George Gerbner's Six Categories

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Mass Media and Reality

The media can be a powerful force in our society that is capable of influencing our thoughts, emotions, ideals, behavior, and perceptions of reality in many ways. Media in the form of television, music, and the internet have, "done much to shape the way our society is governed… (and has)…changed the way we live" (Jensen, 18, pg.1). In this sense, the mass media, especially television, offers various "definitions of reality… (that)…lead to perception of the 'reality' as normal. The result is a social legitimization of the 'reality' depicted in the mass media, which can influence behavior" (Gerbner, 18, pg.1). In this paper I will discuss the influential capacity of television regarding sex(gender)and race, the depiction of health(beauty)and age, lifestyle(work) as promoted by Mtv, and the prevalence of violence (crime) in computer gaming software.

Television - Gender, Race

One form of media that has affected my views of reality and the portrayal of our society is that of television. The representation of gender and race in television can be misleading in that, "the faces of America still aren't represented by the faces of television, according to a new report commissioned by the Screen Actors Guild" (Schneider, M., 1, pg.1). To illustrate this point, Gerbner states that, "men still outnumber women -to-1 on prime-time television, while Asian Americans, Latino/Hispanics, Native Americans, low income people, the disabled and seniors remain grossly underrepresented"( Schneider, Michael, Electronic Media, 01/04/, Vol. 18, Issue 1). Cheap custom writing service can write essays on George Gerbner's Six Categories

With this in mind, television viewers might question the lacking representation of Asian American and Latin American actors relative to actual statistics (especially considering the demographics in California alone). For instance, "Asian Americans show up 1. percent of the time on TV, less than half of their proportion of the U.S. population (.4 percent)… Latino/Hispanics make up a growing 10.7 percent of the country, yet only show up .6 percent of the time on television"(pg.1). These statistics are also evident with age as, "seniors aged 60 years or older make up 16.5 percent of the United States but just 5.6 percent of television"(pg.1). Gerbner states that, "Our studies show that casting and fate follow stable patterns, especially in prime time Men outnumber women two to one….Older people make up only one fifth of their actual proportion in the population"(Jensen, 18, pg. ).

Television Health (Beauty) and Age

Television also demonstrates a preference for female beauty and youth, and a partiality toward young actors as "older viewers have become television's forgotten audience. The senior crowd (age 60 and up) make up 16.5 percent of the audience, yet represent only 5.6 percent of TV characters" (Schneider, 1, pg.). Gerbner's categories of health (beauty) and age are relevant here as we live in a society in which physical perfection, youthful looks, and beauty (especially for women) are highly valued. For instance, television show like 'Baywatch', 'Jag', and 'Private Eye' depict mostly young, attractive, actors and actresses with attractive physiques. Over time, we become accustomed to these idealistic portrayals of men and women, which lend credence to Gerbner's question, "What message does that send to young girls? What does this teach women about their role in society? (pg. ). Gerbner indicates that, "Television programs- and movies, as well project the power structure of our society, and, by projecting it, they perpetuate it, make it seem normal, make it seem the only possibility" (pg.). Therefore, our perceptions of reality might mirror those that are provided to us by television, thereby reinforcing idealistic images of beauty and physical perfection. Gerbner, asserting that television offers a similar "kind of exchange" that a mirror might states, "You look into it and see who you are supposed to be and then you either conform or you don't" (pg.).

An actor's age seems to be a variable when casting certain roles on television, especially within the context of romance where partiality to aging male actors is evident. For instance, Gerbner states that, "Our studies show that casting and fate follow stable patterns…women between the ages of twenty-five and thirty-five are generally cast only in romantic roles" (pg.) Gerbner also states that, "According to the Screen Actors Guild, most of its female members stop getting calls when they turn thirty-five and only start getting them again when they're old enough to play grandmothers" (pg.). Therefore, the 'message' that might be sent to television viewers is, "If you're a man, by contrast, you can play romantic roles until you totter into your grave. You see men playing romantic leads at fifty sixty, even seventy" (Schneider, 1, pg.). In some sense, it seems that aging male actors have some form of job security whereas aging female actors are not so fortunate. So consequently, "As characters age, they lose importance, value and effectiveness. Mature women seem to be especially hard to cast" (pg.). The author highlights this inequity with aging female actors stating, "They are disproportionately underrepresented, undervalued and undersexed" (pg. ). Gerbner states, "What does it teach all of us about romantic relationships?" (Jensen, 1, pg.). One author points to Gerbner's Cultivation Theory suggesting that these 'overtones' in television can have, " a powerful effect on people, essentially from constant exposure to the same messages" (www.utexas.edu, pg.4).

