Our Day Out by Willy Russell.

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"Our Day Out" is a political play. Willy Russell wants us to think about his characters and the world they inhabit. What is your response to the drama and the way it is told?

I like "Our Day Out" because it makes you think. There are numerous different perspectives to see the story from the children's perspective,Briggs' perspective, even the bus driver's perspective, and each is unique. Willy Russell has created strong and realistic characters who we can believe.

The story begins in Liverpool in 177. The scene is dreary and desolate. The area is a deprived, dilapidated example of post-industrial blight. The kids are products of this environment. It is the "progress class" day out and the headmaster of the tough school they attend is the epitome of society's view of them. He is content to let their hopes and fortunes go by the wayside. Of Mrs. Kay the progress class teacher he says "She keeps 'em happy with their reading machines and plasticine." This is a view that these children have no goal in life, that the system is not prepared to give them an opportunity to work out of poverty. He believes each of them has their goal in life to be a labourer or factory worker.

Mrs. Kay, whose decision it is to go on the trip, is more lighthearted and understanding. She loves and cares for each individual child regardless of their social status or background. For some, she is the closest thing they have to a mother, unloved at home and not cared for. Her authority however is questioned by Mr. Briggs, who is a straight-laced disciplinarian. The two have conflicting views on how the children should be taught and treated, and I feel that Briggs chose to come on the trip at the last minute because he did not trust Kay to keep everything under control.

I also like "Our Day Out" because we get to know some of the characters personally, such as Andrews who has smoked since he was eight, gets beaten at home by his father, and whose mother is a prostitute. He is typical of the unstable, under-privileged backgrounds a lot of the progress class kids come from.

At first, the bus driver is extremely apprehensive at the prospect of a day driving these kids around. He comes onto the steps of his coach and says "No food, no drink" and the like. He is prejudiced. He has condemned these kids before even leaving the school. It makes you think what chance do the kids have in life if people just stereotype them like this? He eventually mellows and gives one boy a pound to go to the sweet shop. It is Kay who makes him do this.

Shortly after leaving the school, the coach reaches the docks. At this point, Briggs is sitting next to Riley and his friend, who are both smoking. Briggs looks out at the dock building and comments on the wonderful history and architecture of the Mersey Docks. Riley's friend and Riley snigger mocking Briggs. Briggs' riposte is "Stop, take a look around. You might see things a little differently".

Riley says that his father works there and hates it. Briggs doesn't pay any attention. It is an ironic statement. Briggs himself is the one who needs to see things a little differently. He is blind to the sufferings of others. It is only later on when Carol Chandler finally makes him realise what an arrogant sod he has been. He is more interested in the architecture than the people. The bus finally goes through the Mersey Tunnel to a huge cheer from the kids. For many, it is the first time they have escaped the shackles of inner-city Liverpool and they are brimming with enthusiasm and vitality.

Having entered Wales, the bus stops at a shop. Having disembarked the bus there is an unruly rush for the shop. Briggs manages to organise them into a straight line. Kay pronounces ironically "A straight line, what a wonderful thing to behold." Briggs replies "With organisation, Mrs. Kay, with organisation." For the first time here, their relationship turns confrontational. They are trying to out-do or "skin" each other, and at times it is juvenile and unnecessary. Briggs is the main culprit I think. He is self-delusional, like Skinner from "The Simpsons". He wants to be able to command respect, but it is actually Kay who is the one the kids listen to. She teaches Briggs a lesson. It is only when he enjoys himself later on at the fair and on the journey home where the kids actually behave for him and respect him. "Our Day Out" is just as much "Briggs' day out" as it is the children's day. While the kids have been taken on a trip, Briggs' mind has been taken on a trip. At the end of the day, everything is back to normal, but everyone who was there will remember it as "Their day out", especially Briggs.

In the shop, the kids steal the sweets when the shopkeeper's backs are turned. It is funny. They are stuffing their pockets, but it is all done amorally. To them, stealing is a part of life. There is no malice. As the bus leaves, the kids are swearing at the shopkeepers in a triumphant, almost ironic gesture.

Kay decides they will go to the zoo, to predictable howls of outrage from Briggs. He is not going to get in her way of having a good time and he definitely is not going to get in the kids' way. Again at the zoo, Kay's style conquers that of Briggs. She persuades Briggs to let them walk around alone. The kids are delighted to be free and are caressing the animals.

They argue about the merits of keeping bears in zoos. Ronson says "It was born in a pit, it's spent all its life in a pit, how will it want anything else?" Ronson is the stupidest of all the progress class. He doesn't know where Wales is ("Will we have to cross the sea?") and struggles to talk English, but here he has spoken words of wisdom. He sees that trapped bear in himself, he sees that pit as Liverpool. The kids are the bears. Liverpool is their pit. Ronson, in making this point, has admitted that he has no chance in life and is not looking for a way out because he simply doesn't think there is on. Carol, in contrast, says "It would love to be free. It's not fair. It kills because it's trapped." The kids also kill because they are trapped. Carol says "We don't have anything nice down our way. If we did, we'd smash it up." Carol is the one who is desperate to leave Liverpool. She threatens to jump into the sea later on. She would prefer to stay in Wales.

"Our Day Out" is implicit. The bear pit is just one of the many metaphors in the story. On the way home, Carol is clutching a goldfish she won at the fair. It is a goldfish, but as far as Carol is concerned, it is gold. Goldfish won from the fair die after a few days, but she doesn't care. Ronson also clutches his ragged teddy bear from the fair tightly. He wants to care for it and love it. After the zoo, the scene on the coach is the most implicit of the whole film. The kids have stolen animals from the zoo. The zoo keeper rushes on to the coach and demands to have them back. Eventually there is crowing and animal noises and the animals are returned. This is implicit because the kids have only taken them to care for them. Nobody cares for them at home. Nobody looks after them. They believe that the animals love them back and show so much interest and affection. Again, like at the sweet shop, there is no malice. Briggs compares the children to animals.

