Operating Definition of Organizational Behavior

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Organizational behavior is a common knowledge in the area of individuals, groups, and structure with in an organization. This behavior is to contribute to the efficiency, and effectiveness of a job. There are a number of behavioral disciplines that contribute to organizational behavior psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science.

Here are two examples of the behavioral disciplines and how they affect organizational behavior. Within Sociology the greatest contribution was their study of group behavior in organizations. Some of the areas of Organizational behavior that have received valuable input from sociologists are group dynamics, design of work teams, organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, organizational technology, communications, power, and conflict. Another discipline, Social psychologists have shown how to implement change and how to reduce the resistance to accept change.

One of the most important and broad-based challenges facing organizations today is adapting to people who are different. Organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in regards to gender, race, and ethnicity. Managers play a large role in this process they have to have the people skills to work with the diverse groups of employees. Due to the globalization of many companies, some managers are force to go to another country and train new employees. Also with in there own country there is a diverse work force. This is a change that the company has to deal with and learn from. Some companies are allowing flexible schedules, to accommodate different environments such as the family oriented. Others are making material in several languages. These are a few ways to deal with the diverse work force.

As we can see organizational behavior is dealing with people, the study of people's behaviors. In this study they go into how we have written rules, an unwritten rule. The unwritten rule is in affect due to people's behavior, No one says you have to say thank you or you go to jail it is just one of the unspoken rules of behavior. I feel organizational behavior is a changing and growing study to the fact people are always changing and growing.Cheap Custom Essays on Operating Definition of Organizational Behavior

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MIlitary monks

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Militant Monks, The Knights Templar, a military order of

monks answerable only to the Pope himself, were founded in

1118. Their primary responsibility, at least initially, was

to provide protection to Christians making pilgrimages to Write your MIlitary monks research paper

the Holy Land. They rose in power, both religious and

secular, to become one of the richest and most powerful

entities in Christendom. By the time of their disbandment

in 107, this highly secretive organization controlled vast

wealth, a fleet of merchant ships, and castles and estates

spanning the entire Mediterranean area.

When the crusaders captured Jerusalem from the Muslims in

10, the Church encouraged all faithful Christians to

visit that holy city in order to affirm their faith. The

area, however, was still subject to sporadic attacks from

various non-Christian factions. A small group of knights,

led by Hugh de Payens, vowed to protect the pilgrims. The

group was granted quasi-official status by King Baldwin II

of Jerusalem, who allowed them quarters in a wing of the

royal palace near the Temple of Solomon. It is from this

initial posting that the order derived its name. They took

the standard vows of poverty, chastity and obedience and

were bound to the rules of the Augustinian order.

[Upton-Ward 1]

The order languished in near-anonimity for several years,

despite generous contributions from various European

personages. In 116, Count Hugh of Champagne, having

donated his estates to Bernard of Clairvaux for use in

building a monastery for the Cistercian order, arrived in

Jerusalem to join the Templars. This action indirectly

obligated Bernard to support the newly chosen advocacy of

his benefactor. He wrote to the count, If, for Gods work,

you have changed yourself from count to knight and from

rich to poor, I congratulate you. [Howarth 4]

In the year 116, King Baldwin found two reasons for

wanting official recognition of the order. First, he had,

perhaps prematurely, bestowed upon Hugh de Payens the title

of Master of the Temple. Second, the king had the

opportunity to launch an attack on the city of Damascus,

but he needed more knights. Papal recognition would allow

open recruiting in Europe for the order. King Baldwin sent

a letter to Bernard of Clairvaux, the orders primary

patron, later known as Saint Bernard, asking him to

petition the Pope for official recognition of the order.

[Howarth 50-51]

The Kings letter was hand-carried to Bernard by two loyal

and trusted knights, Andrew de Montbard, maternally related

to Bernard, and Gondemare. Upon their arrival at Clairvaux,

the two knights presented Bernard with Baldwins letter,

which came right to the point. [Upton-Ward ] The brothers

Templar, whom God has raised up for the defense of our

province and to whom he has accorded special protection,

desire to receive apostolic approval and also their own

Rule of life ... Since we know well the weight of your

intercession with God and also with His Vicar and with the

other princes of Europe, we give into your care this

two-fold mission, whose success will be very welcome to us.

Let the constitution of the Templars be such as is suitable

for men who live in the clash and tumult of war, and yet of

a kind which will be acceptable to the Christian princes,

of whom they have been the valuable auxiliaries. So far as

in you lies and if God pleases, strive to bring this matter

to a speedy and successful issue. [qtd. in Howarth 50-51]

Bernard realized at once the genius of the proposal to

combine religious and military endeavors. Through such

organizations, the borders of Christendom could be extended

and fortified. He immediately granted his approval of the

plan and pledged his full support. He petitioned Pope

Honorius II for a special council to consider the matter,

and he notified Hugh of his actions. [Howarth 51]

The Council of Troyes convened on January 1, 118, a

bitterly cold Saint Hilarys Day, for the primary purpose

of considering the request of the Knights Templar. Despite

the delays of written communications, Hugh de Payens,

accompanied by several brother knights, arrived from the

Holy Land in time to attend the meetings of the Council.