Lifestyle (Work) and Crime (Violence)

Another influential aspect of the media, especially for younger viewers, is the representation of work (lifestyle) with Mtv. For example, all one has to do is turn on Mtv to get a glimpse of the glamorous lifestyle that singers live; expensive cars, clothes, houses, jewelry, and the like. Not only are they living a life of luxury, but quite often an opulent one. Standing in contrast to what viewers see on Mtv, one author notes, "TV largely neglects portraying the occupations that most youngsters will have to enter. 'You never see the farmer, the factory worker or the small business man'" (Petracca & Sorapure, 18, pg. 17). In his 'Cultivation Theory', George Gerbner, "links television viewing, especially heavy television viewing, with the way people perceive the world around them" (pg.1). In this light, "children's occupational aspirations are channeled in unrealistic directions" (pg.17). How can one compete or measure up to the lifestyles that are presented to us by Mtv? It would be difficult to ignore the impact or influential factor that Mtv might present to 'youngsters', especially considering the disparity between what they see on television and what they see when entering the workforce. "Gerbner and his team of researchers believe that television viewing has become a focal activity in many people's lives… (taking)…up time that people could use getting information elsewhere, such as from newspaper, books, and other people" (www.utexas.edu, pg.4)

Another form of media that has affected my views on violence is computer gaming software. One might not think that these games could influence or persuade people to act violently based on what they see, into (violent) action, however after watching my brother play a popular computer game called "Doom", I am convinced. "In Doom, players take on the role of a lone space marine stalking corridors and shooting creatures with a variety of weapons" (news.bbc.co.uk, pg. ). The "space marine" in this game typically shoots everything that is in front of him- blowing soldiers, monsters, and the like into pieces with a macabre portion of blood, guts and "splatter" in each scene. After watching one of my brothers play this game, I realized that this type of media could be lethal in the "wrong hands" (teenagers, hormones, emotional problems, etc.) The Columbine killings were an example of this conclusion as, "Investigations into the Columbine shooting showed one of the killers with a sawn-off shotgun in his lap that he called Arlene - allegedly after a character in the Doom computer game" (pg.1). To further complicate this problem, a lawsuit was filed by the, "Relatives of the people killed at Columbine massacre...seeking damages from computer game makers, claiming their products helped bring about the killings" (news.bbc.co.uk, pg.). The influence of the game is suggested by the lawsuit which states, "Absent the combination of extremely violent video games and these boys incredibly deep involvement, use of and addiction to these games and the boys basic personalities, these murders and this massacre would not have occurred" (pg.). Gerbner states, "We are awash in a tide of violent representations unlike any the world has ever seen…drenching every home with graphic scenes of expertly choreographed brutality" (Gauntlett, 1, pg. 1).

Conclusion

Television, more than any other form of media, has influenced my perceptions of reality regarding gender, age, race, health (beauty), work (lifestyle), and crime (violence). Although I attempt to exercise objectivity and common sense with all media, it is difficult to not be affected in some way by the underlying messages in television programming and other entertainment. It seems that our perceptions can be influenced through storytelling as Gerbner suggests, "And if you can control the telling of stories, you can control people's concept of the world around them, and even their behavior, because we act in light of how we conceive the world to be" (www.utexas.edu).,

References

Schneider, M., (1), TV World Distorts Real Life Sag Study, Vol. 18, Issue 1, Retrieved May 6, 00 from the UOP Apollo Library, Academic search Premier http// web7.epnet.com

Jensen, D., (18), Sentient Times Alternatives for Personal & Community Transformation, Vol. 6, Issue 11, Retrieved May 6, 00 from the UOP Apollo Library, Academic Search Premier http// web7.epnet.com

University of Texas, Class Bios of George Gerbner, Bio …by Karla Starkweather, Retrieved May 6, 00 from the World Wide Web http//utexas.edu

Gauntlett, D., (1), Ten Things Wrong with the 'Effects Model', Retrieved May 6, 00 from the World Wide Web http//NewMediaStudies.com/effects1.htm

Gerbner, G., (18), Cultivation Theory of Mass Media, Letter from George Gerbner to The Communication Initiative, Retrieved from the World Wide Web http// comminit.com/ctheories/sld-15.html.

Ward, M., (001), Columbine Families Sue Computer Game Makers, Retrieved from the World Wide Web http// http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/150.stm

Petracca, M., & Sorapure, M. (18). Common culture Reading and writing about American popular culture (nd ed.). Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall.

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Marketing theory

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Company Overview

The company that will be examined is a hypothetical CD store named "LIVE RECORDS". The store targets 15-0 year old, educated males and females. The CD store will target a niche market for the latest cutting edge, world music. All major cultural styles are stocked, for example, Latin, African, and contemporary styles from America, Europe, and the UK. The store is placed in an inner Sydney location and has a long term strategy to develop the store online to reach a larger target audience. Current promotion relies on the store's web site and some direct marketing. This paper will examine the macro marketing environment for LIVE RECORDS. Macro-Marketing is defined as a social process that directs an economy's flow of goods and services from producers to consumers in a way that effectively matches supply and demand and accomplishes the objectives of society. Therefore with macro-marketing the emphasis is not on activities of individual organisations but, rather on how the whole marketing system operates (McCarthy et al, 14, 6). Various factors affect LIVE RECORDS in the macro-marketing environment and each of these key factors will now be analysed.

Demographic Factors

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Demographics trends are those concerning the human population in terms of various factors including size, density, location, gender, race, and occupation. Demography is a very important environmental factor that affects marketers and influences the direction of an organization's marketing strategy (Kotler et al, 001).