The bus continues to Conwy Castle. I like the way "Our Day Out" is based around the bus. It is the one constant in the story. The journey is circular, it ends like it starts with many different events and emotions in between, but through all of it the bus is there and doesn't change. It gives a sense of how the story progresses without losing the story itself. The coach is an sound base from which the story springs.

At the castle, the kids are running riot. It is their day out, and they are determined to make the most of it. Briggs is despairing and is depressed and embarrassed at the sight of the kids running around wildly. Kay is disgusted with him. It is a DAY OUT, and they are happy, which is the whole aim of the trip, yet Briggs is treating it as if it was a school day! Willy Russell has managed to create all his characters, these two in particular, with strong and conflicting views. It is natural that there will be confrontation. At the castle, we see the biggest clash between Briggs and Kay. The conflict is dramatic. They talk politically and overtly about the kids' places in society. Kay speaks emotionally

"If you're telling me that these kids are factory fodder and the factories of England need them, and given a better chance they would still go and work in the factories, then you are wrong Mr. Briggs, very wrong!"

Briggs is visibly shaken, but remains unmoved, trying to be the dictator he perceives himself to be. Their political opinions are very different. Kay is a socialist. She thinks that the children should not be condemned to eternal mediocrity just because they were born poor. They should be given help and benefits to try and work their way out themselves. Briggs is an ideologist. These kids fit in with his plan of a perfect society. They must work in the docks and factories. He does not care that his ideology places these kids at the bottom of the pile. He believes that it is their destiny.

"You ARE on their side, aren't you?"

"Yes Mr. Briggs, I certainly am."

Willy Russell, writer of "Our Day Out" makes his characters speak polemically and politically about society and life in general, while still making us believe it is the character talking. Watching the film, I did not think of Russell once. It is a credit to his skill. Most of the film is realistic too. He achieves this because the majority of the kids are not real actors. They only have to be natural because he has cast them in their real-life roles. The only two parts of the film which are slightly unrealistic are the sweet shop incident and the stolen animals, which are also the two funniest scenes in the film.

Kay insists on going down to the beach for some more fun and games with the kids"You can't come all the way to the sea side and not go to the beach!" meanwhile Carol has got "lost". Briggs finds her on a cliff edge. She has lost all respect for him. She understands more than most of the other kids the situation she is in and she sees Briggs as a beacon of the system that has failed her. She says "You hate me. You hate all the kids." It is time for Briggs to look at himself. She wants to stay in Wales and threatens to jump off the cliff, but Briggs reassures her that there is a home to go back to and opportunities in Liverpool. I do not think Briggs seriously believes this himself, but it is all he can say to maintain his perceived image. Carol retorts "Don't be friggin' stupid." This language shows contempt and complete lack of respect for Briggs' authority and status. He is to learn from her, not her from him. She breaks down and cries. "If you were my old man, I would have been alright Sir." She sobs and runs to Briggs. It has taken this much for him to realise what a power-craving arrogant sod he is. He abandons all principles and sympathises with Carol. The whole story has been turned on its head. This is a pivotal movement where everything is as far away from the harsh reality of life in dilapidated Liverpool as possible.

The structure of "Our Day Out" is circular. The beginning and ending are the same mould, while at this point things are unusual, almost surreal. Is it possible that the Briggs who likens the kids to animals is the same one who then takes the aforementioned "animals" to the fair?

He enjoys the fair just as much as the children. He is one of them there. It is a complete role reversal. Briggs joins in the singing on the back seat of the coach on the way back from Liverpool, and obviously genuinely enjoys himself. He wears a party hat for a photograph.

The grim reality hits home when they enter Liverpool. The surroundings and familiar sights have an effect on Briggs. He reverts back to type. When the bus pulls into the school, he is given the photo film to develop. He ponders the thought for a second then discards the film. Briggs is an idiot. He tries to fool himself into believing there was no day out, no he did not enjoy himself. But he is not being himself. In his heart of hearts he knows he enjoyed himself today. He is too hell-bent on preserving his image as a dictator that he has forgotten his real self. For the kids, the grim reality has hit home and they are walking the same dirty streets they left in the morning. They will cherish the memories of the day, but tomorrow everything will be back to normal. The circle has returned to its starting point. Mrs. Kay has enjoyed her day and goes out for a drink with two other teachers. Briggs is invited. I think he wants to go, but he forbids himself to. He can't be seen to be having fun. Briggs has learnt a valuable lesson from "Our Day Out". He has to be himself, not what he wants himself to be.

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Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins. An amino acid is a substance that has an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other and is the building blocks for proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and organic compounds that contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein synthesis has two parts in the process, the first being transcription and the second being Translation. Transcription is known also as RNA synthesis and is the process in which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA thus transferring information from DNA to RNA. The second step in the process of Protein synthesis is translation. Translation is the decoding of a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain (protein). The messenger RNA does not produce the polypeptide alone it uses Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. The Transfer RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome, where the amino acids are joined together in order to form polypeptides.

In sexual reproduction the organism needs to inherit a single copy of every gene from the two parents, therefore meiosis separates the set of DNA that is produced when the organism produces its own reproductive cells. The process that separates those cells is meiosis. Meiosis takes place in the reproductive organs and is a process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells. The sex cells replicate at first in meiosis one, so as a N cell the homologues chromosomes divide. In meiosis two the sister chromosome separate in order to form 1N gametes known as sex cells or sperm and eggs. important part of sexual reproduction. Without it the sperm and eggs would not come together.