[Howarth 51]

William of Tyre wrote an account of the events Nine years

after the founding of this order, the knights were still in

secular garb. They wore such garments as the people, for

salvation of their souls, bestowed upon them. During this

ninth year, a council was held at Troyes in France. There

were present the archbishops of Rheims and Sens, with their

suffragans; the bishop of Albano, the Popes legate; the

abbots of Citeaux, Clairvaux, Potigny; and many others. At

this council, by order of Pope Honorious and of Stephen,

patriarch of Jerusalem, a rule was drawn up for this order

and a habit of white assigned them. [qtd. in

Burman/Templars 7]

Although referred to in Williams account by the generic

title Abbott of Clairvaux, Bernard, in actuality controlled

the proceedings of the council. There was little doubt

Bernards request would be met with approval; he was well

known for his successes in reforming monastic life. He was

held in the utmost respect by religious and lay leaders

alike; in many circles he was referred to as the second

pope. In fact, many of the popes were supplied by the

mendicant orders. [Robinson 66-67]

At a time when monks were more highly regarded than

priests, and considered closer to God because of their

ascetic life-styles, Benard said, The people cannot look

up to the priests, because the people are better than

priests. [Robinson 67]

Bernards offer to personally assist in the formulation of

the Rules of the order was gratefully accepted by all.

Bernard based his Rule of the Templars on that of his own

Cistercian order, which was itself based on the older

Benedictine Rule. [Robinson 67]

The Rule of the Templars was a strict and complex system of

686 written laws, meant to cover every possible aspect of

daily life. As an example, Rule 5, On Bowls and Drinking

Vessels, states Because of the shortage of bowls, the

brothers will eat in pairs, so that one may study the other

more closely, and so that neither austerity nor secret

abstinence is introduced into the communal meal. And it

seems just to us that each brother should have the same

ration of wine in his cup. [qtd. in Upton-Ward 6]

In 11, Pope Innocent II issued a Bull, titled Omne Datum

Optimum, declaring that the Knights Templar were under the

direct and sole control of the Pope. This freed the Knights

to operate throughout Christendom and the Levant

unencumbered by local ecclesiastical and secular rulers.

This unprecedented autonomy was due, in no small part, to

the personal petitions of the new Grand Master, Robert the

Burgundian. While Hugh had been an excellent warrior,

Robert was an ideal administrator who understood politics.

[Howarth 80]

The Order was authorized to have chaplain brothers, who

were authorized to hear the confessions of their fellow

brothers, and thereby absolve them of their sins. There

were, however, five specific crimes for which granting of

absolution was reserved by the Pope. These were the

killing of a Christian man or woman,; violently attacking

another brother; attacking a member of another order or a

priest; renouncing holy orders in order to be received as a

brother; and entering the order by simony. [Upton-Ward 5]

It was also during the mastership of Robert that the Rules

were translated from Latin into French. Church documents

were normally in Latin only, but since most of the Knights

were soldiers rather than educated clerics, they were

unable to read Latin. In 1147, the Knights were authorized

to wear a red cross upon their white mantles, despite rule

18, which forbade any decorations on their clothing.

[Upton-Ward 1]

As the Knights Templar gained political and economic

strength, they found themselves involved in many aspects of

secular life. They established the first truly

international banking service; travelers not wanting to

travel with large sums could deposit their money at any

Temple and collect a like amount at their destination.

[Burman/Templars 85] The Templars were the primary bankers

for the Holy See. Since the order was a papal creation

which was administered directly by the Pope himself, their

significance as papal bankers is understandable. Less

obvious is the Templars function as royal bankers for

several of Europes royal houses. The two greatest Temples

outside the Levant were located in Paris and London. These

two Temples offered a full range of financial services to

the royal houses, including collecting taxes, controlling

debts and administering pension funds. [Burman/Templars

87-88] The treasury of the King of France was kept safely

within the vault of the Temple of Paris. [Sinclair 6]

The Templars owned a great fleet of merchant ships with

which to convey all manner of goods, e.g., pepper and

cotton, as well as pilgrims, between Europe and the Holy

Land. People wanting to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land,

but lacking the resources to do so, were allowed to assign

rights to their houses and property, upon their death, to

the Templars in exchange for passage on a Templar ship. To

avoid accusations of usury, this procedure was legitimized

by the papal bull Quantum Praedecessores, issued by Pope

Eugenius II in 1145. [Burman/Templars 75-78]

The Holy Land was divided into four Crusader States

Jerusalem, Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa. Shifting alliances,

complicated by the plotting of independent Arab emirates,

posed a complicated and often confusing backdrop for the

Knights military operations. Their first action was in the

northern sector of the Principality of Antioch. They

captured the March of Amanus, which formed a natural

barrier between the city of Amanus and Asia Minor.

