Disney film released in 140 and took 11 years to make, is in premise a simple film. It is a collection of short animated segments used to flair the imagination of an accompanying piece of classical music (from such composers as Igor Stravinsky and Beethoven). But although in writing it sounds a boring film it is not. In most places it is an absolutely beautiful piece of animation, and each and every segment has a slightly different style of animation to the last - although, primarily, they are all cel animated segments (although some segments like "Pines of Rome" and "Piano Concerto No. , Allegro, Opus 10" have large amounts of computer generated segments). By far the most exquisitely detailed and dramatic piece is the grand finale, "Firebird Suite - 11 Version", which tells the tale of life, death and reincarnation, which was enough justification for me to purchase a copy of this film.

D COMPUTER GENERATED ANIMATION

Recently picked up within the last 5 or so years following the release of Toy Story, D computer generated animation has rapidly grown in popularity and is now no longer considered an extremely unique 'experiment' in animation, but rather a respectable type of animation. As the name suggests, this type of animation is produced with means of a computer with D rendering software (like Alias|Wavefront) and outputted onto film (although recent years Disney have released DVD versions of computer generated films straight from the computer, skipping the process to film). A lot of texture work, scene planning and so forth takes place on paper before the jump to computer, though.

Toy Story

By Disney/Pixar

Released February 000

Toy Story (the sequel to Toy Story, no less) tells the story of a collection of toys in a little boy's bedroom that spring to life and move about whenever there appears to be no humans watching. In this second film, one of the main toys 'Woody' (a cowboy doll voiced by Tom Hanks) is taken by a toy collector as a means to finish his rare toy collection to sell to Japan. Some of the other toys go off to try and rescue him and bring him back. This film improves technologically on the original film in a number of minor and major areas, most noticeable being the models used for the humans in the film - now they move, talk and generally animate much more fluently and 'free-er' than the original film, which got complaints about that particular aspect. This film was extremely successful on cinema release because of not only the seemingly lifelike style of the film's graphics, but also the wonderfully witty, good natured and enjoyable story and characters too.

'CLAY MODELLING' ANIMATION

Before the advance of D Computer generating, this was the popular way to create dimensional animated films/shorts. The 'clay modelling' implies the most popular material used to create these animated films (which is called 'plastecine' here). A model scene is created using other material (usually a wooden/metallic structure, although it could be made of anything) and the clay models are moved about and interact with this scene - a camera is set up to view the scene and takes a snapshot of the scene, making up one frame. Then the animator moves the clay model a little bit more (sometimes a minute segment) and takes another snapshot of the scene. This process is repeated over several hours, days or even months of work. Needless to say, clay modelling animation is a very painstaking process. It is still in use today even with the advance of D computer generated films, because many prefer the more realistic nature of clay modelling animation.

Chicken Run

By Aardman Animations

Released ?

Chicken Run, produced and animated by respected clay animator Nick Park, is about the story of a chicken coup owned by a greedy couple, who decide one day that the chickens - who have for several years done nothing but lay eggs - would be more profitable butchered up and made into delicious pies. The chickens, meanwhile, have for many years tried various attempts at escaping the confines of the chicken coup and roam around the free landscape in the distance. Their hopes are raised when Rocky the rooster (voiced by Mel Gibson) crash lands in the coup after seemingly flying in. Nick Park and Aardman Animations are world renowned for their short animated pieces 'Wallace and Gromit', and their experience with clay animation is visible throughout the entire film - even with the size of the set pieces they had to work with, there is great attention to detail which can be seen all over the set pieces in the film. The film's storyline is also enjoyable and the characters likeable.

MANGA ANIMATION

This type of animation is more of a style than a completely different animation process, but I felt it was appropriate to mention it purely because of its very unique and instantly recognisable style. Manga - or 'Anime' as it is sometimes known - originates from Japan, and has been around for about 5 decades (although the actual style of art it deviates from has been around for hundreds of years). The most obvious aspect of Manga animation is almost always in the much mocked style in which the people are drawn in the animated pieces - they usually have large eyes and comparatively tiny noses or mouths, and may feature other out- of- proportion body parts like long legs. An aspect that is often overlooked from this style of animation is the extroadinary amount of detail that appears in certain animated pieces - although a lot of animation in Manga is minimal due to ease, there are some that feature very smoothly animated pieces considering the amount of detail they house.