What had more impact in a persons life genes or their environment? I believe that there are many traits that can only be decided by genes such as eye color, skin tone, and face shape. However there are many traits people believe are determined by genes that can be changed by their environment, such as weight and a personality. For example if a person's family is obese they may feel that it is their genes to be obese, although if they changed their environment to a healthier one it can overcome what is in their heredity. Thus I fell that it shouldn't be genes vs. environment because in the end it will all be equal.

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MLK

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Todays despair is a poor chisel to crave out tomorrows justice. Everybody has a responsibility of craving out justice in the world. It is up to everybody to make a difference. Some people are in despair because of the unjust actions of others. That is why they need us to help them. As fellow human beings, it is our duty to chisel away the despair and care out of justice.

There are many unjust things in our world. On television, radios, and in newspapers we see or about the injustices child labor, abortion, age and race discrimination, poverty, child abuse, and terrorism. These things are ruining peoples lives and preventing everybody from being treated equally or fairly.

We have many tools to fight against injustices. Patience, caring, and kindness can bring out justice. If we are patient with others who are not like us, and if we are kind and caring to others, we can set an example for people. We can show others that all people should be treated equally.

A hammer is a force that puts two boards together to build a structure. We can be hammers that build justice by writing letters to our mayor and other city leaders about poverty in our city. We can also write important letters to the President of the United States to fight injustices like abortion, world hunger, and discrimination.

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It is important to get involved in church activities for the poor, handicapped, and homeless people. We need the tools of patience, caring, and kindness for these jobs. These are like the nails that hold boards together. If we are patient, kind, and caring we will hold people together and help bring justice to the world.

There other action we can take at our own school. We can talk to teachers, principles, and fellow students about injustices in our school. We can brainstorm on ways to treat everybody fairly. We can collect food, money , and clothes for poor children. We can be like saws that cut away at the bad wood. We can also practice forgiveness if somebody does something wrong. We need to forgive the people who act unjustly and pray for them. If we pray and forgive, we will be like the cement that holds bricks together. We will bring people together by doing those things.

These are some of the ways we can chisel away at despair and crave out justice. If everyone uses even one of these tools of justice, the world would be a better place to live. We can help bring about liberty and justice for all of us so we can live a life with out any injustices with these tools. By doing all that you will fulfill your duty of making the world a better place.

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Jane eyre

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Mystery and suspense in Brontes novel Jane Eyre provides a crucial element to the readers interpretation of the novel, allowing Bronte to subtly aid the reader in foreboding coming events. Bronte successfully creates mystery and suspense in her novel through the use of both features of plot and narrative techniques. Brontes features of plot which allow her to create mystery and suspense are the esoteric nature of Grace Poole, the visit of the fortune teller at Thornfield, and the fire in Rochesters bedroom and the subsequent mystery of what is in the attic. Brontes narrative techniques are the use of literary symbolism and dreams, both of which are used to convey a Gothic and supernatural setting. Through the use of these literary devices, Jane Eyre becomes both cabbalistic and prophetic.

Brontes character Grace Poole is surrounded by a obscure haze from the readers first introduction to her, an effective device used in order to create a mysterious atmosphere in the novel. Jane first learns of the occult Grace Poole upon hearing her laugh upon being shown the attic by Mrs Fairfax. Bronte first creates an ambience of mystery through the initial description of the setting. The attic is described by Jane as being black as a vault (chapter 11, page 1) and the leading passageway as narrow, low, and dim (chapter 11, page 1). Jane observes all the doors being shut, which allows the reader to interpret the third story of Thornfield as inaccessible and isolated, perhaps intentionally attempting to conceal something, much likened to Bluebeards castle (chapter 11, page 1) in which behind the locked doors was hidden the deadly secret of the castle. The laugh which Jane hears is described by Jane as being a curious laugh; distinct, formal, mirthless (chapter 11, page 1). The peculiarity of laugh, it not being cheerful nor delighted, perplexes Jane as well as the reader, this intimating that the origin of the laugh is not of the typical sort. Janes curiosity prompts her to ask of Mrs Fairfax the origin of the laugh. Mrs Fairfaxs vague answer does not satisfy Jane, even less so after hearing the laugh once more, it being tragic, as preternatural a laugh as any I ever heard (chapter 11, page 1). That another inquisitive remark made by Jane is again answered vaguely after which the subject of the conversation is soon changed only adds to the suspense of the incident. Following the fire in Rochesters bedroom, Jane observes Grace Poole the next day in the room. The circumstances in which this occurs are largely ordinary. It is morning and Grace is dressed in her usual attire, her expression showing nothing either of the paleness or desperation one would have expected to see marking the countenance of a woman who had attempted murder (chapter 16, page 176). The extreme ordinarity of her provokes the reader into thinking past her exterior appearance whilst simultaneously adding to the suspense of the situation. Bronte again uses the outwardly evident normalcy of Grace Poole in contrast to the earlier mysterious descriptions of her to further develop the suspense surrounding her character as Jane recounts to Rochester her dream of the unknown figure in her closet who tears her wedding veil. Janes fear is momentarily subsided by Rochesters solving of the mystery (chapter 5, page 1) in a way which does not nearly satisfy the readers curiosity due to Janes vivid description of the event and her horrifying fear. Bronte uses Grace Poole to create an atmosphere of mystery and suspense through vivid descriptions of the ghostly atmosphere which emanates whenever she is present as well as a contrasting ordinarity which further compels the reader to see Grace Poole in light of a an enigmatic character (chapter 16, page 178).

