Impairment asset

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Part A Measurement of Tangible and Intangible assets under Accounting Standards

Assets are classified according to their ¡¥tangibility¡¦, that are tangible assets or intangible assets. Under tangible assets, are classified as either current or non-current assets.

AASB1010 ¡§Recoverable Amount of Non- Current Assets¡¨, which applied to non-current assets measured on the cost basis that is requires the carrying mount of non-current assets to be written down to their recoverable amounts when their carrying amount is greater than their recoverable amount. (Parker C, 001, p47) While the carrying amount of a non-current assets is written down to its recoverable amount, the decrement in that carrying amount must be recognised as an expense in net P/L for the reporting period and must disclose the aggregate carrying amount of each of the assets. ASB101 ¡¥Depreciation¡¦ requires non-current assets that have limited useful lives to be depreciated over those useful lives.

AASB1041 ¡¥Revaluation of Non-Current Assets¡¦ which applies to non-current assets measured on either the cost basis or the fair value basis. AASB1041.6. requires that an increment shall be credited directly to an asset revaluation reserve account and decrement must be recognised immediately as an expense in net P/L.

On the other hand, intangible assets those are readily identifiable and unidentifiable. IAS8 ¡¥Intangible assets¡¦ defined intangible assets as an asset without physical substance held for use in the production or supply of goods and services, for rental to others, or for administrative purpose.

Under ED4 Accounting for identifiable intangible assets, identifiable intangible assets which have been purchased or developed internally by the reporting entity are brought to account as assets and they shall be classified in the financial statements according to type and the period of time over which the reporting entity expects to derive a benefit.

Unidentifiable intangible assets, goodwill must be amortised so that it is recognised as an expense in the profit and loss account on a straight-line basis under AASB101.5..

Part B Impairment of Assets

Impairment or asset impairment occurs when, due to changed circumstances, the previously allowed recovery of costs of a regulatory asset through rates is eliminated or removed by action of a regulatory body. An events or changes in circumstances are

¡P A significant decrease in the market value of an asset

¡P A significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used

¡P A significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate that affects the value of assets

¡P An accumulation of significant costs in excess of the amount originally expended to acquire or construct an asset

¡P A projection or forecast that demonstrates a history of continuing losses associated with the asset.

(Richard G.Schroeder, 001, p5)

Expose Draft & 104 propose that an asset¡¦s recoverable amount need only be measured where there is an indication that the asset¡¦s carrying amount may exceed its recoverable amount. ED104 proposes measuring the recoverable amount of an asset at the higher of an asset¡¦s net selling price and its value in use. Where it is determined that an asset¡¦s recoverable amount needs to be estimated, am impairment loss must be recognised. An impairment loss must be recognised in net profit or loss or result as an expense. It is necessary of impairment test which to ensure that the carrying amounts of assets are recoverable from the future economic benefits they are expected to generate, and that any losses of future economic benefits are recognised in a timely manner.

ED & 104 propose that, for assets other than goodwill, an impairment loss recognised in a previous reporting period for an asset should be reversed only where the assets recoverable amount has risen above its carrying amount. Where impairment losses are recognised or reversed, certain information must be disclosed

¡P By class of assets; and

¡P For each reportable segment within the entity¡¦s primary segment reporting format.

Part C Rationale for the prescribed treatment of impaired assets under the proposed AASB1010

AASB1010 ¡§Recoverable Amount of Non-Current Assets¡¨ is principally a reissue of the requirements concerning the recoverable amount test for non-current assets set out in Accounting Standards. The standard requires the carrying amount of non-current assets to be written down to their recoverable amount. Recoverable amount means, in relation to an asset, the net amount that is expected to be recovered through the cash flows and inflows arising from its continued use and subsequent disposal. (AASB1010..1)

This standard applies to each entity which is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part M. of the Corporation Law and which

(1) is a reporting entity; or

() holds those financial reports out to be, or form part of, a general-purpose financial report.