[Burman/Templars 50]

The Knights Templar frequently fought side-by-side with

their counter- parts, the Knights Hospitaller, another

military order, founded to provide shelter to sick, wounded

or destitute pilgrims. Together, these two warrior orders

afforded the Holy Land a formidable fighting force.

Although some histories allude to a deep and bitter rivalry

between the two, it is more likely that they cooperated

well during the battles, keeping any such pettiness for the

monotonous weeks between actions. [Upton-Ward 6-7]

The first military action of the Templars was in the

northern sector of the Holy Land. In 111, they captured

the March of Amanus in Antioch. It was a natural barrier

between the city and Asia Minor, which afforded control of

two roads into Antioch. The same year, King Fulk, Baldwins

successor, traveled to the site and granted ownership to

the Templars. [Burman/Templars 5]

Control of the various areas of the Holy Land see-sawed

back and forth between the Crusaders and the Arabs, with

neither side enjoying a decisive victory. Then the balance

of power began to change with the rise of the great Arab

leader Salah-ad-Din Yusuf ibn-Aiyub, known to westerners as

Saladin. Descended from a long line of military heroes, he

was born in 118 in Baalbek, Syria, where his father was

military governor. He began to develop his warrior skills

by accompanying his father and uncles on various campaigns.

[Burman/Templars 8]

Saladins rise to power was rapid and successful. His

adherence to the orthodox Sunni faith caused him to

initiate dramatic changes in his Shi-ite army. Upon his

ultimate rise to the position of Sultan, he declared a

jihad, or holy war, against the Crusaders. This intense

refocusing of the Moslem effort began a gradual shift in

power. Christian strongholds fell in increasing numbers,

creating a domino effect. By the middle of 1187, Saladin

had captured Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut and

Ascalon. Jerusalem fell on October, 1187.

[Burman/Templars 108]

The fall of Jerusalem was a disaster from which the

Crusades never recovered. Among Saladins prisoners were

the King of Jerusalem and Raynald de Chatillon, commander

of the fortress at Moab. After entertaining the two in his

tent, Saladin had Raynald killed. The King saw his fellow

prisoner executed and thought he was surely next, but

Saladin had him brought back into his tent and told him,

It is not the habit of kings to kill kings. Saladins

victory was complete. [Payne -4]

In the disarray that followed, the orders began to

disperse. The Hospitallers removed their headquarters,

first to Rhodes and then to Malta; and, with the ultimate

fall of Acre in 11, the Templars lost their base of

operations and relocated to Cyprus. In effect, the orders

had lost their original reason for existence. [Upton-Ward ]

Please note that this sample paper on MIlitary monks is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on MIlitary monks, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on MIlitary monks will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Themes in Night

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The Themes of Night

In the novel Night written by Elie Wiesel, Elie is a young boy who believes in God immensely. He began studying the cabbala (the perilous world of mysticism) at a very young age and he wept when he prayed. After being place in a concentration camp, this young man begins to lose all faith in God. "Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never" (Wiesel ). It is the nocturnal silence, losing faith in a benevolent God, the rupture of father-son bonds, and man's inhumanity to man are all themes of the novel Night.

In the beginning of the book, Elie is an extremely religious young boy. He studies the Cabbala thoroughly and this is a reason that he is so religious. The Cabbala teaches Elie that "God is everywhere in the world, that nothing exists without God, that in fact everything in the material world is a reflection�or 'emanation'�of the Divine world" (Perry 1). Moshe the Beadle is Elie's Cabbala teacher. He helps Elie to understand the Cabbala. Moshe the Beadle tells Elie that "Man questions God and God answers. But we don't understand His answers. We can't understand them. Because they come from the depths of the soul, and they stay there until death. You will find the true answers, Eliezer, only within yourself!" (Wiesel ). Elie feels that any question he may have God should be able to answer. Although he may not understand God's answer he believes that in some way he will see the answer. When Elie looks to God for answers and gets no answer, he begins to lose faith. Why have faith in God if he cannot answer your questions? Is he really there? "To those faced with the reality of Auschwitz, God reveals Himself as an impotent entity who has been robbed of His attributes of justice and mercy by the Angel of Death" (Sibelman 15). Elie himself was at Auschwitz. The trying times that Elie faced while at Auschwitz more than likely play a heavy impact on how much faith Elie holds. Elie no longer has God to look to for the answers because he feels that God is not there. He feels that God has been silent and that he can no longer count on God. Elie goes from praying three times a day to saying, "Why, but why should I bless Him? In every fiber I rebelled. Because He had had thousands of children burned in His pits? Because he kept six crematories working night and day, on Sundays and feast days? Because in His great might He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many factories of death? How could I say to Him 'Blessed art Thou, Eternal Master of the Universe, Who chose us from among the races to be tortured day and night, to see our fathers, our mothers, our brothers, end in crematory? Praised be Thy Holy Name, Thou Who hast chosen us to be butchered on Thine altar'" (Wiesel 64). Perhaps it is the silence from God that has caused the downward fall in Elie's faith.