Various demographic opportunities exist for LIVE with a higher number of kids with disposable income tending to buy more luxury items like CDs. There is an increasing demographic trend in Australia that suggests that young people have more money to spend and as CD's are one of the items that youths are considered to buy most frequently, this creates a significant opportunity for LIVE (Tulich, 14). Young adults also tend to know about what the latest cutting edge styles of music are which fits in with the concept of LIVE RECORDS. According to Tulich, teenagers are likely to spend any money they have on them and these luxury items are purchased at least once a week (Tulich, 14, ). This creates a significant opportunity for LIVE with 15-1 year old, young adults falling within the store's target market.

The 001 Australian Census highlighted that almost 0% of the Australian population in that year, had home Internet access (HREF1). This creates an opportunity for LIVE who largely rely on their website for promotion. A further opportunity exists in the long term with LIVE strategy to create an online store.

With an inner city location, the increasing urbanisation of the Australian society also creates an opportunity for LIVE, with more people moving to the city. (HREF). Further demographic opportunities exist with Australia's increasing multiculturalism. Statistics suggest that the Australian society is becoming increasingly culturally diverse and as a provider of cutting edge, world music, LIVE is in a unique opportunity to capitalize on this trend (HREF).

As can be seen emerging demographic trends create a number of opportunities for LIVE however, threats also exist. According to the 001 Australian census the medium age of the population in Australia in 001 was 5 compared to 4 in the 16 census. Future trends suggest that by 01 the medium age of the Australian population will increase to 4-4 years old with 1-% of the population over 65 (HREF). This poses a significant, long term threat to LIVE whose target population is based around a much younger audience. As a provider of cutting edge, world music LIVE relies on a young, up-to-date audience to purchase its CDs. Australia's aging society could dramatically decrease the size of LIVE's target audience.

Technological Environment

Technological developments affect marketing in two basic ways new products and new processes. The faster pace of technological change creates both obstacles and opportunities that companies need to adjust to (Mccarthy et al, 14).

For LIVE, numerous opportunities exist in the technological environment, like possible advancements in CD technologies where you could maybe have games, as well as video clips and interviews that can be played and watched on the computer or television when you listen to the CD. This would add to the attractiveness of a CD as a purchase item. Another possible advancement that would create an opportunities is the introduction of technology that would stop CDs being copied as this would reduce the threat of burning CDs which has a negative impact on original CD sales. Of course this new technology would have to exist without reducing the playability of the CD otherwise this could also reduce the number of CD purchases, for example, if CDs couldn't be copied but the technology meant that they couldn't be played in computers either. This may stop a potential consumer for purchasing a CD at all.

The other big technological opportunity for LIVE is to be able to enter the virtual shopping world by creating an online store. As was mentioned in the demographic trends, more Australians are using the Internet and in line with this, more Australians are purchasing products online. Some of the products that have been most successful for online purchases include books and CDs with the rise of sites such as www.amazon.com. An online store would not just increase the target audience nationally for LIVE RECORDS but it creates the possible opportunity of opening the store to a global audience. This creates a significant long-term opportunity for LIVE.

By far the biggest technological threat that exists for LIVE and creates the biggest challenge for the store with is with the rapid changes that occur with technology. As technology improves, the threat of substitutes for CDs, like DVDs, Mini Discs and MP files may become a significant threat for the ongoing success of LIVE (McCarthy et al, 14). An even bigger threat, which is also linked to the legal environment, is the increase in CD burning allowing people to easily copy CDs. This poses a significant threat to LIVE.

Economic Environment

The economic environment is affected by the interaction of all parts of a macro- economic system. This then affects such things as national income economic growth and inflation. The economic environment may vary from one country to another, but the world's economy is becoming increasingly linked with the globalization (McCarthy et al, 14).

Many opportunities exist in the economic environment, for example, with the exchange rate. When the Australian dollar is strong, imports become cheaper to buy which creates an opportunity for LIVE as an importer of world music, increasing the store's profit margin. On the other hand however, a weaker exchange rate makes imports more expensive the opposite impact would occur for LIVE. This is an example of how LIVE or any business is affected by the world economy.

Along with the opportunities, LIVE also has threats with the up and downs in the economy, inflation is one of the threats because the costs rise very fast so LIVE would have no choice but to increase prices to keep up profitability.

The possibility of recession periods is another threat for LIVE when people don't want to spend their money on luxury items like CDs. People tend to save more during these periods.

Cultural Environment

The cultural environment affects how people live and why they behave as they do. Many variables make up the cultural and social environment, some examples are the languages they speak, their religious beliefs, the type of food they eat, their music, the way they view their marriage and family (McCarthy et al, 14).

According to the 001 Australian census, in the 0th century Australia became more culturally diverse (HREF), which creates the market for world music in Australia, a gives LIVE an opportunity to sell different types of music. Breaking the store in different groups is another opportunity in this cultural environment, and adding the right colours and the right pictures, respecting differing cultures. An example of this would be to create a store design separating the different styles of music, and then making that section culturally sensitive where appropriate.