(Parker C, 001, p.4)

This standard does not apply to non-current assets measured on the fair value basis as permitted by Accounting Standard AASB1041 ¡¥Revaluation of Non-Current Assets¡¦. The purpose of AASB1010 is to

¡P require the application of the recoverable amount test to non-current assets

¡P Require disclose relating to the application of the recoverable amount test to non-current assets (Parker C, 001, p.501)

On the other hand, the recoverable amount test is applicable to non-current assets to avoid the need to reissue AASB1041 when the requirements for the recoverable amount test are amended as a result of the Board IASC harmonisation project on impairment of assets.

By the recoverable amount test, when its carrying amount is greater than its recoverable amount which means that an asset is desired as impaired. A non-current asset must be written down to its recoverable amount. A recoverable amount write-down recognises that future economic benefits that had previously been assessed as being available to the entity no longer exist.

When the carrying amount of a non-current asset or a group of non-current assets is written down to its recoverable amount, the decrement in that carrying amount must be recognised as an expense in net profit or loss for the reporting period in which the recoverable amount write-down occurs. Moreover, the financial report must, in respect of each such non-current asset or class of non-current assets, disclose

¡P its carrying amount

¡P the recoverable amount write-down recognised during the reporting period

¡P the assumptions made in respect of its recoverable amount.

Where some or all of the assets within a class of non-current assets have been written down to their recoverable amount during the reporting period or a previous reporting period, the financial report must disclose the aggregate carrying amount of each of the following

¡P assets within that class of non-current assets which are carried at that recoverable amount less, where applicable, any subsequent accumulated depreciation

¡P any other assets within that class of non-current assets.

The financial report must, regardless of whether non-current assets have been written down to recoverable amount during the reporting period, disclose whether, the expected net cash flows include in determining the recoverable amount of non-current assets have been discounted to their present value. (Parker C, 001, p.50)

Part D Intangible Assets might be accounted for under current impairment principles

In Australia, classification and accounting for intangible assets is based on identifiability and manner of acquisition. According to the identifiability, intangible assets that are readily identifiable asset and unidentifiable asset. Identifiable intangible assets can be considered as a specific value can be placed on each individual asset, and they can be separately identified and sold. (Deegan C, 1, p.1) For example patents, trademarks, licenses, research and development and the others. Unidentifiable intangible assets, on the other hand, would be those intangible assets that cannot be separately sold. (Deegan C, 1, p.1) For example an organisation may be particularly successful because of factors such as loyal customers, established reputation and good employees. Rather, we may treat them as a composite asset entitled ¡¥Goodwill¡¦.

As with the majority of other assets, intangible assets, whether identifiable or unidentifiable, typically have a limited useful life. As such, intangible assets should be amortised over their useful lives. There is no requirement to amortise for identifiable intangible assets and it can be revalued. For unidentifiable intangible assets, there is a requirement to amortise over a period less than twenty years. Under identifiable assets, it can be raised as an asset if it is purchase or via an internally generated process, but unidentifiable assets can only be raised as an asset if it is purchased, no internal generation. To date, there are no specific Accounting Standards governs for identifiable intangible assets except for the AASB1011 ¡§Accounting for the research and development¡¨. Moreover, there is another Accounting Standard governs for unidentifiable intangible assets which is AASB101 ¡§Accounting for goodwill¡¨.

Excepting AASB1011, there are still have another two accounting standard which are relevant to the accounting for the identifiable intangible assets that are ED4 and IAS8. According to ED4, identifiable intangible assets that have been acquired are to be brought to account as assets as acquisition and recorded at their cost of acquisition. The proposed requirements of ED4 are

¡P to recognises internally developed identifiable intangibles

¡P to use independent valuations

¡P to amortise all identifiable intangibles

Within AASB1011, the research and development costs shall be charged to the profit and loss account as incurred, except to the extent that costs incurred during the financial year on a research and development project shall be deferred to future financial years to the extent that such costs, together with unamortised deferred costs in relation to that project, are expected beyond any reasonable doubt to be recoverable.