The use of a fortune teller at Thornfield by Bronte allows her to add mystery and suspense through the mystic and strange nature of fortune tellers of that time. Bronte initially establishes a suspenseful ambience through Janes remark; and the Sybil - if Sybil she were (chapter 1, page 1) which suggests to the reader that her character is perhaps doubtful and she may not be who she at first seems. The reader is made eager to hear the fortune of our heroine through Janes apathetic indifference as to whether it is read or not; I dont care about it, mother; but you may please yourself (chapter 1, page 1). Possibly the most mysterious and suspenseful feature of plot is the fortune tellers precisely accurate account of Janes predicament; You are cold, because you are alone no contact strikes the fire from you that is in you. You are sick; because the best of feelings, the highest and the sweetest given to man, keeps far away from you. You are silly, because, suffer as you may, you will not beckon it to approach; nor will you stir one step to meet it where it awaits you. (chapter 1, page ). This description of Janes circumstance both compels the reader to trust the source, it being rather accurate, whilst also creates suspense as to what shall become of Jane and Rochester, which the reader is well aware that such is what the fortune teller is alluding to. Upon her mention of the enigmatic Grace Poole, both Jane and the reader are startled. The reader is again drawn into the abstruseness of the situation through the fortune tellers astounding knowledge of Janes habits, and even more so by her subtle but discernible quest for some sort of information, neither the reader nor Jane knowing what exactly it is she wants to hear, however this adds to the suspense in our desire to know. As the subject of Mr Rochester is brought up it seems as if the fortune teller has struck her chord. However it is with her revelation of his forthcoming marriage which more interests the reader. A climax of suspense and mystery is reached as Rochester steps out of his disguise. Although it can be said that the divulgence of his identify somewhat solved the mystery, it is even more accurate to say that this revelation merely added to the mystery, his intended purpose still to be discovered. Rochesters apparent disturbance at the knowledge of Masons residence at Thornfield provokes the readers attention, creating suspense as to his purpose and coming events. Bronte leaves the reader ill at ease with Janes closing comment; the gay tones set my heart at ease (chapter 1, page 0). The reader is well aware that this will be no peaceful nights sleep. Bronte has successfully created tension and suspense as to the almost certainly tragic impending events.

The fire in Rochesters bedroom not only forms a sense of mystery regarding Thornfield, but also alerts the reader as to the enigma of what is in the attic. Prior to the the fire, Bronte establishes a supernatural and ghostly setting; the night was drearily dark; my spirits were depressed (chapter 15, page 167). The hushing of the vague murmur, peculiar and lugubrious (chapter 15, page 167) and Janes anxiously betting heart creates a tense and suspenseful atmosphere. Bronte creates a setting much alike some sort of horror story through Janes descriptions; my chamber door was touched; as if fingers had swept the panels in a groping way along the dark gallery outside (chapter 15, page 167). Very successful in adding to the tenseness of the situation is Janes frequent calming; The idea [that the sound may be Pilot] calmed me somewhat I lay down. Silence composes the nerves (chapter 15, page 167) which is ultimately followed by another startling sound, even more frightful that the preceding one; a dream scarcely approached my ear, when it fled affrighted, scared by a marrow-freezing incident enough (chapter 15, page 168). Janes response to the laughter which rings at her chamber door perturbs the reader; my first impulse was to rise and fasten the bolt (chapter 15, page 168). Janes continual reference to the origin of the laughter as something and not someone alerts the reader as to the nature of this origin. Bronte again establishes a suspenseful tension this time though Janes preoccupation with the fire and her momentary disregard of the laughter which the reader is eager to know more about. Upon the fire having been extinguished, Rochester resolves to pay a visit to the third storey (chapter 15, page 170). Rochesters instructions to Jane not to move nor call anyone alert the reader to impending danger. As time passes the atmosphere in which Jane sits calms, no noises being heard and the night growing cold. Rochester returns, in an equally calm state, setting the reader ill at ease. Rochesters failure to say more on the subject of the fire adds suspense, his vague answers bearing no satisfaction. As the suspense of impending danger fades, a new suspense mounts, the latter of Janes unresolved feelings for Rochester and their consequences. Write your Jane eyre research paper

Brontes use of literary symbolism is a highly effective means by which she is able to subtly warn and inform her readers of impending events in order to establish a degree of suspense in the novel. Upon Jane having accepted Rochesters proposal of marriage, Jane tells her readers that the great horse chestnut tree at the bottom of the orchard had been struck by lighting in the middle of the night, half of it having been split away; I faced the wreck of the chestnut tree; it stood up black and riven the trunk, split down the centre, gaped ghastly (chapter 5, page 0), a clear reference to Jane and Rochesters separation. At Ferndean upon Jane and Rochesters unity, Rochester refers to himself as; no better than the old lighting struck chestnut tree in Thornfield orchard (chapter 7, page 4) however Jane assures him that plants will grow about your roots (chapter 7, page 4), this being a clear providential warning of their future children. Another source of suspense for the reader is Bessies ballad at Gateshead in which a poor orphan child (chapter , page ) is described wandering through the moors thinking of hard-hearted (chapter , page ) men. This is a direct prophecy of Janes wanderings after leaving Rochester prior to her arrival at Moor House. The ballad describes the presence of God who is with the orphan child, much like Jane remembered God during her wanderings and struggle for survival. Just before his intended marriage to Jane, Rochester plays for Jane a love song in which may symbols and prophecies can be found. The song describes a man whos lovers parting was my pain (chapter 4, page 04), alluding to Janes forthcoming fleeing of Thornfield. The man pressed to her As blind as eagerly, a subtle yet later obvious reference to Rochesters blindness. At the end of the song Rochester sings how My love has placed her little hand with noble faith in mine, And vowed that wedlocks sacred band our natures shall entwine (chapter 4, page 05), alluding that he and Jane will eventually be wed. Through these hidden prophecies Bronte creates suspense for the reader through the subtle warning of forthcoming events.

