Analysis of Poe

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The short story takes place in Italy during the time of the carnival. Montressor, the main character and narrator in the story, seeks revenge on Fortunato, his acquaintance. Montressor has told fortunado that he has found Amontillado (A light Spanish wine) and it is in the hands of Luchesi. Furtunado does not agree that a man like Luchesi could know what such a magnificent wine would taste like. When the two men arrive to the vaults, no one is around. They go into the vaults, which is where montressor tells furtunado that he is apart of the Mason, an exclusive organization. He does not believe him so they continue on. Montressor chains fortunado to the wall. He then begins to stone him in the crypt and leave him to die. The final words from the story are in Latin and they say, "May he rest in peace."

Poe has two different themes for most of his stories. This falls under the category of Terror. The theme of the story I believe it to be primarily about pride and revenge. Montressor finds pride in the fine wine he has found then takes revenge on Furtunado using the wine against him.

Poe shows the dark and vengeful side of a human being. In no point in the story does Montressor show any remorse for Furtunado. Poe has a great way of taking thoughts that has been set back to our subconscious level and bringing them more to our attention like killing and revenge and pride.

A lot of Poe's life shows through in his writings. He always seems the have alcohol in his stories and he was an alcoholic. He always has betrayal from men and his foster father dictated his life. But I have always enjoyed this story because its shows how inhumane people can be. And how sick peoples' minds can be but at the same time how interesting it is to here about what happens in the story.

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I also enjoy the way Motressor plays with Furtunado. The way he pretends to have only good intentions for furtunado. He doesn't let him realize what is going on until it is very late. At the end of the story for a second you may think that Montressor will not go through with it but in the end he does and suprises the reader.

After you are finished with the story, you still have no idea why Montressor wants to kill Fortunado so bad. It doesn't seem significant at all throughout the story. What concerns us the most is the reaction itself, despite the cause or consequence. These are the types of feeling I have been brought up to disregard because of society we live in today.

So overall I enjoyed the story. I enjoy many of Poe's stories but I enjoy this a little more because it involves the one thing everyone in civilization today wants to do but cant…revenge.

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Ekonomika

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In this article called " Global Financial Instability framework, events and issues" by Frederic Mishikin, he states that global economy has experienced severe bouts of financial instability in the last five years, and that these instabilities have had devastating impact on crisis in countries. For example in Mexico GDP fell from 4% to6%. In Asian countries like Korea and Indonesia it fell from above 5% to below5%. So the key questions that today's policy makers face are how to reduce risk of global financial instability and how to show how economic instability damages economic activity. As for the question of why financial instability occurs, Mishikn offers several key contributors to this phenomenon. Deterioration in financial sector balance sheets, increases in interest rates, increases in uncertainty and deterioration in non-financial balance sheets. Deterioration in financial sector balance sheets causes banks to have substantial contraction in their capital so they can either cut back on their lending or they can try to raise new capital. Since it is hard to raise the new capital at low cost, they are forced to contract their lending which slows down economic activity and in some sever cases can lead to banks panic. Increase in interest rates can have negative effect on banks balance sheet, directly causing a decline in net worth of their assets. During increased uncertainty it is harder for lenders to screen good credit risks from bed ones and this leads to different moral hazards that slow down economic activity. Most critical factor of the all is deterioration in non-financial balance sheets. If borrowers suffer a widespread deterioration of balance sheets, it worseness both adverse selection and moral hazard problems in financial system. In conclusion Mishkin states that in order to promote soundness and safety of financial system is crucial to prevent future financial instability. This can be achieved trough economic policies in both international and domestic financial systems.

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Singapore Australia Free Trade Agreement

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Introduction

Free trade is an important component of International Economics. The objective of this report is to examine the latest Singapore Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) and the benefits it brings or will bring to Australia. It examines Free Trade Theory and discusses it in Relation to Australia. It further examines its advantages and disadvantages. The Report then provides an overview of SAFTA, its benefits to Australia and its criticism in general.

Free Trade

In the past trade used to be controlled by the government as good and services have been traded around the world for years. Free trade is an essential part of national and international economic policy. It is also part of a much wider movement towards deregulatory free market policies.

