Studying abroad

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In recent years, there has been a stark increase in the number of students studying abroad. There are several reasons to this phenomenon. In some cases, they want to study a subject that is not available in their own country. Also, some may want to experience a different education system and studying environment. In this essay, I shall proceed to explain the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad

At first sight, education and travel in foreign countries appear to be entirely beneficial and advantageous. For example, studying other languages abroad expands and improves our abilities and job prospects. In addition, by studying or simply travelling abroad, we can discover many differences in terms of culture, way of thinking, history, customs and lifestyle; the awareness of these differences makes us more tolerant and open-minded. What is more, we gain a broader experience of life in general.

On the other hand, it may indeed be true to say that travelling and studying abroad could influence us in a negative way. The experience could be so powerful, and alter the travellers way of thinking so greatly, that they lose their cultural identity. If he or she integrates into the new society, they will almost certainly meet difficulties when they try to readjust later to their own culture. Another potential problem is that the traveller or student may become a victim of discrimination, and lose their confidence as a result. Since their behaviour and customs may be very different from those of the inhabitants of the host culture, they may encounter negative reactions - unfriendliness, or even hostility, for example.

Furthermore, the long distance prevents them from contacting their families so often. Gradually, they are either rejected by or break away from their families. As a result, there emerge many family tragedies.Custom writing service can write essays on Studying abroad

When all is said and done, there are many choices and it is for students and travellers to weigh up both sides of the issue and come to their own conclusions.

Please note that this sample paper on Studying abroad is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Studying abroad, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Studying abroad will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Goobers

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X-Apparently-To magellen411@yahoo.com via 66.18..0; Mon, 7 Oct 00 160 -0800

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From Sarah Sweetie drunkenmonkee1@yahoo.com

Subject Fwd Re Fw I want this back........Youll see why, this is not a joke

To Mikayla maperry1456@aol.com, Peyton boobookitty4life@yahoo.com,

Sean seaneatscheese@netscape.net, Stephen punkguy4@hotmail.com,

Tanya babiecheekz4@aol.com, Christina wowthatsnice46@aol.com,

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Elaina hummingbird445@aol.com, Nicole G cows_r_life@yahoo.com,

Alex G. magellen411@yahoo.com, Nicole L ducksgoquack101@yahoo.com,

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Do you Yahoo!?

Exclusive Video Premiere - Britney Spears

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Date Sun, 6 Oct 00 470 EST

Subject Re Fw I want this back........Youll see why, this is not a joke

To Spaztic7@aol.com, ROxYgUrLiE081@aol.com, LARABUSHJPMORGAN@aol.com,

AND1BALLER0606@aol.com, CutieQ1star@aol.com, britny0@yahoo.com,

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dis is tight my ho mies

hi

Youll see something funny 0 sec. after you send to 15 people.

PLEASE READ TO THE END---Youll understand

Near to the door

he paused to stand

as he took his class ring

off her hand

all who were watching

did not speak

as a silent tear

ran down his cheek

and through his mind

the memories ran

of the moments they walked

and ran in the sand (hand and hand)

but now her eyes were so terribly cold

for he would never again

have her to hold

they watched in silence

as he bent near

and whispered the words......

I LOVE YOU in her ear

he touched her face and started to cry

as he put on his ring and wanted to die

and just then the wind began to blow

as they lowered her casket

into the snow....

this is what happens

to man alive.....

when friends let friends....

drink and drive.

Please send this out to everyone so they understand.

Its not a chain letter or a joke. Thank you! YOU

HAVE A HEART!

THE RULES

1. You must FORWARD it within 0 minutes or you will

spoil it for everyone.

. You must follow these rules and something will

pop up on your screen that

is so

funny 0 sec. after you send to 15 people.

. Dont drink and drive.

-------------------------------106700

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John F. Kennedy

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John F. Kennedy was the thirty-fifth president of the United States

and the youngest to be assassinated. He also served in World War II on a

PT boat. He also helped to solve the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was

assassinated in 16 in dallas texas. He also started the peace corps to

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help rd world countries better them selves.

He was born of Irish decent in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May ,

117. In 140 he entered the second World War and he served on a PT. In

14 when his PT was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer, even though

he was injured severely he still helped survivors to safety. After the war

he became a Democratic Congression from the Boston area, moving on to a

senator in 15. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September, 15. In

155 he wrote a book called Profiles of Courage which won the Pulitzer

prize in history.