Throughout the novel, Jane experiences many dreams, particularly in Thornfield. These dreams allow Bronte to create suspense through foreboding warnings of impending events and also to establish a mysterious and supernatural atmosphere. Just before Bessie is called to the deathbed of her dying sister, Jane dreams of a child. Jane remembers her childhood and Bessie saying that to dream of children was a sure sign of trouble, either to ones self or ones kin (chapter 1, page 48). Soon after, Jane herself dreams of a child for seven successive nights (chapter 1, page 48). Due to Bessies tragic experience following Janes first dream, the reader is drawn into a tense atmosphere where there is surely to be some impending event. The next night, Jane is visited by Robert from Gateshead who informs her of John Reeds death a week before and Mrs Reeds imminent death. These drams of infants not only warn the reader of events to come but also allow Bronte to establish a Gothic and supernatural ambience of mystery. Just prior to Jane and Rochesters wedding day, the night before when Rochester kept Jane to her promise of staying up with him, Jane tells him of two of her dreams. In the first, Jane remembers a Gothic and mysterious setting; a dark and gusty night (chapter 5, page 15) whereby Jane experienced a strange, regretful consciousness of some barrier dividing us (chapter 5, page 5). This allusion to Bertha and all she represents is possibly one of Brontes most explicit providential warnings to her readers. Jane goes on to describe herself following the windings of an unknown road; total obscurity environed me; rain pelted me (chapter 5, page 15), this also candidly referring to Janes wanderings after her leaving Rochester and Thornfield. In her second dream, Jane sees Thornfield Hall was a dreary ruin (chapter 4, page 16). This reference to the impending fire at Thornfield allows Bronte to reach the climax of her prophetic warnings. Jane remembers the wall crumbled (chapter 4, page 16) much like it did following Berthas jumping from the battlements. Like Bertha did in reality, Jane in her dream lost my balance, fell, and woke (chapter 4, page 16). These dreams create a mysterious sense of foreboding as well as add to the Gothic and supernatural setting of the novel.

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Lives of the Saints

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Lives of the Saints

In the excerpt "The Lives of the Saints", the author demonstrates how the people of Valle del Sole respond to a mythical place called America. Symbolically America represents a goal, dream or ideal that people wish to achieve. Often with goals, dreams and ideals there are many sacrifices that are involved.

In "The Lives of the Saints" many people who have been to America returned with "stories of sooty factories and back-breaking work and poor wages and tiny bug-infested shacks". These represent the sacrifices one must endure to reach their goal, dream, or ideal. Another sacrifice is leaving what you know best and what is comfortable for you. As Nino Ricci puts it, "[leaving] behind the familiar comfort of family and village for an uncertain destiny across the sea". Often, in order to attain a goal, dream or ideal we have set out for ourselves one must venture beyond a comfort zone. For some, it is infact the idea of leaving the ordinary to reach the extraordinary that keeps one's dreams or goals alive. Ricci describes how that women of Valle del Sole get "caught up in a dream of freedom". This emphasizes the extent to which people change their lives in order to achieve a goal, dream or ideal.

America, just like a dream, goal or ideal, has "two natures" that "coexist together without contradiction". The first part entails the sacrifices, and the second part is the vision of an achieved dream, goal or ideal. Nino Ricci symbolically represents this in his writing through his portrayal of the two natures of America. One which is "merely continuing the mundane life which the peasants accepted as their lot, their fate, the daily grind of toil without respite." The other is the whole idea of this paradise and is more a "state of mind rather than a place". Ricci reveals that even those that had been to America, and worked hard to earn a living, had never really "entered into" it. This reflects the idea that sometimes we loose sight of our dreams, goals, or ideals. People often get caught up in the buzz of everyday life, and take for granted the goal, dream, or ideal that they have worked so hard to achieve. It also symbolizes that despite the hard work that is involved in living out a dream, goal or ideal, a person will continue with the vision of achievement always before them. Sometimes the only thing that keeps one going is the vision of something better, a goal, dream or ideal, "a mythical place". Cheap Custom Essays on Lives of the Saints

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Examine the impact of globalisation on an economy other than Australia

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An important trend occurring in the world economy is the process of globalisation. Globalisation is the progressive integration between national economies and the breaking down of barriers between trade and financial flows around the world, which will eventually lead to the emergence of a single world market. Globalisation has affected many different nations in different ways, depending on their degree of development and extent to which they are open to the flows of the world economy.

China is said to be the next economic super power. Many guru economists such as Lawrence Summers predict that in the opening decades of the 1st century, china will match the US and Japanese economies. China currently ranks seventh strongest economy on a global scale. China's economic success has not been confined to raw economic growth, especially with a huge trade surplus of over 40 billion according to world guide from 18. China has an annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $750. China has shown amazing growth averaging 10 per cent per year and shows no slowing down because of globalisation. Today China would have to be the most alluring country, ever since November 1 when the country began talks with the US. The international community and US business sector have seen the "Communist" country as offering immense opportunities. With a market of more than a billion potential customers, a figure equivalent to one fifth of the world population who would disagree. China also now has plans in joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). China has taken many steps in globalisation and it has definitely impacted greatly.

Over the past two decades, with many radical economic reforms, China has achieved great success. Firstly by muting all international conflicts and geopolitical ambitions, China followed the examples of other newly industrialising economies (NIEs), giving priority to industries and sectors where limited government investments would produce rapid growth. Farms were given back to the farmers and they were now free to plan production, distribution, which lead to huge increases in productivity, surplus income and output. This new system led to surplus income being invested in the privately run town or village enterprises for light manufacturing. Young workers were now offered a contract system of employment instead of the previous lifetime assignment to a production unit. Permission to start small businesses such as restaurants and shops were now given to families and individuals. The government introduced a phased program of removing price subsidies on consumer good, which allowed the market to determine the price of goods to spur economic growth and encourage consumption. As these reforms began to stabilise in the Chinese economy, more goods appeared in shops and wages increased for several years. Amazingly the enduring problem of unemployment and underemployment reduced because of more and more people becoming self-employed.