Shadow Skill

By ?

Released June 17

Shadow Skill (rated 15) is about a 14 year old boy and his sister who are fluent in the art of 'Shadow Skill' - a type of martial art fighting that is shrouded very much in mystery, but proves to be extremely deadly. From the advise of their mother and following the near death of the young girl, they set off to a distant town to train their skills better - and, naturally, meet up with some do- good action along the way.

The problem with Manga films of this calibre is that they are always a low key affair, so it is hard to tell if this film was popular or not, largely because they are released straight to video/DVD and never get an airing in the cinema (with exception to the recent children's Manga cartoons like Pok�mon/Digimon). Indeed, the first time I ever saw this film was on very late at night. But I feel that this film deserves some respect because of the fluid use of animation in most areas (especially with extreme detail).

FLASH ANIMATION

This is a very experimental type of animation (so experimental that its appearance on this list of animation types is justifiably questionable) since it has only been picked up a couple of years ago. The name deviates from the lone program which is used to create animation of this type - Macromedia Flash. It is usually produced with a similar vein to cel animation, but restrictions are often made to ensure optimal playback over the Internet and through the user's computer modem. It is entirely dependant on the computer (needing it to both create the animation and to view it) and is mostly exclusive to the Internet. Although no 'full length feature' Flash animations exist as of yet, there are hundreds of websites devoted to short animated episodes, which are usually strung together as a series of films. There is an extremely fast growing amount of talented work appearing in this area of animation, with some animated Flash films being of surprisingly high quality.

Nipple Man and Teat Mutt

By www.campchaos.com

Released April 001

Nipple Man and Teat Mutt is a parody of sorts of the several types of superheros which exist in comics or cartoons today (it starts off with some very clever image spoofs incorporating the styles used to portray superheros like Batman and Superman in early days). Therefore it contains a rather unimportant plot involving the president of the United States being kidnapped by an evil supervillain, and replaced with a clone. Another positive aspect of producing Flash animated films is the complete and utter lack of parental or content restriction, which has appealed to many people (this film is one of the less offensive ones that exist today). I chose to highlight this piece in particular because of the extremely good manipulation of the limits this type of animation has, therefore almost discarding them and providing a decent quality in animation. It shows just how much the quality of Flash Animation has advanced in such little time, and that the future for this may possibly - but not, in any way, certifiably - increase to become a professional and recognised type of animation.

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Western History Comparison

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A Comparison Between The American West A new interpretive history and The Legacy of Conquest The unbroken past of the American West

In comparing Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faracher's book The American West and Patricia Nelson Limerick's book The Legacy of Conquest, it is apparent that the extent of their similarities basically end at their topic of discussion. Both books write about the history of the American West; however, each book has a totally different goal and focus than the other. The American West presents Fredrick Jackson Turner's viewpoint on the development of western society and the idea that the Wild West was conquered so society could prevail in the West. It describes the development of America being forged out of the western frontier and it chronicles the struggles of those people involved in western development. The book's purpose is to tell a comprehensive story of the development of the American West. The Legacy of Conquest, on the other hand, tends to focus on destroying the typical thoughts about development of the West. Limerick does little to present the whole history on the settlement and development of the west. Instead, she focuses on the stories that are not often told such as the plight of the minorities, the governments attempt to manage the lands of the West, and the feelings westerners have and had toward the federal Government. She uses these stories to present an argument against the common perception that the West was conquered in a violent, yet romantic series of events.