AASB101.5.1 applied that goodwill which is purchased by the entity must be recognised as a non-current asset at acquisition. Goodwill must be measured as the excess of the cost of acquisition incurred by the entity over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Where a variation in the cost of acquisition depends upon a contingency, which affects the determination of the fair value of net assets of the acquired entity, an adjustment to the individual assets or liabilities and to the purchase consideration must be made. Where the contingency does not affect the value of the net assets of the acquired entity, the acquiring entity must treat the variation as an adjustment to the purchase consideration, thereby increasing or decreasing the amount of goodwill or discount on acquisition. (Parker C, 001, p.561)

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Men

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Throughout history, men and women have relied on each other, especially when it comes to having a family. Although nowadays it is much more common to have a single parent family, when we think of a family, we think of a mother and a father. One play where the relationship between a man and a woman is the main focus point of the plot is "A Doll House" by Henrik Ibsen. This play focuses on the way that women are seen, especially in the context of marriage and motherhood. When we think of a man and a woman, we always think of the man as the dominant figure, and the woman as fragile beauty. In Ibsen's play, this idea is very clearly illustrated by the way Torvald treats Nora and calls her such things as "lark" and "little woman". Torvald, in particular, has a very clear and narrow definition of a woman's role which is that he believes the sacred duty of a woman is to be a good wife and mother. He also sees women as both child-like, helpless creatures detached from reality solely responsible for the purity of the world through their influence in the home. The perception of manliness is also discussed, though in a much more subtle way. Nora's description of Torvald suggests that she is partially aware of the lies under lied in a man's role, whereas Torvald's conception of manliness is based on the value of total independence.

The other play which uses men and women as a main focus point throughout the story is "The Glass Menagerie" by Williams. Tom (the narrator) lives in a house with two women who need him and basically beg him not to leave them. This idea illustrates the power that a man has over his household and how a man figure is needed to run a proper family, married or not. This play is replete with lyrical symbolism for both Tom and Laura. The "glass menagerie", in its fragility and beauty, is a symbol not just for Laura, but for all women living with a man, and the fire escape is most closely linked to Tom's character. Now it seems odd that a fire escape can symbolize a person, but in this case, that is Tom's only escape from a house of women into the outside world. Tom loves to be free and abandon Amanda and Laura in order to get away from the women who outnumber him, just like his father did. The reference to a characters father comes up in both plays, which shows how past family influences your outlook on certain ideas, in this case, the relationship between a man and a woman.

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John Austin

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John Austin was born to a merchant family on March , 170 in Creeting Mill,Suffolk. He served in the army very briefly before beginning his legal training in 181. During 1818 to 185, he practiced unsuccessfully at the chancery bar. His power of cautious investigation and his inflexible intellectual honesty intensely impressed his colleagues, and in 186, he was appointed to professor of Jurisprudence, a subject that had previously occupied an insignificant place in legal studies. He prepared himself for this position by studying Roman law and German civil law for about a year in Heidelberg and Bonn. John Austin and his wife, Sarah Taylor Austin, were both passionate Utilitarians and they were very much concerned with legal reform. Lectures from the course he gave were eventually published in 18 as Province of Jurisprudence Determined. (Austin 15) However, attendance at his courses was small and getting smaller. His lectures were being attended by prominent men but he failed to catch the attention of students and he gave his last lecture in 18. A brief effort to give a very similar course of lectures at the Inner Temple met the same result. Austin resigned his University College London Chair in 185. He also later briefly served on the Criminal Law Commission and as a Royal Commissioner to Malta. The Austins lived overseas after that, mainly in Paris, until 1848, when they settled into Weybridge, Surrey. Austin did some very rare writing on political themes, but his plans for longer works never came to anything during his lifetime, apparently due to unhappiness and perfectionism.

Utility is the index to the law of God .... To make a promise which general utility condemns is an offense against the law of God (Austin 187 Lecture VI, p. 07)

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John Austin died on December 1, 185. After his death his wife, Sarah, republished his work, adding to it the larger body of lecture material to which it was meant to be an introduction. There were many reasons as to why Austins lectures were a success. One reason was he stuck to his themes; his themes were appropriate and acceptable to the age in which it appeared. Austins main point was that law is based on power. The way he saw it was that law is a command from a powerful superior, to a weak inferior ). This is the mark differentiating positive law both from the fundamental principles of morality, which are the law of God, and from positive morality, or manmade rules of conduct, such as etiquette, conservative morality, and international law, which do not originate from a superior. Austins ideas were not all original. The philosophy of positive law had been created by his friend and teacher, Jeremy Bentham.