Also China was very encouraging to foreign investment due to globalisation, it announced a dramatic new openness to foreign trade, investment and borrowing. To achieve China's goals of reintegration with Taiwan and Hong Kong and an acceleration of outward economic development, four Special Economic Zones were established. Three of these SEZs were situated in Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, north of Hong Kong; Zhuhai, north of Portuguese enclave of Macau; and Shantou, opposite southern Taiwan. The fourth was Xiamen, which is in the southern part of Fujian Province along the Taiwan Strait. These Special Economic Zones offered a range of enticing incentives to attract foreign investors, such as exemption from taxes for a maximum of five years and permanently lower taxes, cheap land and labour and less stringent regulations. With these in place, trade grew from 10% of GNP in 178 to 6% of GNP by 16.

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In major department stores today, shoes, shirts, sweaters and toys that once carried labels saying 'Made in Korea' or 'Made in Taiwan' now predominantly say 'Made in China'. This shows China's increase integration with the world economy and China has now become a major trading nation due to globalisation, ranking eighth in the world as an exporter of manufactured goods. China runs a large current account trade surplus, which rakes in over 40 billion US dollars each year. This figure is ever increasing and doesn't look to be slowing down. China also has a low net external debt to GDP ratio of 16.6% and receives a great deal of foreign investment funds, which are used to finance export industries. This allows China to maintain large foreign currency reserves and receive technology transfers from industrial countries. Globalisation has also led China to increase and improve banking facilities, which have led to network banking; establishment of stock exchanges and a more sophisticated capital market. The emergence of a financial market has also occurred due to globalisation, as China is looking much closer to a market economy. Financial markets are needed to control the money supply, with a reasonably tight fiscal policy and credit policy, this lead China to create a bond market, offering bonds with attractive interest rates to soak up excess money that threatened to fuel inflation. China's trade partners have also risen dramatically due to globalisation, as in 150, China had only 60 trade partners, now it China has 7.

Globalisation has clearly given China's people a much-improved lifestyle. In 178 50 million Chinese lived in absolute poverty and this amazing dropped to around 0 million now because of globalisation. Also GNP has increased from 80 Renminbi during the 150's to 4000 Renminbi and nearly every household now owns a television. Living space has grown dramatically in both urban and rural areas, with urban soaring from .6 square metres before globalisation to 8.8 square metres due to globalisation with rural areas living space per capita rose from 8.1 square metres to .46. China's people's health has also improved dramatically with life expectancy increasing from years during the 150's to 71 today, which is higher even than the world average of 64 years. Furthermore education and health care is improving constantly as in 14 80% of adults were illiterate and there were only 000 medical institutions for a population of over 500 million where as now only 6% of adults are illiterate and 10 000 medical institutions. Globalisation has clearly improved enormously the welfare of China's people.

Though globalisation has helped China grow at an intense rate of around 10% GNP annually, improved its peoples welfare, turned China into a major trading nation. There has offcourse also been many negative impacts, as any reforming communist state always face a variety of serious problems. Such as worker's welfare beginning to deteriorate and the new system of employment generating insecurity, whilst managers were also given more power, to hire and fire workers and set production targets. Also trade unions were not given any corresponding freedom to act and that has also clearly contributed to this problem.

One major incident, which occurred due to globalisation, was in 18. The year began with a rebellion of intellectuals under the leadership of an astrophysicist by the name of Fang Lizhi who was in tune with America's views for improvement in human rights. With inflation rising to approximately 0 percent, corruption increasing, and mainly because China ran two systems also known as a halfreformed country. These two systems were inevitably always in conflict with the stagnating state sector with its central planning, contrasted with the dynamic pluralistic market sector consisting of township and village enterprises, join ventures with foreign firms, and newly emerging private enterprises. Hundreds of thousands of citizens and workers in Beijing began to demonstrate support for the reform movement. Eventually on June 4 18, the government called upon hundreds of tanks and heavily armed soldiers who were to spread death and destruction in the main streets of Beijing. This lead to an enormous amount of deaths, but the actual number will most likely never be known.

Another major problem is State enterprise deficits. China's state owned enterprises have been extremely inefficient and to continue operation, they need to be kept afloat by direct government subsidies and loans from the central bank. This then increases budgetary pressures and inflation for the government. Also, these state enterprises inefficiency is also gradually contributing as bad loans on the books of China's banks and China's banks already have enough of these 'loans'. Over half of China's state owned enterprises record losses and offsets the profits made by the rest.

China's economy faces massive infrastructure problems, such as insufficient telephones, inadequate transport, energy shortages, poorly developed schools and hospitals and much more. These problems are a universal consequence being faced due to Asian-speed economic takeoffs by Asian countries. Unlike inflation and state enterprise problems, infrastructure inconveniences are crises of success. China is still developing its legal infrastructure such as commercial laws and regulations that protect private property rights, investors and creditors. This emphasizes a market economy and shows China's ever integration to a global market. Also environmental problems have occurred due to globalisation with water, air and noise pollution increasing dramatically mainly in urban areas. An example of an environmental problem is how the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers soared by farmers soared, which began to approach dangerous levels, hence laws are needed to protect the environment. Globalisation has also created enormous opportunities for corruption, misunderstanding, confusion and delay. Laws need to be clear and enforced to help prevent these problems.