In 156 he almost gained the democratic Vice President, and four

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for your country.

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John F. Kennedy was called the dreamer President. This inspireing

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moon. He gave the space program its first push. His assassination was

truely a sad day for America. He was a very loved and respected president

and will truely be missed.

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Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels

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Introduction

The postmodern aesthetic can be used to address all manner of objects and texts; this includes using these aesthetics in the horror film series' such as Scream (1, and ) and Halloween (1, , 4, 5, 6 and 7) to illustrate the examples of postmodern aesthetics in blockbuster horror sequels. Both the Scream and Halloween series are films of the horror genre that exhibit examples of typically postmodern aesthetics and the qualities of a blockbuster movie.

Postmodernism

Postmodernism reacts against earlier modernist principles by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of a method, technique or style, for example horror film or romance novel. In other words using principles of a particular object or text and changing parts of it, while still retaining some of the original concepts of the object of text it is based on. Terry Eagleton in his book The Illusions of Postmodernism says "postmodernism is a style of culture which reflects something of the epochal change in a depthless, decentred, ungrounded, self-reflexive, playful, derivative, eclectic, pluralistic art which blurs the boundaries between 'high' and 'popular' culture as well as between art and everyday experience." (Eagleton, 17, pvii)

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This set of theories, though not always well defined, in essence, is the re-creation of something as something new but that is still recognisable as what it was before not necessarily improving it but leaving a self-conscious reference to the old object or text. For example, in fashion, a style of dress may become fashionable again but with a new fabric and different accessories. It is still recognised as a dress from its original time period (eg. the hippie fashion of the 160s) but it is a new style because of a few modernising adjustments (eg. instead of cotton it could be made of a cotton/nylon blend), leaving a product that when viewed can be recognised as a similar object from the past.

Therefore the postmodern text is the following of a set of rules, essentially by creating the rules in the work itself. By drawing on past works, to create a new product familiar to audiences by genre or style, creating a type of derivative and pluralistic art that is, as Eagleton said, ungrounded, eclectic, playful and self-reflexive, is comfortable to audiences because it is recognisable as something else, blurring the borders involving 'high' and 'popular' culture as well as between art and everyday experience despite any differences.

Postmodernism in Film

"A notable achievement of contemporary mainstream English-language cinema is the slick recreation as new cinema of the styles and techniques of the past." (Pen, 16, p) Postmodernism tendencies are evident in the contemporary horror film genre. By using a set of 'rules' as stated in each subsequent Scream movie, we can see how this film in particular, self-consciously references the horror genre and by using the generic norms of the slasher sub genre of the horror family established in Halloween and its sequels are playfully and self consciously referenced in Scream and its sequels making the Scream trilogy an example of postmodern representation.

Blockbusters

The aesthetics that make these films blockbusters make them an example of postmodern textuality. By creating and using the rules, the films can all make narrative less influential to the movie and concentrate on more suspense and gore. Robin Pen, in his book The Secret Life of Rubber Suited Monsters Selected Essays 10-5, says "with the right formula, who needs a story." (Pen, 16, p) This characteristic ethos of the traditional blockbuster movie is evident in both Scream and Halloween.

"The key to Hollywood's survival and the one abiding aspect of its postwar [sic] transformation has been the steady rise of the movie blockbuster." (Schatz, 1, p) James Monaco is quoted in the Schatz book Film Theory Goes to the Movies, describing the offspring of the classic blockbuster as mere "machines of entertainment, precisely calculated to achieve their effect." (Monaco, 1, p1) It is this mechanisation and calculation by filmmakers to create the mass marketed and produced blockbuster effect that can be categorised as postmodern because of the qualities in the text. In the same book Schatz talks about characterisation in the blockbuster and the prominence of narrative over characterisation. The "emphasis on plot over character marks a significant departure from classic Hollywood films…wherein plot tended to emerge more organically as a function of the drives, desires, motivations, and goals of the central characters." (Schatz, 1, p)

The Rules

The Scream trilogy picks ups and self-consciously employs generic 'rules' first established by the Halloween series. The Halloween series is part of the slasher sub-genre of horror. "Through pandering to the ideas and beliefs of the audience, filmmakers parallel those ideas and beliefs in their creations. This correlation was demonstrated in the glut of so-called slasher films during the period 174-184. Although the films were diverse in form and execution, the basic plot of these movies involved some sort of deranged psychopath gleefully stalking and killing a number of unfortunate teenage victims." (King, 00, p1) John Carpenters Halloween (178) has killer Michael Myers strangling baby-sitters on Halloween night.