Indeed it is God's silence that completes Elie's loss of faith. This became most evident when the Gestapo hung the young angel faced pipel. Not only did they hang the young boy but they forced the prisoners to look him in the eyes as he was dying. "For more than half an hour he stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes. And we had to look him full in the face. He was still alive when I passed in front of him. His tongue was still red, his eyes were not yet glazed" (Wiesel 6). As the Jewish people are walking past the pipel a man behind Elie says, "Where is God now" (Wiesel 6). As soon as the man says this Elie hears a voice within him reply, "Where is He? Here He is�He is hanging here on this gallows…" (Wiesel 6). The reply from within Elie signifies his total loss of faith. He feels that God has completely died with the young pipel on the gallows. The pipel on the gallows also in some ways is a resemblance to the crucifix. It is a resemblance because the young pipel signifies what is given to the Jews. Jesus signifies what is given to humans when he is on the crucifix. "Who, what, is dying on that gallows? One child, all children, and Elie Wiesel among them" (Roth 5). Not only does the pipel and God die but a part of Elie dies also. The part that once worshipped God so devoutly has now vanished. Elie's image of God is shattered. Elie's self is shattered. "The victim's self is shattered. When a world is shattered and faith is shattered, the self who lives in the world and shares the faith is likewise shattered" (Brown 74). With part of himself gone, Elie begins to transform into something that he is not. He begins to transform into a cruel person. The bond between him and his father begins to falter Write your Themes in Night research paper

The rupture of father-son bonds plays a huge impact on Elie himself. The fathers and sons generally traveled together to the concentration camps. Since they were always together the fathers and sons fed off of each other. But Elie was given a piece of advice, a sort of guideline to follow, "Here, every man has to fight for himself and not think of anyone else. Even of his father. Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. I'll give you a sound piece of advice�don't give your ration of bread and soup to your old father" (Wiesel 105). But Elie did not listen. He and his father depended on one another for survival. They try to do as much as possible to help each other out but at the same time they have to compete to stay alive (Fine 55). On three different occasions Elie mentions sons horribly mistreating their fathers (Perry). Rabbi Elianhou's son had tried to get rid of him. He knew his father was not keeping up with him and he did not bother to stop and wait or help him. "Then I remembered something else his son had seen him losing ground, limping, staggering back to the rear of the column. He had seen him. And he had continued to run on in front, letting the distance between them grow greater" (Wiesel 87). Meir Katz killed his father over a crumb of bread. "Meir. Meir, my boy! Don't you recognize me? I'm your father . . . you're hurting me . . . you're killing your father! I've got some bread . . . for you too . . . for you too . . ." (Wiesel 6). Although Elie does not act brutal towards his father, Elie too feels annoyed by his father at times. "A terrible thought loomed up in my mind he had wanted to get rid of his father! He had felt his father was growing weak, he believed that the end was near and had sought this separation in order to get rid of the burden, to free himself from an encumbrance which could lessen his own chances of survival" (Wiesel 87). Elie sets out to see find his father, "But at the same moment this thought came into my mind 'Don't let me find him! If only I could get rid of this dead weight, so that I could use all my strength to struggle for my own survival, and only worry about myself'" (Wiesel 101). But still Elie's desire to survive is tied to his father and he is not able to have this these thoughts again. "Death wrapped itself around me till I was stifled. It stuck to me. I felt that I could touch it. The idea of dying, of no longer being, began to fascinate me. Not to exist any longer. Not to feel the horrible pains in my foot . . . My father's presence was the only thing that stopped me . . . I had no right to let myself die. What would he do without me? I was his only support" (Wiesel 8). Even after feeling that his father was a burden and that he may be better off without his father, Elie "prays to God to give him the strength never to do what Rabbi Eiahous's son has done" (Wiesel 87). Not only were fathers and sons going at it and causing pain to each other. But some of the Nazi workers were inflicting pain and even death on Jewish prisoners and getting amusement out of it. "Some workers amuse themselves by throwing pieces of bread into the open wagons and watching the starved men kill each other for a crumb" (Fine 5). Elie and his father never cause each other any pain but Elie does witness the murder of his father. In fact Elie does nothing to stop the murder of his father which happened right in front of him. Elie's father is asking Elie for some water and an officer tells him to be quiet. Elie's father does not hear the officer and continues to ask Elie for some water. At this time the officer strikes Elie's father over the head with an iron bar and all Elie does is back up for fear of being hit (Wiesel 106). The last word out of Elie's father's mouth is, "Eliezer" (Wiesel 106). Although Elie was sad that his father was gone and had been murdered he felt a sort of relief. "I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep. But I had no more tears. And, in the depths of my being, in the recesses of my weekend conscience, could I have searched it, I might perhaps have found something like�free at last!" (Wiesel 106). Elie feels relief for a small amount of time but in the end his relief turns into a deep guilt.