More recently, it has been recognized that some countries are better at producing certain types of product than others. That is the country can produce the good more cheaply, quickly or efficiently. Hence, countries specialize in producing the goods that they can produce most efficiently, and to trade their surpluses of those goods for the products they cannot produce, or are less efficient at producing. This is known as the principle of free trade. Free trade occurs when there are no barriers put in place by governments to restrict the flow of goods and services between trading nations.

If each country decides to be self-sufficient and produce its own food and clothing both countries will be using some of their resources in a less efficient way. Each country should produce goods that are cheap to produce in their country and exchange that for products for which the cost is high in their country. This would mean all the free-trading nations can realize a larger real income from the given supplies of resources available and each countrys output will be greater than it would otherwise have been. Therefore, they will both be better off.

Free trade increases competition and discourages monopoly. Domestic firms are forced to lower their cost of production due to increased competition by foreign firms. This would force firms to be more innovative in both the product quality and production methods therefore could result to economic growth. With free trade the resources are allocated more efficiently and there is higher standard of living for the world as a whole and the welfare of nations can also be better through free trade. Free trade can increase real national product but decrease social welfare if it shifts the distribution of income and wealth in an unfavorable direction.

Free Trade Theory

Figure 1 Free Trade (Source Perloff, 00)

When trade barriers, such as tariffs and subsidies are put in place, they protect domestic producers from international competition. More competition means higher risk and this could affect a countries wealth. There are many barriers of free trade that exist in order for countries to protect themselves.

They can impose taxes such as tariffs on imported goods. This would make foreign goods more expensive hence consumers have to pay more. However this protects the domestic producers because they do not have to compete against cheaper foreign imports. Tariff distorts consumption and production i.e. it destroys both the equality of MRT (slope of transformation) and TOT (terms of trade) and the equality of MRS (slope of substitution) and TOT.

A country could introduce subsidies. Where a firm thinks a good is more attractive to produce than it was before. Usually they end up making the wrong decision. Perfect equilibrium no longer exists and the production line is distorted hence production is worse off. i.e. MRT and TOT line is destroyed however it does not upset consumption i.e. MRS and TOT are equal.

Free trade is not the same in all countries as some countries have more barriers to free trade in order to protect themselves than others. Some countries impose quotas, where only a limited amount of a specific good may be imported during the year.

Australian Perspective to Free Trade

Australia benefits from trade as they have a surplus of resources they sell the surplus to other countries and use the export dollars to buy other goods and services. Australia's GDP ratio was 15 percent in the past but now has risen to 0 percent because of the increase in exports and imports. Australia's industrial base has become stronger due to the increase in exports.

Australians have seen a change in the standard of living due to an expansion of imports, as this has benefited consumers and businesses due to an extensive range of products to choose from. Reducing tariffs have saved Australian families an average of $1000 per year. They have also seen that exporters pay more to workers than non-exporters because they sell to a bigger market hence sell more and earn more profit. There has also been a study conducted stating that removal of tariff would create 40000 jobs in years. Export is good for Australia as it is important for economic growth and job creation (Trade 00).

Free Trade Advantages

Free Trade increases production where countries specialize in the goods in which they have the comparative advantage. It lowers opportunity cost of producing. International trade increases the size of the firm's market, economies of scale, increases productivity and lowers cost.

When trade opens up it increases competition hence goods and services can be purchased at a lower price. Consumers are also about to choose form a wide variety of goods and services. Increased competition encourages innovation, the use of new technology, marketing and distribution methods. There is also economic growth, better living standards and an increase in the level of income for the countries involved in free trade

Increase in exports leads to appreciation of currency. For example, when exporting goods overseas Australia can gain currency from other countries that it sells these goods to, hence there is a foreign exchange gain. The appreciated currency can be used to purchase luxury imports such as cars. It makes imports relatively cheap.

Free Trade Disadvantages

Removal of trade barriers can cause structural unemployment in short term. Since workers in other countries may have lower wages, production of some goods may take place in other countries causing a loss of jobs in the higher wage country.

As economies become dependant on global markets, there is greater instability introduced from international trade cycles. The Asian economic crisis in 18 and economic slowdown in the global economy in 001 illustrate this situation.

Some countries comparative advantage may not be an advantage. This would make them specialise in goods that do not have potential to grow in the future. Also, new industries may find it difficult to establish in a competitive market if there is no short-term protection by the government.