The American West clearly follows Turner's theory of how the American West developed. The book begins by revealing the wild uncivilized society that existed in the west during the California Gold Rush and illustrates the gradual development of the western society into a national power. One example the book uses to show us this lawless uncouth society during the early development of society in the West is when the miners ruled western development. The book points out such instances as when California miners in the 1850's held meetings that were designed to serve justice, but "were quick to resort to lynchings and vigilante action, without the approval of courts and the legal system" (67). The book also tells of the terrible physical and moral conditions that existed in California towns and mining camps. One miner, whose story is told in the book, described the women in mining towns saying "there are a great many in all the mining towns who wear the form of a woman, but oh so fallen and vile, a living, burning shame to the sex they have so disgraced" (6). These examples of early western society are used to show the progression that the West is going to make in time. It is illustrating Turner's idea about how western society uniquely developed out of the frontier and how society advances in stages.

Turner said that civilization moves in a certain pattern with the trappers first coming followed by miners, farmers, and then towns of civilized people. The book quickly moves away from examples of uncivilized society where miners and farmers were forced to live to the telling of the "technological triumph of a transcontinental railroad" (0). With the completion of the transcontinental railroad, people moved into the west at a much greater pace and "every station upon the railway had become a nucleus for a civilized settlement" (5). The book again follows Turner's view of western history. Hine and Faracher make the case that the railroad helped enable society in the West to flourish and expand because the new wave of settlers was able to move to the West and maintain in reasonable touch with the East. The book, although briefly, touches on the harm these Railroad companies inflicted on the people in the West. It presents the information with the same bravado and excitement that Turner's ideas on western development tend to be portrayed. There is always an undertone of conquest in Turner's theory and the book maintains this same tone when talking about the impact the railroads had on the region. In reading about this impact, a feeling of conquest emanates from the text. One gets the feeling that American ingenuity conquered over Mother Nature to help further advance society. Order custom research paper on Western History Comparison

Turner's last idea that is presented in Hine and Faracher's novel is the idea that if it is easy for people to become land owners it is thus easy to establish and maintain a democracy in America. The American West details the free land opportunities in the West by calling it the safety valve. These free land opportunities are describe as the safety valve because the book presents the idea that in order for Americans to continue prospering and maintaining democracy, people needed to be able to work their own land. The industrial revolution threatened upward mobility for an individual and threatened ones democratic values (0-60).

In presenting Turner's theory on the development of western society Hine and Faracher also present the popular idea that the West was conquered so civilization could thrive. The book has this theme spread throughout the text; however, it is clearly displayed for us when the Chapter Open Range is discussed. This chapter brings to light the near extinction of the buffalo. Although the dramatic decrease in the buffalo's numbers occurred due to several different reasons, one reason is set aside when the book is talking about the transition from buffalo grazing on the Great Plains to cattle grazing on the plains. "(That) was one of the most rapid episodes of frontier advance in the Euroamerican occupation of the continent" (0) says Hine and Faracher. This statement makes the disappearance of the buffalo seem like the buffalo were killed off in order for White settlers and Cattlemen to conquer and rule the Great Plains. With the buffalo gone the Plains Indians lost their major source of food and therefore would need to move on to reservations. Thus, the theme of American conquest plays a huge part in the development of the West.

Before turning to Limericks novel for review, it must be understood that The American West is a novel whose purpose is achieved and not hurt by its influence of Fredrick Jackson Turner's theories. The authors are still able to present a well rounded view of western history and are successful in presenting the problems minorities incurred during westward development.

The Legacy of Conquest is a unique novel to say the least. Patricia Nelson Limerick presents views of western history not often offered by historians. In one of her most interesting examples she discusses the government's early attempts at resource management and its Chief Forester, Gifford Pinchot. Generally when people speak of Pinchot and his Department of Forestry their efforts to preserve and manage our natural resources are applauded. Pinchot and his department tend to be looked at as true innovators and among the first environmentalists. However, Limerick writes that this sentiment and view point is actually flawed and that the national forests would have been better off without government regulation. She tells of the clear cutting that Pinchot and the Department of Forestry allowed, which were not for the benefit of the forests or preservation, but for economic gains. Here, Limerick tells of what one assistant in the Department of Forestry said when asked about the clear cutting of forests "From an economic standpoint these trees are doing nothing but standing there rotting, we could get more value by cutting them down and growing a new crop" (0). In writing this passage, Limmerick destroys our perception that the Department of Forestry was established to preserve forests and shocks her readers when she reveals the motivation of the government.