Man's inhumanity to man also plays a role in the novel. Not only does Elie lose his faith in God but he loses faith in the world around him (Perry). "After experiencing such horror and cruelty in the world, the world no longer makes sense to Elie" (Perry). This feeling is not only because of what he sees the Nazis do but also it is caused by what he sees from his fellow prisoners. The fellow prisoners rather than sticking together to stay strong compete against each other to live. The first cruel things Elie experiences are indeed related to the Nazis. But the everlasting things that he experiences are the father son battles. The father son battles prove that hostility and cruelty breed hostility and cruelty (Perry). Elie does not realize this until towards the end of the book. Towards the end a Kapo (a Jewish prisoner who is chosen to be a barrack leader to the other prisoners; often harsh and cruel to Jews) tells Elie, "Here, every man has to fight for himself and not thing of anyone else. Even of his father. Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. I'll give you a sound piece of advice�don't give your ration of bread and soup to your old father. There's nothing you can for him. And you're killing yourself. Instead, you ought to be having his ration" (Wiesel 105). This may seem cruel and inhumane but it is what Elie needed to do to survive.

The themes are obvious throughout the entire novel. They are shown in many ways. The nocturnal silence, Elie's struggle to maintain faith in a benevolent God, the rupture of father-son bonds, and man's inhumanity to man are pretty much what the novel is about. The times of the Holocaust were very harsh and nobody ever knew what to be expected. No prisoner will ever be the same. "One day I was able to get up, after gathering all my strength. I wanted to see myself in the mirror hanging on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse gazed back at me. The look in his eyes, as they stared into mine, has never left me" (Wiesel 10).

Works Consulted

Alton, Anne Heibert, Essay. Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 4. Detroit

Gale, 17. -5.

Brown, Robert McAfee. "Darkness That Eclipses Light (a moral journey�1)." Modern Critical Interpretations Elie Wiesel's Night. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia Chelsea House, 001. 6-.

Fine, Ellen. "Witness of the Night." Modern Critical Interpretations. 47-67.

Perry, Josh. SparkNote on Night. 1 April 00 http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/night.

Roth, John. "In the Beginning." Modern Critical Interpretations. 1-47.

Shevelev, Raphael, and Karine Schomer. Liberating The Ghosts. Oregon Lenswork, 16.

Sibelman, Simon. "Victims to Victors The Trilogy." Modern Critical Interpretations. 145-17.

Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York Bantam Books, 160.

Wollaston, Isabel. "The Possibility and Plausibility of Divine Abusiveness or Sadism as the Premise for a Religious Response to the Holocaust." 1 April 00 http//moses.creighton.edu/JRS/000/000-1.html.

Please note that this sample paper on Themes in Night is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Themes in Night, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Themes in Night will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Lacrosse essay

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Physical Education 1 Page Lacrosse Essay

The Lacrosse benefits to the individual and community faculties are not located in a very helpful spot to people such as ourselves, as these groups are located in North Adelaide, Henly Beach, Sturt and Woodville. A person who would like to take up the sport of Lacrosse would have to travel a far distance in order to take this sport up. We found these listings in the Yellow Pages, we tried the Internet, but we failed as we didn't know what we were doing and failed to see any listings at all.

A person wanting to pick Lacrosse up is very good as they are letting their body do some physical activity and therefore they are keeping fit. This is not only a great thing for the body but it is a great way to stay relaxed and focused and a way in which you can control you mind. This can also be very good for someone who doesn't do that much sport and is needing of getting out and doing something. Joining a club like this, whether it is Netball, Football, Basketball, and Baseball if the fact that you meet lots of people that you can become really good friends with. When joining a sport with someone that you already know can find that you can get competitive and sometimes it can lead to fights, but by joining by yourself you can meet people and become really good friends with them also.