Globalization is a big threat in the cultural environment, due to the fact that as LIVE has targeted the multicultural population of Australia , because people's tastes are merging in result of the huge percentage of the population using the internet, everyone has access to the same type of advertisements and music all over the world. This means that there will be a diminished market for diverse cultural music because society will have similar tastes, but it also is an opportunity in the sense, that especially with an online store LIVE will be able to target world markets more easily (Kotler et al, 001).

Political and Legal Environment

The attitudes and reaction of people, social critics and governments all affect the political environment. Consumers in the same country usually share a common political environment, but this environment can also have a dramatic effect in opportunities at a local or international level. One of the aims of the consumer movement was to exert pressure on governments to pass legislation that provided greater protection for consumer in their dealings with businesses. This could be divided in two basic groups laws dealing with freedom of competition and consumer protector laws (McCarthy et al, 14). Marketing decisions are strongly affected by laws, government agencies, pressure groups and society and these factors influence how a marketer must conduct its activities (Kotler et al, 001).

The biggest threats in the political environment involve Australia's protection and tariff policy. The reduction of tariffs would actually create an opportunity for LIVE with cheaper import prices but increased protection laws has the adverse effect and makes imported goods more expensive in the marketplace. This has a negative impact on LIVE. Other legal issues that are currently threats include the huge amount of illegal CD copies that are either made by individuals or even more damaging, are mass produced and illegally sold in markets or overseas. This would however also become an opportunity if the government decided to crack down on illegal copies and sales and the market buying original CDs would subsequently increase.

Natural Environment

The natural environment includes those natural resources that are included in production or that are affected by marketing activities. Trends in this environment include shortages of raw materials, increased cost of energy, increased level of pollution and government intervention in natural resource management (Kotler et al, 001).

Based on the societal trend of increasing environmental awareness, an opportunity for LIVE in the natural environment is to create environmentally friendly, non polluting packaging, especially considering that the young population, which is LIVE's target market, are very environmentally conscious.

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Time to Get a Job

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Money makes the world go round, and in order to make money, you must work for it. The best way to make money would be to find a job. Since jobs are not just handed out to you, you must put effort into finding one. There is a process you must follow in obtaining a job. To begin, you must make a resume. Second, hand out your resume and fill out the applications. Lastly, ask for and go to the interviews with the company.

Resumes are the best way for an interviewer to see some of the qualities that you have. You should include, in your resume, these qualities. As well as an objective and any hobbies that you may have. Qualitites can show a potential employer if you have certain skills needed for his or her company. Hobbies and interests can show your activity level, as well as, it alllows the employer to get to know you before meeting you. In addition, add your past employment so employers can call previous employers to find out about your work habits.

Next, make an effort to look for jobs by applying for them. The best place to apply for a job would be at a work place which is hiring. Go to thoise work places, as well as other, ask for an application and fill it out accurately. Following this, as to speak with the supervisor or manager and hand him or her the application, with the resume, personally. Ask for an interview if possible, and make arrangements for a time that fits his or her schedule.

Lastly, a job interview will help the interviewer to get to know you. You should always greet the interviewer and concluse the interview with a handshake. Arricve for the interview a few minutes early. This shows to the employet, that you are always on time. Be sure to dress approproately; dont go in your street clothes or pyjamas. During your interview, discuss the qualities you listes in your resume and give examples. Dont be affraid to ask the employer questions about the position. This shows to him, or her that you are interested in the position. Conclude the interview with a handshake and thank him or her for their time.

If the previous three steps are followed, the interviewer will leave the interview very impressed. Remember, first impressions are the ones that last. This will result in a youve got the job response either at the end of the interview or in a few days. All you have to remember is to create a resume, apply for jobs and go to the interview, and you will be making money in no time.

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Songs baby

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VERSE 1

Rules, made by fools, they're their tools,

To keep a grip on the world,

And the way things unfurl,

Write my Essay on songs baby

Even the way that it twirls,

And it doesn't even know it has an enemy,

Who's just trying to get free,

From the things that hold him in captivity,

The things that hold his heart down,

Pinned to the ground

And every ones laughing like he's a clown.

And he knows there's nought wrong with him,

It's him who knows the world cant swim,

And he pours out the story of how he was caught unawares,

By anyone who dares to care,

That is if there's anyone still there.

Still there

That's if there's anyone still there.

CHORUS

Now there's too many rules,

In a land we do not own.

Acting like it's ours,

Because we do not have a home.

.

VERSE

Laws are some of the the flaws,

That makes the cause,

Of the scars in my memories,

Locked up with keys,

So they cannot tease,

The thing that I fall back on my soul

Is out on patrol,

Round the edge of my hole,

Looking for a place without them

& you,

The man who thinks I wont fight back,

When every word I say is infact a sneak attack.

Directed at your reason for living.

Before you never new the proper meaning of the word unforgiving

But now however hard you try you cannot forget.

And it brings you out into a sweat when you think about my threat.

Maybe soon you'll of paid the everlasting debt,

But for now I'll leave you to regret the moment you became a silhouette.

Silhouette

The moment you became a silhouette

CHORUS

BRIDGE

Go away, Go find your own home,

Come back when you've got something you own.