Another common misperception about the West is that the 0th century brought peace and tranquility to the region. Limerick takes this perception and says that "this conventional image was reassuring, progressive-and inaccurate" (6). She goes about destroying this perception by telling about the horrible race relations people in the West encountered and why they were encountered. It is well documented that the West was associated with opportunity and Limerick makes the case that when people were unable to find success they wanted someone to blame when they did not succeed. She tells of the desire to restrict Chinese laborers migrating to California with the Chinese Exclusion Act. She moves further into the 0th century and tells of the problems Japanese people encountered during WWII with their forced internment. She lets these examples show that the West was anything but peaceful and writes that the system that united Western history was the struggle between the minority and majority for "control of land, for labor applied to the land, and for the resulting profit" ().

The purpose of The Legacy of Conquest was to be the antithesis of modern perception about the west. Basically, Limerick presents the idea that the West is still evolving and the region should, perhaps, not be viewed in the romantic fashion popular culture sees it.

In looking at the focus of The Legacy of Conquest and The American West, we can note the drastic differences. Hine and Faracher set out to write a novel which detailed the vast and expansive development of the West; however, in doing this they were unable to incorporate many of the feelings minorities and westerners harbored for each other, the government, and big business. On the other hand, Limerick set out to present these feelings to further her focus of dispelling the romantic notions people had about western development. Both novels accomplished their goals and made efforts to present the facts about western development. Overall, both books aided in my understanding of Western attitudes and development. Combined they are a perfect match to tell the comprehensive history of the West.

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Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi

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Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi was born some time around the year 780 A.D. in Khwarism which is now Khiva, Uzbekistan, the exact date of his birth is unknown.

He began working with his colleagues at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad where they translated Greek manuscripts. They also studied Algebra, Geometry, and Astronomy. Since their country was run by a strict dictatorship, al-Khwarizmi devoted two of his works to the Caliph, which was what the emperor was called. The two works were descriptions on algebra and astronomy, and were called treatises.

The treatise on algebra was considered far most famous, and was called Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala. The title of the treatise actually gives the name algebra, and was probably the first book to be written algebra. In his book he wrote out ways to solve different types of problems that the Islam people had to solve on an every day basis. Such as measuring out a plot of land and digging canals. Each chapter of the treatise was devoted to reducing a quadratic or linear equation into one of six forms. These forms are squares are equal to roots, squares are equal to numbers, roots are equal to numbers, squares and roots are equal to numbers, squares and numbers are equal to roots, and roots and numbers are equal to squares. To continue solving the problems he then used the systems of al-jabr, meaning completion, and al-muqabala meaning balance. Using his knowledge of algebra with the Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala he then mixed these them with arithmetic to solve a problem like, (a+bx)(c+dx).

Al-Khwarizmi goes farther into his system to find the areas of circles and the volume of spheres, cones, and pyramids. He also wrote another treatise that was named Algoritmi de numero Indorum in which the word algorithm comes from. The new treatise was based on Hindu-Arabic numerals. The Arabic version was lost somehow, but they still have a Latin translation, although the Latin translation is not a precise translation from Al-Khwarizmi's original version. The treatise used the Hindu place-value system and included the Arabic numerals 1, , , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, , and 0. This was the first time that 0 was used as a place value.Buy Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi term paper

Al-Khwarizmi also wrote treatise on astrology, which was basically a calendar that calculated the precise location of the sun, moon, and planets, calculations of eclipses and many more astrological calculations. This was called the Sindhind zij.

Al-Khwarizmi did many more works in his career. Most people consider Al-Khwarizmi's algebraic works the, "cornerstone" of the sciences. He created the oldest works on algebra and arithmetic, and set the pace for many more mathematical discoveries for years to come.