When taking lesson's for a sport you can find that when doing it you can also be learning to play another sport at the same time by adjusting the rules a bit. For example Netball can be played by basketball athletes the only difference is that when playing basketball you can run with the ball and anyone can shoot. Lacrosse is a sport were rules from that came can be used in all sports for example like all ball games you can not have the ball in you possession for more them 4 seconds.

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Jade and I both rang a recreation center in North Adelaide and asked what their training programme is, this was there programme they started with a warm up, then they did some light ball work for beginners and some physical running and throwing for advanced students, they would then do several activities and then they finished off with a game. This is exactly what our PE class did recently for this assignment. Overall Lacrosse is a very beneficial way of keeping fit, but it is not just this it is also other sports that have been mentioned throughout this essay. Lacrosse is a great way to also meet new people and if you think that you are in need of a challenge then this is a task for you.

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The irony of 80's Uk Punk

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the uniform of leather jackets and mowhawks worn by the generation of punks that just missed punk in my opinion defies the importance of punk. Punk meant you didnt have to wear a uniform to be a punk,it was about individulism. Unfortunately they didnt grasp this and were tied down by the shackles of being a punk.

Judged solely for what it is Fever is about as good as dance-pop records come. Kylie Minogue's snappy good looks certainly played a big role in getting her breaks but she hasn't squandered her opportunities. She stakes out a carefully delineated identity. It's this identifiable image that shows up not just in videos and pictorials but the music itself. She certainly has at her disposal the best studio tools. She adds just enough input herself. Fever offers more than most similar material. This isn't an important release in any respects. It does play its part with brio.

Minogue's dance-pop formula is a familiar one. She makes no illusions about predictability though. That makes Fever relatively refreshing. Fever is watery; it manages to succeed being just that. Making a record that follows all the rules takes a certain skill.

Her songs all have a fantasy aspect to them, like the single "Can't Get You Out of My Head." They play into pop escapism quite well. Minogue can play an object of desire or the one with desires. Fever is flexible enough to maximize its appeal.

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Kylie Minogue has been recording since a few chance events in 187 took her away from the realm of Australian soap operas. She came under the wings of pop hitmakers Stock Aitken and Waterman. Minogue eventually broke away from the crafty production team a number of years ago. She accomplished exactly what Rick Astley couldn't. She doesn't do anything too dissimilar from the hit machines but her sound isn't forced in any unnatural directions. Minogue succeeds by using all her strengths and not venturing into too deep of waters.

In years past Minogue has connected with some notable talent. She has sung with Australia's resident master Nick Cave on his dark ballad "Where the Wild Roses Grow" and co-starred in the video. In this sense she does her part to support music beyond building a multimedia pop empire (she does sell her own line of lingerie).

Fever is complete with foldout photo spreads of Minogue. She knows what sells records. Her music is at its best here. Fever is a very respectable album for a pop star like Kylie Minogue.

 

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Symbolism in Heart of Darkness

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Symbolism in Heart of Darkness

When Conrad writes Heart of Darkness, the British colonial empire is at its height. Britain is the preeminent world power during the second half of the nineteenth century. She has colonies around the world including Africa. The Heart of Darkness centers around Marlow, a sailor, and his journey up the Congo River to meet Kurtz, reputed to be an idealistic man of great abilities. Marlow takes a job as a riverboat captain with the company- a large ivory trading firm working out of the Congo. As he travels to Africa and then up the Congo, Marlow encounters widespread inefficiency and brutality in the Company's station.

In Heart of Darkness, Conrad packs this story with symbolism. Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Its plot is simple enough on the surface but beneath the surface, lays the book's complicated themes and most importantly, symbols. Conrad gives much food for thought about the nature of humankind and the possibilities for both good and evil using these symbols. This paper will therefore discuss how Conrad uses symbolism to convey the theme of Imperialism between Europe and Africa.

Almost every action, object and character in Conrad's book has a deeper more relevant meaning behind it. The images from the Thames in Heart of Darkness lend support to the belief that this is, at a basic level, a novel about imperialism. At the beginning of the novel, Conrad connects the Thames to the Congo. The Thames is "a waterway leading to the uttermost ends of the earth." It is connected to the Congo like "an interminable waterway." It is connected both physically and symbolically. It is connected physically as all rivers are connected to each other. It is also connected by shared humanity and connected economically.

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Marlow, as a character, symbolizes the positiveness of Imperialism. Marlow realizes the evil that negative Imperialism has cause and decides it is truly unnecessary. When Marlow states, 'I had got a heavenly mission to civilize you,' he expresses his good intentions to help the Africans progress and advance. Furthermore, when he says, 'I was an imposter,' Marlow recognizes the fact that he is an invader into foreign land, yet he sticks to his moral values. Marlow observes many kinds of abuse of power by other whites, simply because they have better weapons of war. When the manager severely battered a young black boy for the burnt shed Marlow disapproves. However, when he sees abuses and unjust treatment he does not physically try to stop it. Instead, he just turns away and accepts that it is happening. That is one of Marlow's flaws; he does not support his convictions.