SAFTA

The Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed by the Australian and Singapore Trade Ministers in Singapore on 17 February 00 (DFAT 00). Signature of SAFTA followed by ten rounds of negotiations after the agreement between Prime Ministers John Howard and Goh Chok Tong in November 000 to conclude an FTA. The agreement became operational on 8 July 00 (Free law 00).

Overview of SAFTA

The SAFTA is intended to strengthen trade and investment links between Australia and Singapore. In accordance with the agreement, Singapore and Australia will eliminate tariffs on all goods imported from the other country from the date this agreement came into effect. For Australia, it means duty free entry of beer and stout (all other products enjoy duty free entry into Singapore). The parties have also agreed not to use export subsidies and not to apply safeguards measures against each other. A FTA (free trade agreement) for Australia will further enhance linkages with south-east Asia. The broader objective of this policy is to promote trade and investment liberalisation around Asia and the Pacific.

Singapore is Australia's largest trade and investment partner in the south-east Asian region. It is Australia's seventh largest trading partner. Australia's merchandise exports to Singapore during year 00 were valued at AUD 5.4 billion making it sixth largest export market. Imports from Singapore were valued at just under AUD 4 billion making it eight largest source of imports. Singapore was also the third most important source of investment in Australia in year 001-00 in terms of 'proposed' total final direct investment. It is worth to note that most of this investment can be attributed to the acquisition by Singapore Telecommunications Ltd of Cable & Wireless Optus Ltd for a consideration of AUD 14 billion. While the Singaporean economy experienced a significant dip in the wake of the East Asian economic crisis, a return to traditionally high levels of growth is predicted. The potential for increased exports of services (particularly financial, telecommunications, legal, educational and professional) to Singapore was identified by a number of the Australian companies consulted during the negotiations for SAFTA (Free Law, 00).

SAFTA agreement further guarantees increased market access for Australian exporters of services, particularly in education, environmental, telecommunications, and professional services. It is aimed at providing a more open and predictable business environment across a range of areas including competition policy, government procurement, intellectual property, e-commerce, customs procedures and business travel (DFAT, 00).

Benefits to Australia

Singapore has been a free port with minimal tariff protection since late 18th century. Most of the Australian goods exported to Singapore had little or no tariff previous to this agreement. After this agreement, all goods including Beer and Stout will enjoy tariff free entry into Singapore (Free Law, 00).

Service industry of Australia is the one that will significantly benefit from SAFTA. In particular Australian exporters of financial, professional and telecoms services. Both countries have to deliver a comprehensive and transparent negative lists of services sectors. Negative list of the industries will include the sectors which are not be covered by the Agreement and everything else is to be included (Free Law 00).

Singapore has undertaken to ease Wholesale banking licenses over time. Conditions are also eased for establishing joint ventures involving Australian Law firms. Australian law degrees recognised in Singapore doubled from 4 to 8 (Free Law 00).

Singapore has also committed to liberalise residency requirements for Australian professionals. Mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) between Australian architects and engineers and Singapore is underway. Short term entry for Australian business people extended from 1 month to months. Long-term business residents in Singapore granted total stay up to at least 14 years. Spouses of business people can work as managers, specialists, office administrators (DFAT 00).

The SAFTA is also intended to strengthen the position of Australian investors in Singapore, by providing formal protection against expropriation. Investment restrictions in Singapores government linked companies, which is an important element of its economic infrastructure and strategy will also be made more transparent. Australian firms will get national treatment status that is they will be treated same as local firms in government procurement by some 47 Singaporean government agencies. There will be stronger intellectual property protection in government tender processes (Free Law 00).

Singapore government has also committed to address anti-competitive business practices, with consultation-upon-request for any such practices of concern to Australia. Singapore government will also apply competitive neutrality disciplines to government business enterprises, which implies that such entities will not be allowed any net benefits by reason of their government ownership alone (ACCI 00).

There are many other benefits including paperless trading, promotion of ecommerce, etc. The benefits are large in number but their significance and criticism is examined in next section (Free Law 00).

Criticism

According to Australian Camber of Commerce and Industry, the overall macroeconomic impact of SAFTA is going to be modest. Previous to this agreement 84% of imports from Singapore entered Australia tariff free. 15% of imports are subject to general tariff upto 5% while remaining 1% attract tariff of more than 5%. Thus any adjustment effects on the manufacturing sector as a whole from the SATA will be extremely small.