"The most evident archetype within the slasher sub-genre is the Virgin. Usually the Virgin is the protagonist of the film, a female teenager of moral purity and physical desirability." (King, 00, p1) The Virgin, as her name implies, is portrayed as a non-sexual being, removed of any erotic feelings or actions for the duration of the film. Even though the characteristic is more often than not only implied, in Halloween and subsequently Scream protagonists are openly stated to be actual virgins. This asexuality is an indication of the largely righteous behaviour that the Virgin characters share. Halloweens Laurie, played by Jamie Lee Curtis, abandons an anticipated date to baby-sit. Being the essential character, the Virgin must ultimately do battle with the antagonist slasher. After a futile endeavour to break away from the Slasher, the Virgin more often than not turns to the offensive. Basically, the Virgin will search for a passive escape from her circumstances, but will resort to violent behaviour if needed. (King, 00, p1)

The survival of the Virgin is also a characteristic in this sub-genre. "The acceptance and frequent use of an archetype like the Virgin has much to say concerning the morality of contemporary society. While the Virgin is morally pure in thought and action, the remainder of the teenaged cast is quite the opposite, frequently engaging in premarital sex and drug use. Interestingly, the immoral supporting characters are systematically slaughtered while the Virgin lives to remain virtuous for another day. What this turn of events implies is that sin equals death. If a person is involved in premarital sex, illegal drugs, or any other social wrong, that person will eventually meet an unfortunate and miserable end. In contrast, those who live a good life, according to cultural norms, will be rewarded with survival." (King, 00, p)

The Horror Film

In Scream a few rules and theories are given for Horror films. These rules are repetitions on the characteristics of the slasher sub genre in horror that are apparent in Halloween. This also ties in with the marketing principles of blockbuster film production.

One of the theories in the movie is

" "That's the beauty of it all [horror genre], simplicity. Besides if you get too confusing you lose your target audience. There's a formula to it. A very simple formula! Everybody's a suspect!" " ('Randy' in Williamson, 14)

Then there are the specific rules as seen in this piece from the script of Scream

" "There are certain rules you must abide by in order to successfully survive a horror movie. For instance

#1. You can never have sex. Big no-no. Big no-no. Sex equals death okay?

#. You can never drink or do drugs. This is sin. It's an extension of number 1.

#. Never, never, ever under any circumstances do you ever say I'll be right back cause you won't be back." "

('Randy' in Williamson, 14)

Two of these rules are then used directly following their mention with the overly sexual character of Tatum, while getting beer is killed.

The Horror Sequel

In Scream , once again a set of rules and theories are given. This set of rules and theories created in and then applied to this movie, outline the differences between the 'horror movie' rules and the rules of the sequel.

In the movie, Randy, our rule setter in the first Scream film, once again gives the rules of the sequel. He says, in response to the realisation that the group in the film are once again dealing with a serial killer " "its our job to observe rules of a sequel. Number one, the body count is always bigger. Number two, the death scenes are always much more elaborate, more blood, more gore, carnage candy. Your core audience just expects it." " ('Randy' in Williamson, 16)

Just as Randy states it, the movie's body count does eventuate a larger tally and the death scenes are more elaborate and gory than in the first Scream movie.

The Final Instalment of a Horror Trilogy

Although the final instalment of a trilogy is a rare occurrence in the horror genre, once again specific rules are listed for the movie to follow, event though these rules are created within the movie itself.