Marlow also symbolizes the uncorrupted men that traveled to foreign lands to help the 'uncivilized' become cultured, but unlike the others, Marlow does not become indoctrinated by an alternative motive. He is able to see through the materialistic ideals that plague the men before him. Marlow has the open-mindedness and sensitivity that is absent during Imperialism, but does not have the courage or power to stop the abuses that is going on. Marlow is proof that when confronted, a man's evil side can be both informative and perilous.

The manager is the epitome of the negative effects of the institution of Imperialism. He is corrupt, uncaring, arrogant and self-centered. He symbolizes the arrogance of Europeans as they encounter native Africans. His good health symbolizes the everlastingness of Europeans who invades Africa and their ability to continually come to Africa and rape it of its natural resources. He is the true symbol of the evil and cold-heartiness of imperialism. The manager is an illustration of an 'established imperialist power'. He is well settled in, as demonstrated by the fact he controls all the stations. An example of his power over others is when he has the black boy thrashed for the burning of a shed. In addition, he wishes to destroy Kurtz and gain a monopoly on the ivory trade. The manager's discussion with his uncle is yet another example of his ruthlessness. Marlow realizes the manager is evil and has a certain dislike for him, as do all of the natives. Through this, symbolizes the overall detestment of imperialiszed countries toward the aggressor. By assigning all the blame for the terrible conditions on the manager, Conrad stresses the feeling that Europeans are not 'bringers of technology, but distributor of immoral corruption.'

Kurtz is one of the more interesting and enigmatic characters in the book. Kurtz was once what Marlow is, however, he becomes increasingly corrupt, as he is isolated from civilization of Europe. He exploits the Africans for their ivory. Kurtz truly symbolizes Europe, in that his mother and father are half-French and half-Europe. He is also a 'renaissance man' and very talented. He stands by his virtues and symbolizes the good intentions of Europeans. Under the influence of the manager, though, his sinister and harmful side is exposed. Kurtz has gained the respect of Marlow as well as the natives and that symbolizes the minor amount of respect given to the imperialists by the natives due to their advance degree of technology. His terminal illness represents the eventually death of imperialism due to its inability to adapt and respect the culture and peoples of the invaded country.

Kurtz's oil painting of a blindfolded woman carrying lighted torch has a distinct significance. It symbolizes the blind and foolish ivory company forgoing its way into the jungle and enlightening the savage natives. However, they do not really realize the detrimental effect they have on Africa. Most important the painting shows Kurtz's understanding of his role and position in the continent. Overall, Kurtz symbolizes Europe towards the end of imperialism when they began to recognize and realize their actions as harmful and evil. Kurtz's relationship to the mistress represents Europe's love for their imperialized country, however, the passion is only temporary. When Marlow tells Kurtz's girlfriend that, the last words on his lips were she, that symbolizes the nobleness of imperialists and desire to 'explore for the mother country' and do things in her honor.

In Heart of Darkness, Conrad successfully manipulates color, the imitation of color and descriptions of color to convey his symbolic messages to the readers. When Marlow is starring at the map on the wall of the Brussels office, he observes large sections of red, which he remarks as always good signs of civilizations. The red denotes English territories abroad. He also recognizes yellow areas that represent his homelands.

Darkness and its opposite light, are contrasted in Heart of Darkness to reveal the irony of imperialism. Traditionally, light and darkness represent civilization and the uncivilized world, respectively. In some cases, the description of darkness appears racist, yet it serves to reveal how the opposite of the European colonialist way of thinking is true. Marlow tells his shipmates about his childhood dreams of visiting uncharted places on maps. However, once a space has been discovered by Europeans, it had ceased to be a blank space of delightful mystery - a white patch for a boy to dream gloriously over. It had become a place of darkness (). Once the location has been discovered by the civilized world, it was exposed to the light of development. Without the arrival of the light of the Europeans for use in comparison, the Congo would be neither light nor dark; it is civilization that creates the primitive darkness. The initiative that compels imperialism is the idea that the radiance of civilization will bring light to the darkness of uncivilized nations. However, since the darkness does not exist until the light arrives, the notion of imperialism places a result before its cause. The irony of imperialism is introduced in the first scene of the novel, where the narrator states that London seemed condensed into a mournful gloom, brooding motionless over the biggest, and the greatest, town on earth (17). The pinnacle of European civilization is covered in darkness, the same darkness that surrounds the uncivilized Congo, a colossal jungle, and so dark green as to almost be black (8). Marlow describes the black natives of the jungle as possessing bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense energy of movement, that was as natural and true as the surf along their coast (8). Despite their outward dark appearance, they inside they are vibrant. There is an irony in that behind what the colonists see as darkness, brightness shines though. When black inhabitants are forced to work under the conditions of European mechanical labor, they acquire expressions of the deathlike indifference of unhappy savages (0). The imposition of European progress brings the men closer to savagery. The people that the colonists view as savage become even more so when placed in chain gangs, which suggests that it is the Europeans who actually possess the savageness. A further indication of the dark side of imperialism is the setting of Marlows narrative. The sun is setting before he starts his tale. When he is finished, it is fully dark and the tranquil waterway leading to the uttermost ends of the earth flowed sombre under and overcast sky (5). This symbolizes how the sailors were exposed to the true darkness of their disposition. The darkness and grave tone are similar to the somberness of the chain gang. When Europeans are exposed to the bleakness of imperialism, their darkness is revealed to them, just as when the Africans were exposed to imperialism and became engulfed in the European gloom.