Economic modelling commissioned by the Australian Government on the SAFTA found that the impact of tariff elimination on manufacturing was too small to reliably estimate (Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 00).

Another source has raised concerned about ownership of business in Singapore. Singapores data suggests that 60% of the economy is government controlled. Singapore government owns housing apartments where 0% of population dwells, Government owns road, airlines, telephone providers, food industries, etc. Permitting such government enterprises to own businesses in Australia will strengthen Singapore governments presence in decision making in Australia. Currently government run Singapore telecommunications owns a share in Optus Communications, Victorias power grid. The source estimates that Singapore government directly or indirectly controls $40 billion of Australian investments in critical industries whereas Australias investment in Singapore is $14 billion (Ellis 00).

Some Critics have warned that bilateral or regional free trade agreements could undermine efforts to open up trade on a global scale. But both countries have stated that they are strong supporters of world trade liberalization.

Conclusion

The ASFTA will play an important part in the trade and foreign policies of both the countries. Like the Free trade theory suggests that free trade leads to specialisation and increased competition. Increased competition leads to better prices for consumers and thus general welfare improves. Australias strength lies in the services industry. ASFTA will liberalise trade of services provided by Engineers, Architects, Accountants and Lawyers.

The question arises about who will benefit more? Is it going to be one way trade? From the research carried out by the team it seems that in dollar terms Singapore will benefit more than Australia. As mentioned before Singapore has traditionally been an open port. Thus Australian manufacturers of export goods have always benefited. The team envisages that it is the Singapore manufacturing industries that will benefit in comparison to Australia. But it will definitely be an opportunity for Australian services industries to specialise.

In conclusion, SAFTA will further enhance Australias linkages with south-east Asia and in particular with Singapore, one of the most dynamic countries within the region. It will be a step towards liberalisation in Asia Pacific region, which includes worlds big trading giant such as China, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, etc.

References

· 4 March 00, Singapore - Australia free trade agreement, done at Singapore on 17 february 00, and Associated exchange of notes, Free Law. Available at http//www.freelaw.net.au/au/other/dfat/nia/00/1.html. (Access Date 8 October 00)

· December 00, Australia-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Australia.

· Ellis E, Singapore Fling, Bulletin, Volume 10. No 47. Available at http//bulletin.ninemsn.com.au/bulletin/EdDesk.nsf/0/67c45f560cdfbcfca56c68001b58?OpenDocument. (Access Date 6 October 00)

· Free Trade Agreement, 00, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Available at http//www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/australia_singapore_agreement.html. (Access Date 6 October 00)

· Free trade and protection advantages and disadvantages of free trade, Available at http//hsc.csu.edu.au/economics/global_economy/tut7/Tutorial7.html. (Access Date October 00)

· Free Trade, Oxfam. Available at http//www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/milkingit/information/the_issues/free_trade.htm. (Access Date October 00)

· Perloff J. Intermediate Mircoeconomics, Agricultural & Resources Economics University of California at Berkeley. Available at http//are.berkeley.edu/courses/ECON100A/HW/Old/ans4.pdf. (Access Date 10 October 00)

· Singapore-Australia trade pact in effect, Canberra eyes more ASEAN deals, 8 July 00. Available http//quickstart.clari.net/qs_se/webnews/wed/bn/Qsingapore-australia.RCLO_DlS.html (Access date 5 October 00)

· Trade, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Available at http//www.dfat.gov.au/trade. (Access Date October 00)

· Tuesday 01, July 00, Singapore-Australia-Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), Attorney Generals Department. Available at http//www.ag.gov.au/www/ilsHome.nsf/0/4A4E84D816B4FCCA56CD007DEA6B?OpenDocument. (Access date 6 October 00)

· Wikipedia, 0 August 00, Free Trade. Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade. (Access Date October 00)

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I dont got one

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The economy appears to have lost more steam, leaving the nascent recovery to run on fumes, as manufacturing activity shrunk for the first time in eight months in September and construction spending declined in August.

Tuesdays disapFederal prosecutors plan to bring criminal charges as early as today against Andrew Fastow, the alleged mastermind of the financial schemes that toppled Enron in a scandal that shook confidence in the stock market, a law enforcement source said Tuesday.