Hatred

(Verse 1 Chords are EM AM FM CM BM FM Em DM (repeated)

I hear you screaming in my ear

but it makes no sense at all

Why do you insist on taking it out on me?

You say you don't want to hurt me

don't want to get into a brawl

But all that I can feel at the moment is grief

(Second section to verse 1 Chords are Em Am Fm Cm (repeated)

Whenever you're near me

I can feel that I'm shaking

Afraid of what you might do to me

You think I'm your puppet

Just another worthless tool

You've always got me on my knees

(Bridge Chords are EM BM G#M DM F#M EM DM)

You never listen

always think you're right

But you never seem to understand

That all this anger

Is coming from you

And all of your demands

(Chorus Chords DM EM FM EM DM EM FM EM DM EM FM EM DM EM AM) (Can be shouted if desired!)

What makes you think you're special?

What makes you think you're different?

What makes you think you are unique?

What makes you think you're special?

What makes you think you're different?

What makes you think you're better than me?

(Verse Chords are EM AM FM CM BM FM Em DM (repeated)

Can't take all this pain

I'm giving it up

Why can't you just leave me alone?

You're destroying my life

Got no reason to live

No wonder I just stay at home!

(Second section to verse 1 Chords are Em Am Fm Cm (repeated)

I keep giving in to you

But still you persist

To hurt me with all of your might

Stop doing this

You know you're wrong

How could you ever be right?

Please note that this sample paper on songs baby is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on songs baby, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on songs baby will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The ideology of the maya civlization

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It is a joke among professionals that archaeologists make crummy psychological anthropologists. This is because archaeologists rely solely on material culture left behind by human populations, buried deep within layers of dirt and ambiguity with the passing of time. It is impossible to recreate the Maya "model of the mind" for an individual; however, we can make general inferences about Maya people and their specific ideology through the study of their cultural remains. The Maya were a unique culture in the Americas because of their creation of written language. This fact has allowed archaeologists to understand more about the Maya way of life. These people are not referred to as the "mother culture" of Central America, however, they are acknowledged as reaching the pinnacles of artistic, architectural, and astrological prestige that characterize classic civilization. The Maya created feedback loops with their ideology that produced and maintained structures of power. What the Maya thought and believed ultimately had an integral effect on the formation of complex societies in Central America.

Ritual and ceremonialism has long been a defining characteristic of Maya life and their ancient culture. Evidence of their earliest ceremonial practices has been discovered at the sight of Ocos, where Coe (187 6) mentions a number of solid, hand-made, female figurines of pottery were found. Thousands of such objects were made in the later Preclassic villages of both Mexico and the Maya area. No one is positive to the meaning of these figures, but it is generally believed that they had something to do with the fertility of crops, similar to the Mother Goddess figurines of Neolithic and Bronze Age

Europe. These early ceremonial practices later give way to a multitude of gods and goddesses that help to define the distinctive and unique Maya culture. This world created by the Maya is based on the cyclic nature of time and its relationship to the cosmos.

Maya creation is described in the Popol Vuh, one of the four remaining written manuscripts that have survived through the ages (Freidel, Schele, Parker 1 107). The Popul Vuh accounts for four separate creations, with the "Creator Couple" named Xpiyakok and Xmukane. They were responsible for the first and all subsequent Creations of the universe, including our current world. This great Underworld epic was most likely formulated in the Late Preclassic period. The Popul Vu centers upon the doings of two sets of twins, young lords who are summoned to an Underworld center by its horrific rulers. The first set of twins endure various tortures and are finally defeated in a ball game, suffering decapitation upon the loss. The second set of twins, the "Hero Twins", are also summoned like their father and uncle to play ball with the angry rulers of the Underworld. In this match, the Hero Twins turn the tables on the rulers and defeat them, "eventually rising up through the surface of the earth too the sky, where they reach apotheosis as the sun and the moon" (Coe 187 167). This story as told in the Popol Vuh accounts for the basis of Maya religion, explaining the deification of men. This story serves as a sacred archetype for the rulers of Maya populations, who believed they would never suffer total extinction in the Underworld. This belief is reinforced by the subsequent myth of the Twin's decapitated father, who has been shown in iconography to be none other than the Maize God, his severed head representing the harvested ear of

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corn (Coe 187 167). These myths constructed by the Maya culture allowed the institutionalization of religion, and thus the preservation of central power structure. Myth played an important role in uniting the population under a common worldview, ultimately creating one of the numerous factors that led to state formation in Central America. The Maya expressed thanks to their many gods through extensive ritual practices that also helped to unify secular populations.

During the Classic period, the heart of Maya life was embodied in the ritual of bloodletting. Giving the gift of blood was seen as an act of piety used in all rituals from the birth of a child to the burial of the dead. Different rituals called for different practices of letting blood. Some rituals called for only a few drops of one's blood while others were extreme, involving the mutilation of body parts to create large flows of the life giving liquid. Bloodletting was seen as an act of communion that created an opening to the "Otherworld", allowing communication with gods and ancestors (Schele 10 8). Blood for the most sacred occasions was drawn from the tongue in men and women, and from the penis for men. Some rituals called for more drastic measures human sacrifice. This practice was perpetrated on prisoner, slaves, and children usually bastards or orphans that could be bought for the occasion. Before the Toltec era however, animals rather than people are more likely the common victims of sacrifice (Coe 187171). The king plays a key role in ritual as the individual closest to the supernatural. The king was most frequently displayed in the guise of the "World Tree". This Tree was the conduit of communication between the supernatural world and the human world (Schele 10 0).