After the killings restart, once again Randy appears (despite his death in the previous film) to give the rules of the film. He says

" "If you find yourself dealing with an unexpected back-story, and a preponderance of exposition, then the sequel rules do not apply. Because you are not dealing with a sequel, you are dealing with the concluding chapter of a trilogy…Its a force to be reckoned with, because true trilogies are all about going back to the beginning and discovering something that wasnt true from the get go…So if it is a trilogy you are dealing with, here are some super trilogy rules. One, you got a killer whos gonna be super human…Number two anyone including the main character can die…Number three the past will come back to bite you in the ass! Whatever you think you know about the past, forget it. The past is not at rest, any sins you think were committed in the past are about to break out and destroy you." "

('Randy' in Williamson, 16)

These rules are used in the film when it is discovered that Sidney's mother was a film star for a period of time in her youth. This truth being revealed opens up the 'unexpected back-story' that Randy speaks of. The three main rules talk about the way the killer is super human. This is seen in the resilience of the killer despite being shot and stabbed numerous times by varying characters. The rule that anyone can die adds another dimension to the film with the killer targeting Sidney more viciously than seen in the previous two Scream films. The third main rule about the past coming 'back to bite you in the ass', is a reference to Sidney's mother's promiscuousness in her movie days and the consequences it causes, namely the third killing spree.

Postmodernism, The Rules and Halloween

Halloween (178) and the sequels that follow (not including Halloween III Season of the Witch that was related to the first two films by name only) are the continued story of mentally deranged, and at times 'supernatural' man named Michael Myers. By looking at the rules mentioned for horror movies in the movie Scream we can see the following of these rules in Halloween. The rules are that characters in the film can never have sex, never drink, and never say 'I'll be right back'. The people killed in this first film is not the virginal heroine Laurie (played by Jamie Lee Curtis) but her school friends Annie who was on the way to her boyfriend's; Bob, going into the kitchen to get a beer after having sex with Lynda (a double no-no); and then Lynda herself, waiting for Bob to come back to bed. All three use at least the two first rules of no sex (or at least the actions heading towards sex in Annie's case) and no alcohol.

In the following sequels (not including Halloween III for the aforementioned reason) Halloween II (181), Halloween 4 The Return of Michael Myers (188), Halloween 5 The Revenge of Michael Myers (18), Halloween 6 The Curse of Michael Myers (16) and Halloween H0 (18) all stick to the 'rules' of the horror sequel listed in Scream . "These are better taken as remakes than sequels; although the later part purports to take up where the earlier part left off, in most cases it simply duplicates with only slight variation the plot and circumstances the formula of its predecessor" (Clover, 1, p) When the Halloween sequels are compared to the original Halloween there is more gore and the body count is higher as stated in the sequel rules in Scream .

Postmodernism, The Rules and Scream

Scream uses the aforementioned aspects of postmodernism and the rules of the horror film, the horror sequel and the final instalment of a horror trilogy that the Scream films both invent and employ in the story. Wes Craven, the director of the Scream trilogy, "continually draws on the established codes of the horror film to foreground them, not always in terms of parody, but rather to reassert the function of horror to deliberate on horrality and its operation in watching these films." (Fuery, 000, p5) In other words, by drawing on the generic characteristics of the slasher sub genre, the Scream trilogy though sometimes viewed as a parody because of its playfulness, as mentioned by Eagleton, still retain their horror by basing the generic characteristics in the films. These established codes stated in the film as the rules are what creates the postmodern aesthetic to these horror films. Films such as the Scream trilogy "function precisely on acknowledging the horror genre…openly stating its operations…in order to intensify the horror." (Fuery, 000, p5) Meaning that they work as a horror film because they say they are a horror film. The trilogy does this by stating the rules, creating a way of telling the audience exactly what it is and is going to do. This functions not only as an example of postmodernism but of blockbuster film because of its employment of the blurred boundaries between 'high' and 'low' culture.

Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels

Horror franchises made to be blockbusters are, as a result, postmodern. The continued repetition of ideas, themes and plots seen in horror movies and their sequels are not only an example of postmodern aesthetics but also a blockbuster. Halloween and its follow-ups' use of this continuing familiarity with its characters and storyline, made this movie into a blockbuster. It became so popular through this familiarity that they are still being made with Halloween Resurrection being released early next year.

Scream and its sequels were made to be blockbusters from the start by utilising the repetitions in postmodern aesthetics to attract an audience familiar with the genre and basic storyline within horror movies.