Fastow, who was Enrons chief financial officer, is said to have devised the companys complex web of off-the-books partnerships used to hide some $1 billion in debt from shareholders and federal regulators. He is the most prominent company figure targeted so far by the Justice Department

pointing data from the manufacturing and Wal-Mart Stores, the worlds largest retailer, announced Tuesday that it plans to add as many as 165 new stores in 00 and expand or relocate about 170 U.S. properties, continuing its aggressive expansion.

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NEW YORK - Youve worked hard, you totter home, and you want to soak up ''The Sopranos as soon as you collapse on the couch. Whats wrong with that? Absolutely nothing, according to those attending Forrester Researchs TV Summit on Monday.

They say on-demand TV will take off next year, with half of all consumers able to watch what they want, when they want it, by 007.

Indeed, researchers predict that percent of all TV watched by 007 will be watched on the viewers schedule, using either a video-on-demand service or a new-generation personal video recorder.

''Theres an emotional appeal to taking control of television, said Michael Ramsay, chairman and chief executive of TiVo Inc., maker of a popular digital video recorder. ''Those people whove actually tried it cant live without it.

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Sample Essay

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In "the Glass Menagerie", the fire escape represents a portal, or bridge, between the deceptive world of the Wingfields and the real world. This gateway seems to support only one-way passage, but the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world a way to escape from reality. Both examples can readily be seen Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store and Laura trips on the fire escape. It also shows that Lauras fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than the average person.

Another symbol presented that deals more with Tom than any of the other characters is his habit of going to the movies shows his longing to leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. To him, it is a place where one can find adventure. However, Amanda, who criticizes his desire to quench this thirst for adventure, keeps him from entering reality. Tom has made steps to escape into reality by transferring the payment of a light bill to pay for his dues in the Merchant Seamans Union.

The jonquils also have a symbolic meaning. To Amanda, jonquils are a special part of her past and she regards them with sentiment.

Another symbol is Jim OConnor. This symbol deals with both Amanda and Laura To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face, reality. To Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and supposedly having seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon. Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it is difficult to determine whether she wanted a gentleman caller to be invited for Laura or for herself.Order Custom Sample Essay paper

A more obvious symbol is Lauras glass menagerie. Her collection of glass represents her own private world. It is set apart from reality and becomes a place where she can hide and be safe. It is evident that she feels very strongly about the collection. When Amanda tells Laura to practice typing, Laura instead plays with her glass. When Amanda is heard walking up the fire escape, she quickly hides her collection. Laura does this to hide her secret world from the others. When Tom leaves to go to the movies in an angered rush, he accidentally breaks some of Lauras glass. The shattered glass represents Lauras understanding of Toms responsibilities to her.

Please note that this sample paper on Sample Essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sample Essay, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Sample Essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Why was the tsar government overthrown

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the first cause was that many people disliked the way the tsar ruled.Mny peopel dislike the way the tsar ruled and the october manifesto, in this he granted freedom of speech, right to form a plitical government and the election of a parliament by the people of russia. he also belived in autocracy. but after he regained the power he began to vhange his attitides to the october manifesto.

the second cause was that the economy could no meet the demands of fighting the war and civilians suffered badly. many peasants had to fight in the army and so they were unable to work or grow food. there were shortages of foo and coal and many people died of starvation. prices of food and coal went up.

the third cause was that the russian army did so bad in ww1 that many soldires no longer wanted to serve the tsar. the russian army was os poorly equipped and there were shortages od ammunition and medical supplies. there was poor leadership.

the fourth cause was that many people began losing faith in the government. many people began losing faith in the government because rasputins influenceon tsarina encouraged her to sack the ministers. tsarina was german so they thought she was a spy. tsarina lost support from nicholas.

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fifht cause was that the people lost faith in the romanovs fitness to govern. the government was in shambles and there was corruption and inefficiency. ministers were replaced quickly.

sixth cause was that for some time there had been revolutionary parties. they were before the october manifesto. most determined were the bolsheviks who believed in the ideasof karl marx.

last cause was that the conditions for most people were very bad. 0% of the peasants were poor. peasants had to work on land which thet didnt own.