Conrad uses light instead of darkness to indicate something that is an illusion, or hiding the truth. Along the river in the Congo, the blind whiteness of the fog obscures the vision of the men on the steamboat (58). The brightness of the fog does not illuminate the darkness of the jungle, but it masks it. In a sense, light actually serves as darkness. Similarly, the supposed enlightenment of imperialism is in fact darkness. This is further shown in the accountant, who was devoted to his books and maintaining European culture in the jungle setting. The accountant is the epitome of imperialism, yet inside his office he is described as barred from neck to heels with narrow strips of sunlight (). The image that is portrayed is bright and illuminated by rays from the sun, but there is also an image of bars enclosing the accountant. He is imprisoned by his false ideals. The light that surrounds him masks the true nature of imperialism; he believes in the advancement of his civilization and the imposition of its customs on other cultures. He comes from the same origins as the native peoples, however. Additionally, the previous captain of the steamboat is suggested to have died because the sun got too much for him in Africa (). In this case, the sun represents the illusions he held concerning imperialism; eventually, he could not live with them.

The disillusionment of imperialism eventually leads to the death of Kurtz. He entered the jungle with the intention of civilizing the native peoples, but his last words, The horror! The horror! expresses his realization of the true nature of imperialism (86). Though Marlow expresses the loss of his illusions as well, is able to survive the experience by creating illusions for another person. Kurtzs Intended sincerely believes in Kurtzs greatness and his value to civilization and imperialism. She has never experienced the darkness of Africa, and her illusory ideals are intact. Marlow perpetuates her illusions and does not tell her the truth about Kurtzs fate. He recognizes the faith that was in her, before that great and saving illusion that shone with an unearthly glow in the darkness, in the triumphant darkness from which I could not have defended her-from which I could not even defend myself (). While he could not sustain his own illusions, it would have been too dark-too dark altogether to destroy her faith (4). Due to her unconditional belief, the Intended is full of light. To expose her to the darkness of the truth would be too horrid for both of them. This is because, while she has faith in Kurtz, Marlow believes in her faith. Marlow must retain faith in some principle now that he does not believe in the ideals of civilization and its expansion through imperialism. The Intended is satisfied in preserving her faith, and Marlow endures by knowing that he has secured and can depend on her faithfulness to Kurtz and imperialism.

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Communication skills between genders

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Aside from it being an interesting topic of sheer importance, communication between genders is relatively simple to observe. The word communication has been used in dozens of different ways. We use communication to refer to the process of the humans creating, receiving, sending and interpreting signals. Communication is the perception, interpretation and response of people to signals produced by people. Making communication skills productive is very important in order to conduct a successful management. Most of them have different style when it comes to communicating. The different styles will definitely lead to significant misunderstandings and misperceptions. Men and women are working together more often than ever before. It is increasingly important to help the sexes learn to communicate more effectively in order to maximize understanding, cooperation, and productivity. There are vast differences between men and women in communication. Men are generally more aggressive and loud when they are communicating whereas women are more likely to be more emotional and passive when they are communicating with others. Women tend to base their ideas about relationships on daily conversations, where men reported their daily conversations to have little effect on their relationships. Communication styles of men and women and the problems faced and arise because of the varying style. When men talk he would highlight on how to emphasize on their own status and when women talks they would create connection using men's conversation. Women speak and hear a language of connection and intimacy while men hear and speak about language of status and independence. This is clearly showing that for a man communication is a way to preserve independence and maintaining their status, while for women it is a way of getting closer to people. Field of male and female communication differences identifies the inherent problem with relationships the balance of involvement, or intimacy and independence. Man frequently complains that women talk about their problems. Women would critize men for not hearing it. Effective communication skills among opposite sexes are important in all organizations to meet successful management goals. How is it possible to manage these differences in communication styles to keep gender differences from becoming barriers to effective management?

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