Conclusion

As you can see postmodern aesthetics can help make a film into a blockbuster, as with the Halloween series, or give guidelines on how to create a blockbuster such as the Scream trilogy, by using a set of rules. Therefore if these movies are simply texts that implicitly follow certain rules for narration and form, they are merely generic texts but not necessarily postmodern, however because of their self-reflexivity and playfulness and the repetition of the blockbuster franchise the later incarnations are recognisably postmodern.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bordwell, D. and Thompson, K. (001) Film Art An introduction (Sixth Edition), New York McGraw-Hill

. Brewes, T. (17) Cynicism and Postmodernity, London Verso

. Clover, C. J. (1) Men Women and Chainsaws Gender in the Modern Horror Film New Jersey Princeton University Press

4. Creed, B. (1) The Monstrous Feminine Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis, London Routledge

5. Eagleton, T. (17) The Illusions of Postmodernism, USA Blackwell Publishers

6. Fuery, P. (000) New Developments in Film Theory, USA Macmillan Press Ltd

7. King, J. (00) Archetypal Characters Within the Slasher Film Sub-Genre, http//www.english.uga.edu/freshcomp/engl1101-8-.html

8. Kruger, E. (1) Scream Script, http//blake.prohosting.com/horrorsu/scripts/scream_transcript.txt (0/0/0)

. Lyotard, J (17) The Postmodern Condition A Report on Knowledge, United Kingdom Manchester University Press

10. Monaco, J. as quoted in Schatz, T. in Collins J., Preacher-Collins, A. and Radner H. (eds) (1) 'The New Hollywood', Film Theory Goes to the Movies, New York Roultledge

11. Newman, K. (ed) (16) The BFI Companion to Horror, United Kingdom Cassell

1. O'Neill, J. (14) Terror On Tape A Complete Guide to Over ,000 Horror Movies on Video, New York Billboard Books

1. Pen, R. (16) The Secret Life of Rubber-Suit Monsters Selected Essays 10-5, Western Australia Optima Press

14. Schatz, T. in Collins J., Preacher-Collins, A. and Radner H. (eds) (1) 'The New Hollywood', Film Theory Goes to the Movies, New York Roultledge

15. Williamson, K. (14) Scream Script, http//www.screentalk.org/moviescripts/Scream.pdf (14/10/0)

16. Williamson, K. (16) Scream Script, www.blake.prohosting.com/horrorsu/scripts/screamtranscript.txt (0/0/0)

FILMOGRAPHY

· Carpenter, J. (dir) (178) Halloween, USA Media

· Chappelle, J. (dir) (16) Halloween 6The Curse of Michael Myers, USA Buena Vista

· Craven, W. (dir) (16) Scream, USA Miramax Films

· Craven, W. (dir) (17) Scream , USA Miramax Films

· Craven, W. (dir) (000) Scream , USA Dimension Films

· Little, D. H. (dir) (188) Halloween 4 The Return of Michael Myers, USA CBS/Fox

· Miner, S. (dir) (18) Halloween HO, USA Dimension Films

· Otherin-Girard, D. (dir) (18) Halloween 5 The Revenge of Michael Myers, USA CBS/Fox

· Rosenthall, R. (dir) (181) Halloween II, USA MCA/Universal

Please note that this sample paper on Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Postmodern Aesthetics in Blockbuster Horror Sequels will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Why was the tsar government overthrown

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the first cause was that many people disliked the way the tsar ruled.Mny peopel dislike the way the tsar ruled and the october manifesto, in this he granted freedom of speech, right to form a plitical government and the election of a parliament by the people of russia. he also belived in autocracy. but after he regained the power he began to vhange his attitides to the october manifesto.

the second cause was that the economy could no meet the demands of fighting the war and civilians suffered badly. many peasants had to fight in the army and so they were unable to work or grow food. there were shortages of foo and coal and many people died of starvation. prices of food and coal went up.

the third cause was that the russian army did so bad in ww1 that many soldires no longer wanted to serve the tsar. the russian army was os poorly equipped and there were shortages od ammunition and medical supplies. there was poor leadership.

the fourth cause was that many people began losing faith in the government. many people began losing faith in the government because rasputins influenceon tsarina encouraged her to sack the ministers. tsarina was german so they thought she was a spy. tsarina lost support from nicholas.

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fifht cause was that the people lost faith in the romanovs fitness to govern. the government was in shambles and there was corruption and inefficiency. ministers were replaced quickly.

sixth cause was that for some time there had been revolutionary parties. they were before the october manifesto. most determined were the bolsheviks who believed in the ideasof karl marx.

last cause was that the conditions for most people were very bad. 0% of the peasants were poor. peasants had to work on land which thet didnt own.