Much like trees provide for homes, tools, medicines, food, and even shade the king as the "Tree of Life" provided his people with guidance, spirituality, and unity. The Maya see the "Tree of Life" as a metaphor for human power. Through ritual, this human power is created and established, ultimately used to legitimize rule. It is important to note that every single Maya ritual act was dictated by the calendar.

The Maya used a numbering system of dots and bars to make many calculations. It is possible that merchants engaging in trade initially used this system to keep track of goods. However, the major use of Maya arithmetic was focused in the development of calendrical systems for mapping time (Coe 187 174). The Maya developed calendar systems based on the movements of the sun, moon, and stars. The 60-day calendar, which was synchronized with the solar and Venus calendar, has significant ritualistic implications (Fox 187 1). Maya culture was dictated by dates. Important dates adorn temples and architectural structures, usually depicting the ruling periods of specific kings and events such as birth, conquest, ritual, and death. The Maya calendar systems provide the basis of time and a more complex understanding of the universe which they are part. The practice of inscribing dates and kings into temples is a way that the Maya legitimized rule and perpetuate the central power necessary for state level society to flourish.

The Maya were brilliant artists, decorating temples, ball courts, and other architectural structures with lavish decorations depicting ritual and ideology. The Late Classic Maya were one of two American Indian groups interested in rendering the

uniqueness of individual characters through portraiture (Coe 187118). The Maya specialized in low relief carving, the basis of Maya sculpture. Sculpture often reflects the power of the king and his connection to the gods. Art also serves as a method of depicting and reinforcing structures of power, allowing a steady cohesion of populations over which kings rule. Throughout the Classic period, this idea is reinforced by Maya public art remaining focused on the ritual performances of the king. Nobles were allowed to erect monuments and decorate them, however the ritual lives of villagers and farmers were not portrayed through public art. This serves to rigorously define class structure and again justify the power of nobility.

The Maya also expressed themselves artistically through many other mediums. Many pots and ceramics were covered with deities, events, and dates that the Maya found of utmost importance. The Maya reserved their most elaborate artistry to jade, the most precious substance known to them (Coe 187 1). The archaeological record shows evidence of extensive trade to acquire this rare stone. These ornately carved and crafted pieces of jade were reserved to the elite, often finding places in elaborate tombs for the dead. Figurines made of pottery were also crafted and fired with precision, depicting gods and kings. This artwork was also often buried in tombs.

Some artwork of the Maya period depicted a central aspect of Mesoamerican culture the ball game. The archaeological record has shown that the Maya were not the first to play such a ball game. The Olmec, precursors of the Maya and creators of the template of Mesoamerican civilization, also left records of ballgames. One such record is

a life-sized portrait of a ball player kneeling in position to receive the ball. This sculpture dates back to 00 B.C. (Freidel, Schele, Parker 1 40). The ballgame has great mythic origins and was played by the Hero Twins in the Popol Vuh to defeat the lords of the Underworld. The rules of the game remain elusive to us, but we do have images of the Maya in play. The ball was made of solid latex rubber, shaped into a sphere a bit larger than a basketball. The players wore heavy padding to protect themselves from injury as they hit the ball or threw themselves under its flight. The iconography and archaeology associated with ballcourts clearly associates them with captive sacrifice and political pomp and circumstance (Schele 10 77). Along with protective gear, ballplayers also wore headdresses and other symbols of important gods, "indicating that players probably assumed the roles of cosmic beings, elevating their play to the level of a great cosmic drama" (Freidel, Schele, Parker 1 4). One thing that is known about the ballgame is that it was often used as a ritual for the disposition of captives (Schele 10177). "Decapitation sacrifice was particularly associated with the ballgame… the people of Chichen Itza adhered to the ancient Maya notion of the ballgame as a metaphor for battle, and of the ballcourt as the primary setting for decapitation sacrifice" (Schele 10 7). The ballgame was a part of everyday life for the Maya, having significance in the realm of ritual as well as in conquest of neighboring populations. The ballgame can be seen as a metaphor for Maya ideology concerning struggles of life and death, victory and defeat, and also rebirth and triumph.

To conclude, the Maya way of life reflected the beliefs and practices that characterize their specific worldview. This outlook was richly dictated by ritual and the will of gods and kings. The unifying worldview of the Maya consisting of ritual and the cyclic movement of time undoubtedly contributed to the rise of state formation in Central America. Maya art, architecture, and astrology all supply the necessary constructs for maintaining and perpetuating centralized power necessary advanced civilizations.

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Impairment asset

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Part A Measurement of Tangible and Intangible assets under Accounting Standards

Assets are classified according to their ¡¥tangibility¡¦, that are tangible assets or intangible assets. Under tangible assets, are classified as either current or non-current assets.