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Essential Liberties

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According to Thomas Jefferson, "Anyone who would sacrifice an essential liberty for temporary safety deserves neither liberty nor safety. "Having essential liberties is more important than being safe. Being safe is a good thing; liberty is a better thing. It seems reasonable that people strive for safety. Governments are established to provide safety to their citizens. But governments must also recognize essential liberties. If they do not, the people should sacrifice safety to preserve those liberties. In 184 by George Orwell and "The Truman Show" starring Jim Carey, two characters must make choices between liberty and safety. Specifically Winston Smith and Truman Burbanks both choose to sacrifice personal safety in order to fight for essential liberties.

Winston Smith clearly chooses to sacrifice his personal safety in order to preserve his essential liberties on several occasions. Specifically, he writes in his journal. It was over. From that time he knew he was in for it he knew they would catch him sooner or later. Also, he commits thoughtcrime, has unorthodox relationships with Julia, and rents an apartment to try and hide his actions from the government. Big Brother and the thought police search for people who break crimes. Winston was caught. The result of this is that Winston got taken to prison for choosing liberty over safety.

Truman Burbanks chooses to sacrifice his personal safety in order to pursue his essential liberties. For example, when trying to run away from his life, he constantly meets struggles. Truman is horrified of water; he still crosses the bridge while driving. Also, he drives through a wall of fire and when he reaches a nuclear breakdown Truman keeps running until caught. Kristof sacrifice Truman's essential liberties for Truman's personal safety while Truman does the opposite. The importance of this is that Truman knew that he could get free and he went for the chance, sacrificing his safety.

Both Winston and Truman sacrifice their safety for liberty. Truman lives and gets his freedom at the end. On the other hand, Winston dies and loses his humanity. Winston still got temporary liberty and it was worth it. In the long run, being safe is less important than having essential liberties.

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

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Frederick Douglass was the best-known African American reformer of the nineteenth century, which fought to end slavery within the United States prior to the Civil War. He was born in 1818, in Tuckahoe, Maryland, as Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. Douglass changed his name in 188, after escaping slavery to conceal his true identity.

In the Narrative, Douglass recalls his childhood and early adulthood. Growing up in the 180s, Douglass spent the first seven years of his life on the Eastern Shore plantation of Colonel Edward Lloyd. When Douglass was about eight years old, he was sold to Hugh Auld, in which he moved to Baltimore. Auld's wife Sofia taught Frederick how to read, which was a major turning point in his life. Auld, very upset that his wife paid so much attention to his servant, sent Douglass away to be trained as a field hand. Two years later, Douglass made an unsuccessful attempt to escape. While in Baltimore, he met his future wife Anna Murray, a freedwoman. They got married on September 15, 18, after his successful escape from slavery. Douglass settled with his new wife in New Bedford, Massachusetts; worked a variety of jobs; and became a leader of the local black community. While Douglass was busy giving lectures and speeches on abolitionism, Anna gave birth to their four children Rosetta, Lewis, Frederick Jr., and Charles Remond.

A brilliant speaker, Douglass was asked by the American Anti-Slavery Society to join in a tour of lectures, and soon became recognized as one of Americas first great black speakers. He won world fame when his autobiography was publicized in 1845. Two years later he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star. In 1846, Ellen and Anna Richardson purchased his freedom for seven hundred dollars.

Douglass fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks. Douglass provided a powerful voice for human rights during this period of American history and is still admired today for his contributions against racial discrimination.

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Fate vs. Free Will: an opinion of the ignorant

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God does not play dice, was Einsteins favorite quote. If you believe that the universe is governed by a deity, you are forced to accept the fact that you have no free will, but are merely the pawn of some divine puppet master. Every move you make was already annticipated and scrutinized by the greater force that spawned you before you were even born or a tiny molecule of dust in the wind, and every thought you ponder was so lovingly place in your hollow mind by this same ethereal power. It would be absurd for one to muse that one could choose their own destiny when it has already been preordained in heaven, or Valhalla, or whatever you want to call it.