Although John Austins life was filled with disappointments and some unhappy expectations, he did go very far in life. He was credited with having been the first to make a precise distinction between legal and moral criteria in the analysis of law. He was a very intelligent man and will continue to be known by many who will study the history of law.

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Science

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Adult females collect pollen primarily to feed their The pollen they inevitably lose in going from flower to flower is important to plants because some pollen lands on the pistils (reproductive structures) of other flowers of the same species, resulting in cross-pollination (see Bees are, in fact, the most important pollinating insects, and their interdependence with plants makes them an excellent example of the type of known as mutualism, an association between unlike organisms that is beneficial to both parties.

Most bees have specialized branched or feathery body hairs that help in the collection of pollen. Female bees, like many other have a defensive sting. Some bees produce from flower nectar. Honey bees and stingless bees commonly hoard large quantities of honey�a characteristic that is exploited by beekeepers, who harvest the honey for human consumption (see

There are about 0,000 species of bees worldwide. Some species may not yet have been discovered, and many are either not named or have not been well studied. Bees are found throughout the world except at the highest altitudes, in polar regions, and on some small oceanic islands. The greatest diversity of bee species is found in warm, arid or semiarid areas, especially in the American Southwest and Mexico. Bees range in size from tiny species only mm (0.08 in) in length to rather large insects up to 4 cm (1.6 in) long. Many bees are black or gray, but others are bright yellow, red, or metallic green or blue.

Isaac Newton was born December 5 164, he later died in 177. Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, who is still considered by many one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the "heavens". He recognized the modern study of optics and the behavior of light. He also built the first reflecting telescope. His mathematical knowledge led him to invent the area of mathematics called calculus. Newton stated his ideas in several books, such as, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) and Opticks (1704). These books as well as he is are considered among the greatest scientific books ever produced. Newton's innovative contributions explained the workings of a large part of the world in mathematical terms, and they also suggested that science might provide many explanations for other phenomena among this planet.

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Biology

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ADMISSIONS 004

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Frequently Asked Questions

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National Centre for Biological Sciences (Bangalore)

and Department of Biological Sciences (Mumbai)

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Address correspondence to

NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560 065

Tel 080-6640 & 1, , 8, ; Fax 080-6666 & 75

email phd@ncbs.res.in

Applications are invited for admission to the PhD programme at NCBS and the Department of Biological Sciences, TIFR Mumbai as well as the Integrated PhD programme at NCBS. NCBS PhD programmes include Biology as well as Physics in Biology.

Deadline for requesting Hall Tickets for the written test Oct 5, 00.

Date of Nationwide Written Test Sunday Dec 14th, 00.

For details on application procedure and test centres, please see below.

Please visit the TIFR Graduate Studies page for additional information on admissions and TIFR programmes

http//www.tifr.res.in/~gsch/admiss.html

Walk-in registration for the written test will be possible if seats are available. Please bring photographs, a demand draft for Rs. 00, B.Sc/M.Sc mark sheets and University ID. Walk in applicants must be present at the examination centre by am.

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ABOUT THE PROGRAM

We invite applications for admission to research programs leading to PhD and Integrated PhD (Int PhD) degrees from candidates with an MSc(or equivalent degree) for the PhD program, and BSc(or equivalent degree) for the Int PhD program.

We encourage promising undergraduates (or MSc first year students) to apply for short-term Traineeships.

Modern Biology is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary with inputs from the Physical and the Engineering sciences. The research programs at NCBS/DBS anticipate this interdependence in the growth of Biology. We welcome applications of quality from a wide spectrum of disciplines including Biology/Physics/Chemistry/Engineering/ Medicine/and Agriculture.

The salient features of our programs are

An early involvement of the students in frontier research labs.

A broad representation of the current field of research genetics and developmental, molecular and biophysical, cellular and signaling, cancer, neuroscience and bioinformatics.

A course program of training in basic and advanced Biology from experts in the fields.

An invigorating research environment with journal clubs, group meetings, conferences and talks by visiting experts throughout the year.

The possibility of a direct admission offer to exceptional short-term project trainees for the PhD and the Int PhD programs.

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DETAILED ADMISSIONS INFORMATION.