The single most obvious risk due to reforming a socialist state is inflation due to the removal of price controls. China offcourse has not been immune to inflation, especially with China's spectacular growth rates, high inflation is occurring. In the late 180s, workers found that their buying power was falling, as prices rose by 18.5 per cent in 188. This was the prime cause of the Tiananmen Square crisis. Because of this China has had to borrow Western market methods of inflation control of controlling the money supply. Also Fiscal policy has been challenged through widespread tax avoidance, which has contributed greatly to the budget deficits. Tax reforms and more efficient spending programs are needed to achieve better fiscal outcomes.

The constant increasing of social and income inequality in China between the new rich cities, urban population and the majority of workers and the rural population is another large problem China has been faced with due to globalisation. For example in 14, incomes varied from over 8,000 Chinese Renminbi in the coastal areas of Guandong Province to between 500 to Renminbi in a northern province, which was less than 00 kilometres away. Employment opportunities and income growth is increasing in Special Economic Zones, where as rural areas are facing increasing unemployment and low incomes. Political instability and social disruptiveness has occurred because of this, with pushes of economic reforms to be implemented by the government from its people. China is also incredibly dependent on the Special Economic Zones for economic growth as SEZ's are dominated by foreign investment and technology. In contrast the far less developed areas are extra reliant on agricultural production for the generation of income and employment opportunities. As you can see there is a classic dualistic economic and social system, which is typical of many developing countries. China is also now prone to the international business cycle because of globalisation. As in 17- China experienced a slowdown in its export demand because of the Asian financial crisis.

China is a nation that has been able to take advantage of increased globalisation to promote its radical growth and development the past two decades and a bit. However, it is also a nation that has experienced the disadvantages of economic integration. Even though China has experienced the disadvantages of economic integration, the advantages clearly outweigh the negative impacts. Because of economic integration, China has been labelled the next super economic power, and has put itself on the map as a major trading nation. Globalisation has been good to China's people especially in improving their lifestyle and annual income. China's economic take off has clearly improved lots of the world's poor more than any other development in the world today.

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Taxation in Australia

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Land and Property Taxation in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea

Australia

The main functions of local government in Australia are to provide and maintain roads, street lighting, rubbish collection and disposal, maternal and child health care centers, libraries, and recreational facilities. It may also subsidize certain educational and counseling services, although education is not regarded as primarily a local responsibility. Nor is public security. Some local functions are supported, not through property taxation, but through user charges.

Some Australian municipalities were rating on unimproved land values as early as the 1850s. But as a result of the impact of Henry Georges writings, single-tax leagues, as they were often called, began proliferating about 180. The concept was spread by such able and energetic advocates as Max Hirsch, who abandoned a successful career in commerce in order to do so. Georges three-month speaking tour in Australia in 185 accelerated this trend. Its growth was halted by the outbreak of World War I, and from then on, exacerbated no doubt by the welfare state, a decline in the number and membership of the leagues set in.Almost from the beginning, some land value capture for public benefit in Australia has been obtained through the leasing out of Crown lands.

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A graduated federal land tax was introduced in 110, with the stated intention of breaking up the large estates. The first [pound]5,000 of unimproved value was exempt, and the rates were low except for very large estates, the owners of which frequently escaped the tax by nominally subdividing them among family members.. As mentioned above, it was abolished in 15.

State land taxes were introduced into the six states in the following order South Australia, 1884; New South Wales, 185; Tasmania, 107; Western Australia, 107; Victoria, 110; and Queensland, 115. They vary considerably, apply only to certain properties, and suffer from serious administrative defects.

By far the most important are the local land taxes or site value rates. All six states permit their adoption by local option; Tasmania is the only one in which no jurisdiction has availed itself of this choice, although strong efforts have been made there to promote it. Its use began in New South Wales and Queensland in 180, and is universal in both states; in Western Australia it began in 10, and is predominant there. In South Australia and Victoria net annual value rating is predominant, but site value rating has existed in the former since 18 and in the latter since 11.

New Zealand

Historically, New Zealand was long known for its advanced social legislation. It pioneered female suffrage, and was among the first countries to adopt social security, old age pensions, and universal health care. A measure of land-value taxation was introduced even before the publication of Henry Georges Progress and Poverty in 187.

New Zealands export production provides jobs for only about 10 percent of its workforce, yet full employment has long been an overriding political goal. In seeking to achieve this goal, successive governments up until the mid-180s subsidized inefficient industries, restricted imports, and maintained a vast corps of public servants. They also progressively increased expenditure on welfare. These policies, together with compulsory union membership and mandatory arbitration of labor-management disputes, helped to insulate the economy from market discipline, and kept wages artificially high. All this was accompanied by a degree of state regulation unparalleled in most other Western economies. (Massey 7) The mix of inefficient subsidized enterprises, non-market-oriented capital investment, union monopoly, cumbersome over-regulation, and a safety net so high as to discourage initiative for work and training, helped to produce an ill-prepared, poorly motivated labor force and a low rate of per capita economic output. (Massey 45)

For some three decades after World War II, this program, initiated by Labour but continued and expanded by the National (Conservative) Muldoon government, seemed to work New Zealand enjoyed one of the highest living standards on earth. As long as tax revenue from exports fueled government spending, the illusion of prosperity could be sustained. But eventually, with the development of synthetic fibers to compete with wool, the rise of West Germany and Japan as economic superpowers, the erection of European Common Market barriers against New Zealand exports followed by Britains decision to join the Common Market, the oil shocks of 17 and 17, etc., the terms of trade turned against New Zealand. For a while, the government was able to stave off the inevitable by overseas borrowing, but only for a while. From having been one of the three or four richest countries in the world in the early 150s, New Zealand moved to about 0th in international rankings by the end of the 170s. (Douglas ) Moreover, by 181, inflation had reached 17 percent.