It is illogical to think that you resist the will of God, or the gods, who created all and created yourself because you would, in fact, be deeming yourself more celestial then your begetter. Of course, no human being in existance could ever challange the jurisdiction of a divine immortal force and prevail. you make was already annticipated and scrutinized by the greater force that spawned you before you were even born or a tiny molecule of dust in the wind, and every thought you ponder was so lovingly place in your hollow mind by this same ethereal power. It would be absurd for one to muse that one could choose their own destiny when it has already been preordained

you make was already annticipated and scrutinized by the greater force that spawned you before you were even born or a tiny molecule of dust in the wind, and every thought you ponder was so lovingly place in your hollow mind by this same ethereal power. It would be absurd for one to muse that one could choose their own destiny when it has already been preordained

you make was already annticipated and scrutinized by the greater force that spawned you before you were even born or a tiny molecule of dust in the wind, and every thought you ponder was so lovingly place in your hollow mind by this same ethereal power. It would be absurd for one to muse that one could choose their own destiny when it has already been preordained

Please note that this sample paper on Fate vs. Free Will: an opinion of the ignorant is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Fate vs. Free Will: an opinion of the ignorant, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Fate vs. Free Will: an opinion of the ignorant will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Euro

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A family taking a vacation over breaks is quite common for people of the United States. Taking a drive cross-country, a family will typically stop at a hotel along the way to rest before continuing the trip to the desired destination. Whether they are traveling from Maine to California, the currency of the dollar remains the same. But some places do not have a single currency amongst themselves like Europe. Even though the United States in one country and Europe is a continent made up of several different countries, their size is similar in comparison to the States of America. Simple drives like family vacations may lead to many different countries to pass through. This may raise problems since European countries all have their own currencies. Simple tasks as paying for gas and can be painful having to convert to their monetary unit. So many European countries have come together to form an idea of a single currency called the Euro. The start of the Euro was not something thought up a couple years ago but was started by a group called the European Monetary System (Grabbe 1). And over the course of more than twenty years this new currency has come about to its current status. This currency's effects from its beginning to the evolution of today's soon to be currency will be beneficial for the people of Europe as a whole.

The group responsible for the idea of the Euro was the European Union (EU). In 17, in an effort to help countries in the EU to have solid exchange rates, they formed the European Monetary System. The European Monetary System was designed to decrease interest rates and inflation in participating European Union countries by modeling the German's policies and currency of their monetary system. To measure whether a country's inflation and exchange rate did not go too far in either direction they created the European Currency Unit. A currency to which member countries can

measure up so they did not go too far in either direction of their fixed rate (Grabbe 1). A few years later in the 180's the member states of the European Union made another step in the process by canceling restrictions amongst themselves in the area of goods, services, capital, and people by the year 1. So to do this a man named Jacques Delors, president of the EU, he came up with the idea of a European Monetary Union. This brought upon an important step in the process of the single currency when the EMU was accepted with the neighboring countries. This came to be known as the Maastricht Treaty of 1 (Solomon ).

With the new treaty of Europe made and a specific schedule for the currency to be made effective, not every country for certain reasons such as their economy or other varying thoughts for the currency can participate in the euro. So the board members of the Maastricht Treaty set specific criteria to join. The first section was countries price stability. Which means they cannot go beyond the top Member State's inflation rate of 1.5%. The next step that is evaluated the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the nation. They may qualify if the deficit of the government has three percent to the GDP. As the European Monetary System looks at possible new members, they want some security that the country that they allow in is stable in their economy. That is why they insist that for two years their currency does not fluctuate where that country would devalue the other countries that are members of the Euro system. To measure this the EMS set an Exchange Rate Mechanism to measure the fluctuation. Lastly, the final examination the EMS has for looking at the member countries in The Maastricht Criteria is deals with their interest-rate. For the price-stability, the EMS asks that they have a long-term rate that does not fluctuate for than % of the top performing Member States (Antweiler 4).

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Now knowing the stipulations of how the Maastricht Treaty, the EMS broke down how to get to the conversion period of the euro in three steps. The first step was to remove all restrictions on capital between all participating countries. The second step was to start a European Monetary Institute. This group (based in Frankfurt, Germany) was created to be the holder of reserves of gold and foreign exchange, supervise the work of the European Monetary System while trying to increase the use of the ECU. The last step composed from the treaty is when countries will finally fix their currencies to the euro in a span of three years (1-00). During this period currencies will slowly come out of circulation and accounts will slowly turn to the single currency of the Euro (Grabbe ).