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Marketing Report Dog Food

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Dog Food Marketing Report

ACS 0a - 00

Fall 00

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Historical Perspective 1

Marketing Strategy Analysis

Target Market Analysis 1

Product Analysis

Price Analysis

Place Analysis

Promotion Analysis

International Perspective 4

Legal Issues 5

Conclusion 5

References 6

Appendix (if necessary) 7

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Since the first commercial pet food, a dry dog biscuit was developed on the early 1860s by James Spralt, of Cincinnati Ohio (Report of Feb, 17). Like other high volume commercial products today, the marketing of dog food developed from the Production Orientation to Marketing Orientation period in hundred years. From 1860 to 145, the marketing management philosophies of dog food focused on the Production Orientation. Consumers could only purchase low quality dog food and supplies from the pet store.

However, after World War II, the market expanded sharply. In the 160s, dog food products became closer to their present forms (Report Aug15, 001). Since the 170s, new technology has spawned new ingredients from dry foods to semi-moist, new textures and nutrients for pet foods. This is a sign that the market was developed into the Marketing Orientation.

During the same time, more and more business became aware of the concept of Market Segmentation including the pet food industry. Dog food companies target the consumers from who purchased the general products to who consumed the specific requirements of dog foods. In recent years, the Positioning of most dog food companies transferred from supplying the fundamental products to the premium and super premium quality items. In addition, the dominant marketing trend in the pet food is the industrial consolidation.

MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS

Target Market Analysis

Market segmentation Successful dog food companies choose the Multi-segment Targeting Strategy. They use a variety of bases for positioning, such as Price, Quality and product class e.g wet dog food vs. dry. They mainly Segment consumer markets by Demographic segmentation. For example, the typical purchasers of pet food tend to be above-average in income, middle-aged, white, and to have children living in the household, particularly children age 6 or over. Accord In the recent years, as the positioning of pet foods transferred from the fundamental products to the premium and super premium quality items, the dominant marketing trend in the pet food is consolidation. For examples, in 15, Nestle has acquired Alpo, and Heinz has acquired Quaker. (Report Jan, 000 and Feb 17)

Market size and growth The whole pet food market is growing steadily. For example, the U.S pet food market is $10.4 billion in 001, up .0% over 000. Since 1, the market has grown at annual rates in the .0% to .5% range. Dog foods occupy 58% of the pet food market share in terms of dollars. (Report of June, 00)

Factors in future growth Positive factors the size of the dog pet population is currently at an all-time high. Consumers heightened nutritional awareness, baby boom demographics and industry consolidation. Negative factors Slow-growth economy and potential of rising commodity prices.

Market projections Overall, the pet food market is projected to rise to just over $1. billion in 006 and 11% increases over 001.

Marketers Two types of pet food marketers generalists and specialists, with the market dominated by the generalists. Top three in pet food Ralston-purina, Nestle and Heinz¡¯s.

Consumers According to Simmons Market Research Bureau, 4% American Adults own one or more dogs (Report Jan1, 15). The most significant demographic factor in owner ship of dogs is the presence of children in the household. The consumers can be divided into four types according to product forms. The first group of dog food consumers mainly consumes dry dog food that the market share is %. The second group mainly purchases dog snacks which the market share is 5%. The third group chooses canned dog food that the market share is 1%. The last group consumes semi moist dog food which the market share is 4%.

Product Analysis

The dog food industry is a highly competitive one. In 001, 11.5 billion was spent in the pet food market and this number is growing by 6% annually(1). Companies have tried to meet every niche of this growing market by producing deep product lines to address customer preferences. Food technicians have been learning more about dog preferences in order to improve their products. They¡¯ve found that dogs prefer products which are sweet or salty and enjoy both rough and creamy textures. They also prefer products which are amorphously shaped and dense. Four major dog food categories attempt to meet fido¡¯s needs and preferences. They are Dry Food, Wet Food, Puppy Food, and Dog Snacks(?). Dry Food is usually packaged in bags, sacks, and stand up pouches(1). It contains approximately 55% starch, a type of meat, and preservatives(). Dry food helps clean a pet¡¯s teeth as they crunch their way through it.(4) Wet food is usually sold in thermoformed PP/EVOH/PP trays with peelable lids(1). Pets prefer wet food over dry; however, it is costly and messier. Puppy food comes in both dry and wet food types. It is formulated specifically for the beginning stage of the life cycle(4) and should not be changed frequently(5). Dog snacks come in a variety of forms such as bones and biscuits. They usually have a lower nutritional value; however, dog snacks are also becoming healthier. Product brands are established around nutritional value and pet enjoyment. With such companies as Nestle, Procter and Gamble and ????? competing in the dog food industry, entrance is difficult and advertising is fierce.