The National Centre for Biological Sciences is a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), which operates under the aegis of the Department of Atomic Energy. The Department of Biological Sciences (DBS) is located at TIFR in Mumbai. Both units have been set up with a mandate to pursue basic research in the frontier areas of biology. Follow the links for details of projects undertaken at NCBS and DBS/TIFR. Titles of their projects are listed at the end of this page.

FACILITIES

Libraries subscribing to a large number of Journals covering the various fields of research are available at both Bangalore and Mumbai campuses. In addition the computer centres provide internet access, e-mail and bibliography search support. Student housing is provided along with canteen and recreational facilities.

ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

The National Centre for Biological Sciences has academic programmes leading to Ph.D. and Integrated Ph.D. degrees. DBS takes on students in their Ph.D. programme.

The Integrated Ph.D. programme takes on students with an excellent academic record at the B.Sc. level and who are strongly motivated to pursue a career in research. Students at NCBS often put in over 1 hours of work in a day between course work and a research programme. A qualifying examination will be held during the second year of the programme to decide on whether a student will go on to complete a Ph.D. or submit a thesis for award of a Masters degree.

The Ph.D. programme of DBS & NCBS accepts candidates with a Masters in any Basic Science discipline or a basic degree in any applied science such as Medicine, Engineering etc. NCBS students are required to pass a qualifying exam at the end of their second year.

Application Procedure

The Written Test

Objective-type written tests in physical, chemical or biological sciences will be held at the following centres on 14.1.00

Bangalore

NCBS,

UAS-GKVK Campus,

on Bellary Highway,

Bangalore 560065

Bhubaneswar

Department of Physics

Utkal University

Vani Vihar

Bhubaneshwar 751 004.

Chennai

Lecture Hall Complex

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

Chennai 600 06.

Delhi

Department of Physics & Astrophysics

University of Delhi (North Campus)

Delhi 110 007.

Hyderabad

Lecture Hall Complex

University of Hyderabad Campus

Gachibowli

Hyderabad 500 046.

Indore

IIPS, Devi Ahilya Univ.

Kanpur

Lecture Hall Complex

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Kanpur 08 016.

Kolkata

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology

(Opposite Jadavpur University Main Gate)

4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road

Jadavpur

Kolkata 700 0.

Mumbai

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005.

Pune

National Centre for Radio Astrophysics

Pune University Campus

Ganeshkhind

Pune 411 007.

To apply for hall ticket, send the following

Application on plain paper stating name, current address, date of birth, subject in which you want to take the test (Physics / Chemistry / Biology) and preferred centre for written test

Listing of your marks on the same sheet of paper (copies of the original mark sheets will not be needed till the interview stage.)

Two passport size photos

Stamped (Rs. 10), self-addressed envelope (5cm by 17cm) superscribed Admissions 00

Demand Draft for Rs. 00 (non-refundable application fee).

Candidates unable to pay the application fee on economic grounds may request for a waiver. Such a request must be supported by a letter from the Principal or Head of the Department.

Qualified candidates will be sent a hall ticket (admission card) for the written test. No TA/DA will be paid for the written test.

Biology Ph.D. candidates and Integrated Ph.D. candidates should send their applications (before 5.10.0) to Admissions Section, NCBS, UAS-GKVK Campus and P.O., Bangalore 560065. The DD should be payable to National Centre for Biological Sciences at Bangalore.

Other candidates should send their applications to Establishment Officer, TIFR, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005.

The DD should be payable to Tata Institute of Fundamental Research at Mumbai. WALK-INS A few candidates without hall tickets may be allowed to take the tests if seats are available. They should be present at the centres by am (for Biology) or 10 pm (for Physics/Chemistry) with a DD for Rs. 00, photos, B.Sc./M.Sc. mark sheets and University ID.

Please follow this link to the text of the Newspaper Advertisment with further details.

APPLICATION SCREENING

All applicants are required to take a written test conducted by NCBS-DBS on December 14, 00. The test will be extremely basic and cover topics in mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. There is no specified syllabus, nor do we give out sample question papers.

Those who qualify on this test will be sent forms for the next phase of the selection procedure. Performance in the written test, together with the information requested in the additional application material - academic performance, letters of recommendation and a write-up will be used in drawing up a short list of candidates for interviews at Bangalore in May/June 00.