To get a better idea of the steps of how the Maastricht treaty worked, a Time Table was created to meet deadlines to reach the single currency. In early May of 18, the official bilateral exchange rates will be announced along with the eleven members of the euro who met the requirements and made the choice to except the invitation to join the euro currency (Antweiler 1). These countries to join the single currency are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal (Antweiler 6,7). In June 0, 18, the European Monetary Institute will fall as the result of the induction of the European Central Bank. The next big step the euro is the start of "Conversion Weekend". This is when the rates of conversion among Member State's currency and the euro will be once and for all be set. And in only a few hours on the new year of 1 the euro becomes the official currency. But the currency is not yet in the form of cash or coin, but will be in other forms. The foreign exchange will be dealt in the form of the euro, public debt will be changed, and stock exchanges with be read as euros (Antweiler 1,). Then after not being allowed originally in 18 to join, Greece will be the twelfth country to join the euro group. The next step for which we will see in just a few weeks is the beginning of euro banknotes and coins come into circulation on the New Year (Antweiler ). Euro10 billion coins and notes will be delivered to banks and retailers in preparation for the start of trade (Economist 1). The national "E-Day" starts the dual circulation of all the nations current currency and the euro (Antweiler ). People will be able to take euro notes from the bank and be able to spend on the New Year (Economist 1). And one month later on February 8, national currencies of Member States will be canceled leaving the euro as the sole form of currency (Antweiler ).

With the schedule of the euro coming into circulation, the groups formed to help make with possible, and all the financial criteria made to qualify for the euro, there are many aspects of this currency that those countries have to look at. As the many European countries are doing this for a great amount of benefits, there are just as many problems that come along with joining the new currency. For starters is makes life much easier if anybody has contact with a country outside his or her own. With prices, they do not have to make any calculations or change currency. This ease also helps with the confidence of buying or selling with other countries exchange rates. If they all have the same currency, there cannot be any unexpected shortfall. Shopping and many other basic purchases can be done all with the ease of one currency. And with all the countries that are members of the currency this will start to develop a sturdy economy through the EMU (Euro and You 1). This strength of having a solid currency can enable them to compete with some of the most powerful currencies in the world. It will soon be able the second most powerful currency sandwiched under the United States dollar and in front of the Japanese Yen (Antweiler 8).

Since the euro will be in competition with other currencies, it will have an effect on the world economy. If the euro slowly develops into the superpower it is told to be, like the United State's dollar, the euro will become a significant reserve currency. It will be able to supply euros to countries outside to EMU therefore strengthening its use and power. Some say this would hurt the Untied States economy but the lack of political integration will keep them from being involved outside the EMU (Soloman 4,5).

This brings up a side that shows the negative side of using the single currency. The euro has no political union and that may damage their system. This can create damage if countries try to join the euro without following the guidelines. If their currency does not fit the system of the euro it can be devalued (Euro and You 1). Since every country is now dependent on each other, if one country goes into a recession, it will affect everybody. Usually a country will lesson the value of their currency and increase exports. But now that they are all using the same currency, they can no longer do that (Antweiler 8).

But some of the more immediate effects that will hit close to home. Yes many people will have the ease of not having to covert currencies or compare exchange rates, but this currency may reduce jobs. With the increase of trade, some companies will not be able to contend due to labor expenses (Euro and You 1). Even with the loss of jobs, if the value of the euro can compete like stated earlier the economies would strengthen. If this is apparent then different jobs will open up and sudden loss early can make a recovery.

After looking at both perspectives of the euro both good and bad I feel that it will have an overall positive impact on the European nations. Yes, the currency will run into some problems along the way. A lack of political union can take a toll or unemployment may take a toll at the beginning. After these growing pains this currency will strengthen its power within the twelve nations and have a good economy. Trade will much more obtainable and there will be no restrictions to keep these Member States from trading from each other. Then the drive from Germany to Belgium to Portugal to visit relatives over Christmas will a lot less painful.

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