AASB1010 ¡§Recoverable Amount of Non- Current Assets¡¨, which applied to non-current assets measured on the cost basis that is requires the carrying mount of non-current assets to be written down to their recoverable amounts when their carrying amount is greater than their recoverable amount. (Parker C, 001, p47) While the carrying amount of a non-current assets is written down to its recoverable amount, the decrement in that carrying amount must be recognised as an expense in net P/L for the reporting period and must disclose the aggregate carrying amount of each of the assets. ASB101 ¡¥Depreciation¡¦ requires non-current assets that have limited useful lives to be depreciated over those useful lives.

AASB1041 ¡¥Revaluation of Non-Current Assets¡¦ which applies to non-current assets measured on either the cost basis or the fair value basis. AASB1041.6. requires that an increment shall be credited directly to an asset revaluation reserve account and decrement must be recognised immediately as an expense in net P/L.

On the other hand, intangible assets those are readily identifiable and unidentifiable. IAS8 ¡¥Intangible assets¡¦ defined intangible assets as an asset without physical substance held for use in the production or supply of goods and services, for rental to others, or for administrative purpose.

Under ED4 Accounting for identifiable intangible assets, identifiable intangible assets which have been purchased or developed internally by the reporting entity are brought to account as assets and they shall be classified in the financial statements according to type and the period of time over which the reporting entity expects to derive a benefit.

Unidentifiable intangible assets, goodwill must be amortised so that it is recognised as an expense in the profit and loss account on a straight-line basis under AASB101.5..

Part B Impairment of Assets

Impairment or asset impairment occurs when, due to changed circumstances, the previously allowed recovery of costs of a regulatory asset through rates is eliminated or removed by action of a regulatory body. An events or changes in circumstances are

¡P A significant decrease in the market value of an asset

¡P A significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used

¡P A significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate that affects the value of assets

¡P An accumulation of significant costs in excess of the amount originally expended to acquire or construct an asset

¡P A projection or forecast that demonstrates a history of continuing losses associated with the asset.

(Richard G.Schroeder, 001, p5)

Expose Draft & 104 propose that an asset¡¦s recoverable amount need only be measured where there is an indication that the asset¡¦s carrying amount may exceed its recoverable amount. ED104 proposes measuring the recoverable amount of an asset at the higher of an asset¡¦s net selling price and its value in use. Where it is determined that an asset¡¦s recoverable amount needs to be estimated, am impairment loss must be recognised. An impairment loss must be recognised in net profit or loss or result as an expense. It is necessary of impairment test which to ensure that the carrying amounts of assets are recoverable from the future economic benefits they are expected to generate, and that any losses of future economic benefits are recognised in a timely manner.

ED & 104 propose that, for assets other than goodwill, an impairment loss recognised in a previous reporting period for an asset should be reversed only where the assets recoverable amount has risen above its carrying amount. Where impairment losses are recognised or reversed, certain information must be disclosed

¡P By class of assets; and

¡P For each reportable segment within the entity¡¦s primary segment reporting format.

Part C Rationale for the prescribed treatment of impaired assets under the proposed AASB1010

AASB1010 ¡§Recoverable Amount of Non-Current Assets¡¨ is principally a reissue of the requirements concerning the recoverable amount test for non-current assets set out in Accounting Standards. The standard requires the carrying amount of non-current assets to be written down to their recoverable amount. Recoverable amount means, in relation to an asset, the net amount that is expected to be recovered through the cash flows and inflows arising from its continued use and subsequent disposal. (AASB1010..1)

This standard applies to each entity which is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part M. of the Corporation Law and which

(1) is a reporting entity; or

() holds those financial reports out to be, or form part of, a general-purpose financial report.

(Parker C, 001, p.4)

This standard does not apply to non-current assets measured on the fair value basis as permitted by Accounting Standard AASB1041 ¡¥Revaluation of Non-Current Assets¡¦. The purpose of AASB1010 is to

¡P require the application of the recoverable amount test to non-current assets

¡P Require disclose relating to the application of the recoverable amount test to non-current assets (Parker C, 001, p.501)

On the other hand, the recoverable amount test is applicable to non-current assets to avoid the need to reissue AASB1041 when the requirements for the recoverable amount test are amended as a result of the Board IASC harmonisation project on impairment of assets.

By the recoverable amount test, when its carrying amount is greater than its recoverable amount which means that an asset is desired as impaired. A non-current asset must be written down to its recoverable amount. A recoverable amount write-down recognises that future economic benefits that had previously been assessed as being available to the entity no longer exist.

When the carrying amount of a non-current asset or a group of non-current assets is written down to its recoverable amount, the decrement in that carrying amount must be recognised as an expense in net profit or loss for the reporting period in which the recoverable amount write-down occurs. Moreover, the financial report must, in respect of each such non-current asset or class of non-current assets, disclose

¡P its carrying amount

¡P the recoverable amount write-down recognised during the reporting period

¡P the assumptions made in respect of its recoverable amount.