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Int'l business

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Reverse Logistics As An Integral Part Of Supply Chain Management.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.Introduction - What is reverse logistics? - Why reverse logistics is so important? . Body 4 - Components - International Reverse Logistics - Outsourcing . Conclusion 11 References 1 Introduction Most of us think of logistics as a one-way street. Products are manufactured, packaged, stored in a warehouse, sold, and then shipped off to the customer ... end of story. Yet for many logistics managers today, thats not the end of the story. In addition to managing outbound goods, they also are responsible for reverse logistics--the flow of returned goods and packaging, including customer service and final disposition of returned items. The need to manage waste materials and returned goods is growing in all kinds of industries. Today, companies like Xerox, Eastman Kodak, Mobil, Home Depot, and Ethan Allen Furniture - to name just a few - have recycling programs that meet the needs of their individual industries. There are many reasons for the explosive growth of whats come to be known as reverse logistics over the past five years or so. The most prominent is increasing public awareness of the social costs of excess waste. A large-scale recycling program, therefore, generates goodwill among consumers and industrial customers. As support for recycling grows, moreover, companies want to be perceived as good citizens that are committed to protecting the environment. Another important reason is the need to control costs. Frequently, manufacturers treat recovery of products and packaging as an afterthought. A well-managed reverse-logistics program, however, can bring enormous savings in inventory-carrying, transportation, and waste-disposal costs. For these and other reasons, more and more companies are launching reverse-logistics programs today. Unfortunately, its often assumed that reverse logistics is simply a matter of reversing the outbound distribution process. In fact, recycling and returns management have their own unique and complex issues that affect logistics operations. A brief overview of those issues highlights the five main areas you should consider before starting a reverse-logistics program. A related issue is what kind of resources you are willing to commit to a reverse-logistics program. The obvious answer is that the level of potential benefits will influence how much a company will invest in such a program. Too often, though, companies shortchange themselves by failing to devote sufficient time, money, and personnel to the project. A lot of times, [reverse logistics] becomes a side job for somebody. Its not their focus or a high priority, says Cindie Vaughan, supervisor of reverse logistics for Consolidated Freightways. If no one is proactively managing the process, its bound to result in higher costs and missed opportunities for savings and profits. A solution for many companies that have limited resources for reverse logistics is outsourcing that function to third parties or transportation companies. Its up to the shipper, though, to examine the cost and service benefits, then decide how much of the process should be outsourced. As with any outsourcing decision, its a matter of being able to focus on your core competencies and freeing up your people to work on products rather than expend your assets on [reverse logistics], suggests Brett Chyatte, senior marketing specialist for reverse logistics at Federal Express. Components The primary components of the reverse-logistics operation are retrieval, transportation, and disposition. The retrieval stage deals with where the waste or products should be picked up and by whom. Much depends on the nature of the item being returned; if its clothing, for example, a carrier can handle all of the pickup and documentation tasks at the consumers door. If, on the other hand, the items are oversized, heavy, hazardous, or very delicate, special training may be necessary for both customers and carriers. Burnham, for example, dismantles photocopiers for several customers that sell or lease the reconditioned machines. Drivers are trained to remove internal components that could cause damage in transit, protect glass, secure all moving parts, and pack them for transportation. Hazardous materials, meanwhile, must be flawlessly handled, but field locations and distributors may not have the necessary expertise. Michael LeMirande, business development manager for Redwood Systems, says he often tutors auto dealers in how to manage returns of such items as engines and transmissions. The battery and most fluids in automobiles are classified as hazardous, so there are specific procedures for preparing them for transportation, he says. A company that does not control the transportation of returns is asking for trouble, says consultant Ken Miller of Gardner, Mass. Most often, the manufacturer pays the freight for returned goods. Yet typically the customer estimates the weight, guesses at the bill-of-lading description, and routes the shipment via a carrier that has no pricing agreement in place with the manufacturer, he says. As a result, incorrect weights and product classifications can lead to $500 bills that should have been $50. To prevent thousands of dollars in excess freight charges, Miller suggests that shippers provide the carrier routing, correct weight, description, and class to customers when they call for a return authorization. Better yet, he says, customer-service representatives could complete the bill of lading for the customer showing all three of those items. The biggest questions related to product disposition are whether to handle returns in centralized or regional facilities and how incoming shipments should be processed. The answer depends on the