Candidates appearing for Physics/Chemistry tests can also be considered for Biology admission if they indicate that preference at the time they do the test.

The interview will be held in two stages. A good performance in the preliminary interview will qualify the candidate for the final interview to be held over the next two days. The DBS and NCBS admissions processes for the PhD programmes are common upto the preliminary interview stage. There will be separate interview panels for DBS and NCBS in the final interviews. Candidates may choose to face either or both panels, which make independent decisions on whom to offer admission to their Ph.D. programmes. It is possible that some candidates will be offered admission both to DBS and to NCBS. Last year we offered admission to 14 candidates between NCBS and DBS while 4 students were admitted into the NCBS Integrated Ph.D. programme.

Other National Examinations

Students who have qualified for Junior Research Fellowships from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Physics, Chemistry, Biology or the Mathematical Sciences or who have passed the GATE exam are encouraged to apply to the NCBS PhD programme. Applications in this category are welcome throughout the year and mid- term interviews may be scheduled if necessary. Fellowship holders are also encouraged to directly write to faculty members in areas of their interest and explore the possibility of working in their laboratories for a short period before applying for admission to the PhD programme.

Project titles

Staff at National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore

BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

Mechanisms of protein folding and unfolding (Jayant Udgaonkar)

Membrane transport & Biophysics (M.K. Mathew)

Computational approaches to protein science (R. Sowdhamini)

Single-Molecule Physics of Biological Systems (G.V. Shivashankar)

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION AND SIGNALING

Notch signalling in cancer (Sudhir Krishna)

Mechanisms of endocytosis (Satyajit Mayor)

Apoptosis and immune homeostasis (Apurva Sarin)

GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT

Nerve and muscle development (K. VijayRaghavan)

IP signaling Pathways (Gaiti Hasan)

The Development of Functional Neural Networks in Drosophila (Veronica Rodrigues)

NEUROBIOLOGY

Genetics of chemosensory perception (O. Siddiqi).

Molecular neurobiology (M.M. Panicker)

Computational Neuroscience (U.S. Bhalla)

Cellular Neurophysiology (S. Chattarji)

Staff at Department of Biological Sciences, Mumbai

DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS IN HUMANS AND MODEL ORGANISMS.

Cell fate specification in the developing mammalian brain (Shubha Tole)

The Development of Functional Neural Networks in Drosophila (Veronica Rodrigues)

MOLECULAR CELLULAR AND SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE

Cell Biology of the Synapse (K. S. Krishnan)

Axonal transport in Drosophila (Krishanu Ray)

Modulation of G-protein signal transduction (Rohit Mittal)

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Stress (Vidita Vaidya)

CELLULAR REGULATION AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Molecular mechanisms that repair genetic instabilities (B. J. Rao)

Structure-Function relationships of proteins (Gotam Jarori)

PARASITE BIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Molecular Biology of malarial parasites (Shobhona Sharma)

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A Biographical Analysis of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

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"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, is a somewhat lengthy poem concerning the paranormal activities of a sea mariner and his crew. The work was constructed to be the beginning piece in Lyrical Ballads, a two-volume set written by William Wordsworth and Coleridge. Wordsworth intended to, in his volume, make the ordinary seem extraordinary, while Coleridge aimed to make the extraordinary ordinary. "The Rime" was first published in 178. Despite the current popularity of the piece, it was harshly criticized upon being first published. One of "The Rime's" toughest opponents was Wordsworth himself, who claimed that the poem had "neither characterization nor proper agency nor skill in the handling of imagery" (Fry, 1). Wordsworth even bluntly described the piece as being in the wrong overall meter (Fry, 1). Because of these presumed flaws, "The Rime" was edited into several subsequent editions, being released in 1800, 180, 1805, 1817, and 184.

When a reader examines "the Rime," the piece first appears to be merely that of an archaic ghost story. Throughout the years though, many have analyzed the poem from various angles of interpretation. Some of the methods used to decipher "The Rime" have included reader-response, Marxist, new historicism, psychoanalytic, and even deconstruction analysis. While each of these alternatives provides an individualistic prospective on the poem, they are all somewhat different, and can even be objective at times depending on the reader in question. While "The Rime" may have been constructed to address slavery, the economy, or even morality, it can also be greatly appreciated when looked at in terms of content and the life of its author. The significant events that the Mariner endures through, including death (albatross), isolation, endlessly wandering, and ultimate salvation, can all be seen in the personal life of Coleridge himself.