Where some or all of the assets within a class of non-current assets have been written down to their recoverable amount during the reporting period or a previous reporting period, the financial report must disclose the aggregate carrying amount of each of the following

¡P assets within that class of non-current assets which are carried at that recoverable amount less, where applicable, any subsequent accumulated depreciation

¡P any other assets within that class of non-current assets.

The financial report must, regardless of whether non-current assets have been written down to recoverable amount during the reporting period, disclose whether, the expected net cash flows include in determining the recoverable amount of non-current assets have been discounted to their present value. (Parker C, 001, p.50)

Part D Intangible Assets might be accounted for under current impairment principles

In Australia, classification and accounting for intangible assets is based on identifiability and manner of acquisition. According to the identifiability, intangible assets that are readily identifiable asset and unidentifiable asset. Identifiable intangible assets can be considered as a specific value can be placed on each individual asset, and they can be separately identified and sold. (Deegan C, 1, p.1) For example patents, trademarks, licenses, research and development and the others. Unidentifiable intangible assets, on the other hand, would be those intangible assets that cannot be separately sold. (Deegan C, 1, p.1) For example an organisation may be particularly successful because of factors such as loyal customers, established reputation and good employees. Rather, we may treat them as a composite asset entitled ¡¥Goodwill¡¦.

As with the majority of other assets, intangible assets, whether identifiable or unidentifiable, typically have a limited useful life. As such, intangible assets should be amortised over their useful lives. There is no requirement to amortise for identifiable intangible assets and it can be revalued. For unidentifiable intangible assets, there is a requirement to amortise over a period less than twenty years. Under identifiable assets, it can be raised as an asset if it is purchase or via an internally generated process, but unidentifiable assets can only be raised as an asset if it is purchased, no internal generation. To date, there are no specific Accounting Standards governs for identifiable intangible assets except for the AASB1011 ¡§Accounting for the research and development¡¨. Moreover, there is another Accounting Standard governs for unidentifiable intangible assets which is AASB101 ¡§Accounting for goodwill¡¨.

Excepting AASB1011, there are still have another two accounting standard which are relevant to the accounting for the identifiable intangible assets that are ED4 and IAS8. According to ED4, identifiable intangible assets that have been acquired are to be brought to account as assets as acquisition and recorded at their cost of acquisition. The proposed requirements of ED4 are

¡P to recognises internally developed identifiable intangibles

¡P to use independent valuations

¡P to amortise all identifiable intangibles

Within AASB1011, the research and development costs shall be charged to the profit and loss account as incurred, except to the extent that costs incurred during the financial year on a research and development project shall be deferred to future financial years to the extent that such costs, together with unamortised deferred costs in relation to that project, are expected beyond any reasonable doubt to be recoverable.

AASB101.5.1 applied that goodwill which is purchased by the entity must be recognised as a non-current asset at acquisition. Goodwill must be measured as the excess of the cost of acquisition incurred by the entity over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Where a variation in the cost of acquisition depends upon a contingency, which affects the determination of the fair value of net assets of the acquired entity, an adjustment to the individual assets or liabilities and to the purchase consideration must be made. Where the contingency does not affect the value of the net assets of the acquired entity, the acquiring entity must treat the variation as an adjustment to the purchase consideration, thereby increasing or decreasing the amount of goodwill or discount on acquisition. (Parker C, 001, p.561)

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Men

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Throughout history, men and women have relied on each other, especially when it comes to having a family. Although nowadays it is much more common to have a single parent family, when we think of a family, we think of a mother and a father. One play where the relationship between a man and a woman is the main focus point of the plot is "A Doll House" by Henrik Ibsen. This play focuses on the way that women are seen, especially in the context of marriage and motherhood. When we think of a man and a woman, we always think of the man as the dominant figure, and the woman as fragile beauty. In Ibsen's play, this idea is very clearly illustrated by the way Torvald treats Nora and calls her such things as "lark" and "little woman". Torvald, in particular, has a very clear and narrow definition of a woman's role which is that he believes the sacred duty of a woman is to be a good wife and mother. He also sees women as both child-like, helpless creatures detached from reality solely responsible for the purity of the world through their influence in the home. The perception of manliness is also discussed, though in a much more subtle way. Nora's description of Torvald suggests that she is partially aware of the lies under lied in a man's role, whereas Torvald's conception of manliness is based on the value of total independence.

The other play which uses men and women as a main focus point throughout the story is "The Glass Menagerie" by Williams. Tom (the narrator) lives in a house with two women who need him and basically beg him not to leave them. This idea illustrates the power that a man has over his household and how a man figure is needed to run a proper family, married or not. This play is replete with lyrical symbolism for both Tom and Laura. The "glass menagerie", in its fragility and beauty, is a symbol not just for Laura, but for all women living with a man, and the fire escape is most closely linked to Tom's character. Now it seems odd that a fire escape can symbolize a person, but in this case, that is Tom's only escape from a house of women into the outside world. Tom loves to be free and abandon Amanda and Laura in order to get away from the women who outnumber him, just like his father did. The reference to a characters father comes up in both plays, which shows how past family influences your outlook on certain ideas, in this case, the relationship between a man and a woman.

Custom Essays on men

Please note that this sample paper on men is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on men, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on men will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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