type of product and what will happen to it after it is returned. More and more shippers are opting for centralized returns processing because it increases their control over a products life cycle and allows for better data collection. That is especially true for manufacturers of high-value goods with short shelf lives, such as computers and telecommunications equipment that need to be repaired and sold as quickly as possible, notes FedExs Chyatte. It also creates opportunities for shipment consolidations, which can reduce transportation costs and ensure better utilization of reusable containers and other equipment. Centralized returns-processing also helps shippers document returned products that are exported to secondary markets overseas, supporting claims for duty refunds under U.S. Customs duty-drawback program, adds Buzzy Wyland, executive vice president of GENCO Distribution System. A successful reverse-logistics program depends heavily on gathering meaningful information that can help manage the returns process while tracking costs, says Wyland. You want software that will facilitate the smooth, efficient backflow of product from the customer-service desk all the way to the final disposition, he says. Too often, companies add the information component at the end onto a finished program, which can create bottlenecks and inefficiencies, he notes. Whats important is not to wait until you have a pile of returned stuff. You have to plan for it upstream and build the software into the system. The Internet is becoming an effective tool for gathering and disseminating information in a reverse-logistics environment. Federal Express, for example, has developed a returns-management system called NetReturn that relies on the Internet to capture customer information, schedule pick.ups, arrange transportation, and track the status of returned goods. All the customer has to do is call the merchant and request a return authorization. Once the shipper transmits the shipment details, the information system takes over. It even prompts the merchant to follow up when items are not picked up as scheduled. The tax, finance, and credit implications of the program is an area that may not be very visible to logistics managers, but it is one of the primary reasons upper management will support a reverse-logistics program. The act of returning goods sets off a flurry of finance-related activities, including issuing refunds and credits, accounting for inventory costs, and tracking tax liabilities. Logistics can help make those activities easier and more accurate by collecting and providing the necessary information. For example, retailers and manufacturers traditionally have clashed over the issue of credits and refunds for returned products, says Wyland. Retailers sent back a product and deducted for what they sent back from their payments. For manufacturers, it was an annual nightmare trying to reconcile the physical product with the paperwork, he says. Now, with the proper information gathering and dissemination, manufacturers can immediately reconcile their customers claims. There are enormous financial benefits to managing returns this way, Wyland says. Before, manufacturers didnt know their profitability until they reconciled at the end of the year. Now, they dont have to carry unreconciled claims and they dont have to build cash reserves to cover those claims. The net effect is a reduction in the cost of doing business, he says. The benefits of a reverse-logistics program are legion. To get the greatest payback possible, though, shippers must devote the necessary time and resources to the project. Reverse logistics, in fact, should be part of the overall business strategy for any manufacturer and retailer, says LeMirande of Redwood Systems. Companies today often dont consider reverse logistics when they plan their sales and operations strategies, he says, but they should If youre not including reverse logistics in your supply-chain strategy, youre cutting your supply chain off short. International Reverse Logistics Whether goods and materials are being returned for repair, refurbishing, recycling, or resale, reverse logistics has its own unique considerations. And when companies need to manage returns across international borders, reverse logistics becomes an even more complex process. That complexity--not to mention the cost of freight, which often outweighs the benefits of taking the item back--discourages many companies from bothering with international returns, says Kevin Sheehan, president of Dallas, Texas-based Processors Unlimited. His company, which recently was acquired by USF Logistics, manages reverse logistics at 45 processing centers nationwide. Yet sometimes there are compelling reasons to become involved in reverse logistics internationally. In some instances, a returned product can be sold to recover some of the costs incurred, says Dale Rogers, professor of supply chain management at the University of Nevada-Reno. If you can recover some asset value out of the refurbished product above the cost of transportation, it may make sense to ship it outside the country, he says. And if a company imports items into the United States and they are returned by the end customer unused, he adds, it may be possible to resell them in a third country and claim a refund on the original import duties under duty-drawback regulations. There are many other factors that affect a companys decision to handle returns internationally, including customer goodwill, the desire to keep name-brand products out of secondary sales channels, and environmental concerns. Heres a look at why three shippers made that decision and how they manage international returns. Witco Corp., a global manufacturer of specialty chemicals based in Greenwich, Conn., for example, faces several challenges when managing returns of reusable stainless-steel totes from customers in Canada. The