In the poem, the death of the albatross is an event that can be directly correlated to Coleridge's life, particularly in the death of his father. Samuel was born on October 1, 177, and was the youngest among his ten siblings (Fry, ). At age six, he began attending King's School, where his father happened to be the headmaster (Fry, ). Coleridge's father, Reverend John Coleridge, died three years later (Fry, ). After the death, an undereducated and inadequate gentleman replaced Samuel's father as headmaster (Fry, ). As a result of this, Coleridge was forced to move to London to pursue his education at Christ's Hospital (Fry, ). The death and resulting move was very damaging to Samuel, who was only nine at the time.

The death of the albatross is quite similar from the standpoint that it was the event that gave rise to the Mariner's problems. The Mariner killed the bird in order to support the crew in their time of great hunger and thirst (Coleridge, ). The death of the bird was at first followed by good luck. The fog and frost that had once consumed the seas around the Mariner and his crew is replaced by good weather (Coleridge, 4). This break in treacherous conditions is only temporary, though. Upon arriving in the Pacific, the wind ceases to blow and the ship stops (Coleridge, 4). A horrific drought ensues and ravishes the entire crew (Coleridge, 4). The deaths of the albatross and of Coleridge's father were events that led to unpleasant occurrences for both men. Custom Essays on A Biographical Analysis of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

When the bird of great piety is killed, the Mariner is forced to undergo isolation from what he viewed as being familiar. In the poem, the mariner's slaying of the albatross brings about a terrible drought and eventually a ship, which contains the figures of Death and Life-In-Death (Coleridge, 8-4). The two ghostly figures are playing dice for the lives of the crewmembers (Coleridge, 4). Death wins every life except for that of the Mariner (Coleridge, 4). As a result of this, the Mariner is forced to watch idly as everyone around him dies. To make matters worse, all of the two hundred crewmembers expire with their eyes fixed on the Mariner (Coleridge, 48). The mariner will continue to travel the seas with a dead and eventually living-dead crew.

This occurrence, while not as dramatic, is also evident in Coleridge's life. As a result of his father's death, Samuel is forced to travel to London to attend school. While in London, he was isolated from his remaining family and all that he new to be familiar. Samuel had to basically start fresh and build a whole new life for himself in a totally different environment. This was all forced on a young Coleridge, who was only nine years of age. Both character's isolation causes them to undergo drastic changes in their mentalities and lifestyles.

The main resemblance between the two characters is their wandering characteristics, and becomes evident during the middle years of Coleridge's life. Samuel was known to frequently travel from location to location in search of inspiration and contempt. After first traveling from Devonshire to London, Coleridge went to Cambridge in search of a college education (Fry, ). The writer left school after only three years though, choosing instead to enlist in the Fifteenth Light Dragoons (Fry, 4). He did so in hopes of evading a large debt to the college, but was later discharged with the help of his brother, Reverend George Coleridge (Fry, 4). Samuel returned to Cambridge, but failed to earn a degree (Fry, 4). The writer next traveled to Oxford and eventually Bristol (Fry, 4). While in Bristol, he met Sara Fricker and was soon married (Fry, 4). With his newfound bride, Coleridge traveled to Clevedon (Fry, 4). Despite now having a wife, Samuel still frequently drifted from location to location. During his drifting in 176, Coleridge began the use of laudanum, which eventually led to his addiction to opium (Fry, 5). In the years to follow, Samuel would repeatedly take lengthy trips with his friends, often leaving his wife and children at home. One of these lengthy trips was a tour of Germany, which Coleridge underwent with William and Dorothy Wordsworth in hopes of gathering inspirational information for his master opus (Fry, 6). Samuel would, as a result of these frequent tours, become estranged from his wife and family. Coleridge chose to continue his trips, and eventually separated from Sara, his longtime wife. After the split, the writer went on to suffer from a chronic opium addiction. The stresses that this habit placed on the author caused many of his friends to distant themselves from Coleridge, including the Wordsworths (Fry, 7). With his wife and the Wordsworths gone, Coleridge was forced to undergo his addiction alone. In hopes of regaining his health, Samuel traveled to and lived with various patrons for the final twenty-seven years of his life (Fry, 7).