Land-value taxation, in the form of rating at the local government level, counteracted these tendencies to a minor extent, providing a degree of stimulation especially in the building industry. But although successful as far as it went, it did not collect enough of the economic rent or account for a large enough share of the total budget to constitute anything like a decisive factor in the economy. Furthermore, it is doubtful that even full rating of land values, coupled with the complete lifting of rating on improvements, could have in themselves prevailed against such massive forces for stagnation.

For over 150 years, land values in New Zealand have been collected for public purposes in three main ways (1) by the sale and lease of Crown land, () from a national land tax, and () from land-value rates for local government. This record shows that the tax technique, however commendable in many ways, has significant practical limitations as well as being susceptible locally to administrative problems that, if not successfully addressed, are eagerly used against it; and that the principle and technique of institutionalized leases may be extended to include infrastructural monopolies, and thence more widely to land itself.

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guineas adoption of site-value property taxation (or rating as it is called there) had its origin in Australias pre-independence administration, and the proximity of Australia to PNG. The influence of Australian law and practices was especially pronounced on visiting PNG scholars and researchers.

Property taxation is levied on land owned in freehold title, and is based on the unimproved value of each parcel of taxable land. Values are determined by a government-appointed valuer general. His values can be appealed against.

Ground improvements relate to those improvements made to land for its better use and/or development such as the felling and clearing away of trees or native shrubs; the removal or leveling of stone which exists naturally on land; and the leveling or filling of land. The definition of the Ground Improvement Allowance puts a 15 year time limit within which the allowance can be enjoyed after the works have been completed, or earlier if the land is sold or passes out of the ownership of the owner or owners who originally carried out the improvement works. It can be inferred that this time limit has been applied by the PNG legislators in the belief that this is a sufficiently long period during which those who carried out the works might obtain adequate recompense for their expenditure.

However, the definition further adds that the sum so to be deducted shall not exceed the estimated increase which the expenditure has made to the value of the land as at the date of valuation. For example, if the expenditure is considered to have been either totally or partially of an unwise or improvident nature and therefore not responsible for a like increase in the value of the land then the allowance is to be adjusted accordingly.

The unimproved value as defined follows closely those applicable in most of the Australian states and in New Zealand. In consequence, there is a considerable volume of Australian and New Zealand case law further refining the definition of unimproved value.

One of the basic aims of the property taxation system as applicable in PNG is to raise revenue as based solely on the value of land, and not intermingled with the value of any improvements on the land. Nevertheless, where many small houses tend to spring up within or adjacent to serviced urban land (squatter colonies as they are often called, usually built on customary tribal or government land in respect of which there is little prospect of gaining permanent ownership) then legislation provides that property taxation may be levied on the value of such buildings. However, four conditions restrict this power.

The first of these requires that the building has been registered, and has thus some official standing. The second is that it must be occupied by a person other than of the state, or an authority or instrumentality thereof.

A third, quite important, provision is that the tax as based on the value of the building cannot be more than if based on the unimproved value of the land on which the building stands. A final provision is that the tax can only be applied if the building is within an urban area, and thus has some access to urban-type services such as water and electricity. Hence, this excludes from any application of the tax the thousands of village houses, (many erected at or near mountain tops) all over PNG, because they are not within an urban area.

The revenue derived from property taxation is regarded as an important contribution to local government revenues.

A tax regime similar in concept to that for mining, but using different rates of tax and threshold rates of return, has been developed for petroleum. While the remaining paragraphs describe major features of the regimes for mining and petroleum taxation at the end of 1, the present author has no reason to believe that they have ceased to be current as of this writing (March, 000).

For both mining and petroleum, a royalty of percent of the value of net smelter value or well head value applies. Royalties are distributed to provincial governments, local level governments, and project landowners. The apportionment of royalties is determined by a development agreement between these parties, or, in the absence of an agreement, on a basis decided by the national minister for mines or the minister for petroleum.

In addition, the national government provides special support grants to provincial governments to assist with provision of infrastructure in areas where major mining projects occur. These grants are based, not on a fixed percentage of mineral revenue, but on annual budget allocations, which are negotiated between the national government and relevant provincial governments. There are no special support grants for petroleum or gas projects. Instead, project developers pay a development levy of percent of the well head value of all petroleum produced from a license area directly to the affected provincial government or governments.

An unusual aspect of PNGs tax system as in comparison with that of Australia and New Zealand is the concept of Prescribed Infrastructure Development. Mining and petroleum companies can devote a portion of the money they would have paid in company tax (currently percent of their assessable income for tax purposes) to infrastructure projects (such as schools, hospitals or roads) designed to benefit residents of the areas in which the companies benefit. (Pollard 81) The selection of infrastructure projects involves representatives from village groups, local level governments, provincial governments, the national government, and the mining or petroleum companies. From the companies point of view, the advantage of this provision is that it allows local people to derive additional benefits from their operations. From the PNG governments point of view, a significant benefit is that mining or petroleum companies can use the expertise they have available to assist in carrying out the infrastructure projects. This reduces the overall cost of projects to the government, and increases the likelihood that tax revenues devoted to infrastructure provision will be utilized efficiently.

Bibliography

Rolland ORegan, New Zealand in H.G. Brown et al., eds., LandValue Taxation Around the World (1st edition; New York Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 155), p. 7.

Patrick Massey, New Zealand Market Liberalization in a Developed Economy (New York St. Martins Press, 1).

Pollard, S. 1. "Pacific Economic Policy To Invest or to Protect." Pacific Economic Bulletin 10() 77�84.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Economic Survey New Zealand (Paris OECD, 18), p. 8.

Roger O. Douglas, Unfinished Business (Auckland Random House, 1), p. 10.

Schoeffel, P. 18. Myths of Community Management Sustainability, the State and Rural Development in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Discussion Paper 7/8, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Canberra Australian National University.

Please note that this sample paper on Taxation in Australia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Taxation in Australia, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Taxation in Australia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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