company must keep track of the individual containers, which are shipped with chemicals inside, emptied by the customer, and then returned for cleaning and reuse. It also must ensure compliance with both U.S. and Canadian transportation law because the totes often contain hazardous chemicals and residues. Finally, Witco must prepare proper documentation to allow the totes to clear customs on both legs of the round-trip journey. With a large number of containers moving back and forth between the two countries, the potential for confusion and error would appear to be great. But the $1. billion company maintains tight control over its equipment with the help of its third-party service provider, CF Reverse Logistics, a division of Consolidated Freightways. About three years ago, Witco hired CF to track, monitor, and arrange the return of the reusable equipment, reports Sheldon Ellis, Witcos international logistics manager. Customers call a toll-free number to notify the company when the empty totes will be ready for pickup. All they need to do is tell [CF] the tote number, Ellis says. Because CF tracks the totes by identification number from the time they leave the manufacturing plant, the carrier knows where home base is for each container, he explains. CF picks up the empty tote, then follows Witcos routing guidelines to ship it back to its point of origin. Rather than ask customers to create export documentation for the containers they use, Ellis has CF prepare most of the necessary paperwork. A customs broker selected by Witco clears the totes at the U.S. border. No duty applies, because the containers themselves are not being bought or sold. Outsourcing helps Service Merchandise manage returns For retailers, managing returned goods can be a costly headache. Thats because consumers are a fickle lot, returning items because the color didnt match their bathroom towels or the clock they bought ticked too loudly. In addition, retailers also frequently must return out-of-season or obsolete stock, goods damaged in transit, and items that have not been sold within a certain timeframe. Many retailers opt to keep the entire process in house. Others, though, find that outsourcing is an efficient, cost-effective means of keeping the returned-goods monster under control. One such company is Service Merchandise, based in Brentwood, Tenn. Service Merchandise sells a wide variety of consumer goods, including jewelry, furniture, kitchen items, and home electronics from 85 stores in 5 states. The company also has a mail-order business. All product returns are handled at a returns-processing center operated by Service Merchandise in Bowling Green, Ky., reports Paul Minor, director of transportation. Volume at the returns center averages between 0 and 40 million pounds annually, which represents a lot of inventory costs and lost revenues. About two years ago, company managers recognized that a more organized approach to managing returns offered the potential for significant cost savings. The logistics department, though, was unable to dedicate full-time resources to the project. The solution? Service Merchandise turned to a third-party logistics service provider to manage this aspect of its business. The third party operates a customer-service center for Service Merchandise with a toll-free number. When a store needs to return something, an employee calls to get authorization. Redwood also provides the stores with specific instructions for packaging, shipping, and documentation. Based on cost and volume guidelines established by Service Merchandise, the third party arranges transportation to the Bowling Green facility using pre-approved carriers. Our volume guidelines are based on the number of skids and on the storage space available in the stores, Minor explains. We want the largest shipments possible so we can reach better weight breaks Redwood analyzes individual store and regional demand, costs, and routing efficiencies to determine the best way to bring the merchandise to the returns center. Conclusion Technologies available today can be incorporated into re-engineered business processes. Time-consuming manual processes can be reduced or even eliminated, driving out even more costs. Technologies currently under development will integrate item-level tracking with wireless communication to update business systems in real time. Organizations will be able to stay in touch with their customers products in the supply chain, regardless of time or geography. Improved item-level information will enhance the business process to keep customers better informed and minimize product returns. Properly approached, reverse logistics can take the problem aspect out of your process and convert these costs into investments for profitable, long-term customer relationships.

Bibliography

Selected References Tom Andel Reverse logistics. A second chance to profit. Transportation and Distribution Magazine. July, 17 Toby B. Gooley There and back again. Logistics Management Distribution Report. Apr 0, 1 Kathleen Hickey Rite Aid in Reverse. Traffic World. June,1. IS THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS IN YOUR FUTURE? Modern Material Handling. Dec,000. Ken Krizner A marriage between technology and operations leads ReturnBuys attempt to re-invent reverse logistics.(Industry Trend or Event) Frontline Solutions, Feb. 17. Mitchell E. MacDonald Put it in reverse! Logistics Management Distribution Report. May 1, 17 Ronald A. Marguilis Reverse logistics. Take it back ! Materials Management and Distribution. Nov, 16 John Pogorelec Reverse logistics is doable, important.(Technology Information) Frontline Solutions. Sept. 000. Greg Raimer IN REVERSE. Materials Management and Distribution magazine. Sept, 17. Beth Schwartz Reverse logistics strengthens supply chains. Transportation and Distribution Magazine. May, 000.

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