In "The Rime," the Mariner lives a very similar wandering lifestyle. Being a ship captain, he was familiar and acceptant of the need to travel from port to port. Throughout "The Rime," the Mariner is constantly traveling. In the beginning of his story, the captain travels south into the Antarctic region (Coleridge, 8). He then, after shooting the Albatross, goes on to travel throughout the Pacific and eventually finds his way back to land. In the end of the piece, the Mariner is compelled to wander throughout the countryside and tell his story to any soul that will listen.

The final aspect of the Mariner's life that resembles that of Coleridge's is evident when the sea captain acquires salvation. As a result of shooting the albatross, the Mariner undergoes a series of horrible misadventures. All of the crewmembers die and the captain is left to face the drought alone. At this point, the Mariner attempts to pray, but is unable to do so (Coleridge, 46). It is only after subconsciously blessing the sea creatures that he is able to pray (Coleridge, 50). The drought ends and it begins to rain (Coleridge, 50). The crew then rises and resumes their onboard duties, before ultimately falling motionless to the deck (Coleridge, 5-6). The ship goes on to finally reach a harbor (Coleridge, 64). Here, the Mariner comes into contact with the pilot, his son, and a hermit (Coleridge, 66-68). The captain's boat capsizes, and the three men pull the Mariner from the whirlpool (Coleridge, 70). Once on the Pilot's ship, the mariner seeks abolition from the hermit (Coleridge, 7). It is only then that the Mariner is saved from the supernatural journey that he had been subjected to.

Coleridge looks for and attains this same sense of salvation in his life. After separating from his wife and becoming estranged from the Wordsworths, Samuel went through a devastating period of time. His opium consumption was at an all time high and his literary productivity was at a low point. Coleridge went through various patrons and households, each one failing to offer the needed level of assistance with his problems (Fry, 7). The writer also often placed himself under medical care in hopes of breaking the painful cycle of addiction. Coleridge finally found salvation and redemption in his final patron. James Gillman, a doctor, was able to give the author a newfound sense of familiarity (Fry, 8). The opium addiction was eased, although not completely solved. At the doctor's home in Highgate, Samuel was able to concentrate on his writing (Fry, 8). Coleridge began to attract many visitors and even hosted informal gatherings, known as "Thursday evenings" (Fry, ). It was also here that Coleridge became reacquainted with many of the influential figures from his past. Wordsworth visited him and the two even toured the Rhine together (Fry, 8). Coleridge was also visited by his daughter Sara, who moved to the area with her husband (and cousin) Henry (Fry, 8). Along with the help of his son-in-law, Coleridge was able to publish several compellations of his work (Fry, 8). A short time later, Coleridge died, but only after some of the most peaceful years of his life.

"The Rime" is a supernaturally based poem, which is full of imaginative symbolism and imagery. Despite its numerous revisions, it is still a defining piece of literature from the Romantic period. While several approaches can be taken to investigate the poem, a biographical analysis provides an insightful look into the life of the author that created the work. In "The Rime," Coleridge has the Mariner facing many of the same obstacles that he faced throughout his life, including death, isolation, constant wandering, and a final search for salvation.

Works Cited

Coleridge, Samuel. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." Fry 6-75.

Fry, Paul, ed. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Boston and New York Bedford / St. Martin's, 1.

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U.S. Navy

Paragraph 1 Situation. The navy was created in 1775. In November 8, the continental congress authorized the establishment of the American Navy. The navy was only to play a major role in the war; the success of American privateers in interrupting British trade was an important factor aiding the patriot.

The secretary of the navy is Honorable Gordon R. England. Mr. England was nominated on 4 April 001 by George W. Bush to serve as the 7nd Secretary of Navy, and was sworn in on 4 May 001. The senior admiral of the navy is Admiral Vern Clark. Admiral Clark is the Chief of Naval Operations. Admiral Clark is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the command, of resources and operating efficiency of the operating forces of the navy and the navy shore activities.

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