Price Analysis

Pricing is an essential part of Dog Food marketing, since it directly influences consumer decision making in the grocery store. According to Resenfeld (187), some market research indicates that dog owners spend more time browsing in the pet food aisle than they do at any other aisle in the supermarket.

Dog Food prices vary widely with each individual product, and product line. In the dog food industry, since there are several different marketing approaches that are being used, individual product prices tend to reflect these differing approaches. Some dog food product lines incorporate the use of a Prestige Pricing to differentiate themselves on the shelf as a premium dog food. These include ¡°FOOD A¡±, ¡°FOOD B¡±, ¡°FOOD C¡± (See Appendix A). (Pets.com)

Odd-Even Pricing and psychological Pricing are being used in all cases as all prices end in odd numbers and are just below the full dollar value. (See Appendix A)

Place Analysis

Historically, dog food has been selectively distributed. Recently pet food products are being distributed intensively. Grocery stores, department stores, specialty pet supply retailers, and convenience stores all sell dog food. Lately, even premium products are making their way into grocery stores and department stores(8). Generally, customers prefer shopping here as it is quicker and simpler then making a separate trip to buy food for their pet. The department store Wal-mart started selling pet supplies due to their high profit margins and they already have an estimated $billion in pet supply sales which almost matches annual sales of industry leader Petsmart(7) In 000, Canadian Grocerers saw overall dog food sales reach $15 million (up 5%)(8) In the same year, grocery stores accounted for 47% percent of dog food sales.(8) The move to intensive distribution was spurred by market research in the 0¡¯s which showed that approximately 70% of U.S. pet food buyers never shopped at specialty pet supply retailers(). In order to compete the specialty stores are moving from a ¡°product and vendor focused business model to a paradigm designed to create long term relationships with a customer segment defined as the pet enthusiast¡±(10) In a further attempt to expand distribution of pet food companies have begun to sell dog and cat food online. This product placement attempts to circumvent the cumbersome and inconvenient process of shopping for pet food do to the bulk size and weight of these items.(10)

Promotion Analysis

The principle idea behind promotion is that retailers try to communicate the differential advantage that their product has over competitors. However, conveying product information to the consumer has become more of a challenge in the pet food industry since the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada has set forth guidelines. The guide talks about all claims concerning pet food products included in labelling, advertising, promotional materials, and all other forms of marketing in connection with the sale of these products (1). Nonetheless the guide is restricted to the labelling and advertising of pre-packaged pet food only, and does not apply to pet treats. However, these are only guidelines, and are not enforceable through law.

The dog food industry is involved in three of the four areas of the promotional mix. These include advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. Much of the advertising of dog food takes place in dog enthusiast magazines such as Dog World, and Modern Dog Magazine. These magazines act as medium to connect dog owners with promotional information aimed at dog health and longevity.

The dog food industry uses more of a consumer sales promotion, instead of a trade sales promotion. These promotions include coupons/rebates, premiums, sampling, and point of purchase displays. Many times at local pet food stores or even grocery stores there are coupons that are displayed on shelf, or in point of purchase displays for the consumer to receive a discount. However during the mid-nineties the total number of coupons issued for dry dog food fell three percent, due to a hostile price war (). Recently companies have decided to offer coupons through a new source, the Internet. Butchers Pet Care offered 1,000 money-off vouchers through their website (4).

Since there is not much publicity surrounding dog food, some producers have to make their own fanfare; this is called public relations. The Hills Pet Products division of Colgate Palmolive has sponsored a dog sled journey to the North Pole (). By simply sponsoring an event, the companys name may be mentioned throughout the media.

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Internationally, there has been a large increase in the amount of dog food purchased. From 14 - 18 dog food sales have grown worldwide by 16.5%, with the largest increase in Eastern Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region (5). With even more potential growth to occur, Doane Pet Care Enterprises, the pet food maker for Wal-Mart, has decided to open a plant in Europe to try to establish themselves as the largest provider of dry pet foods in Europe (6). Even Norway has partnered with an Alaskan firm to carry a dog food produced by Kobuk Fuel and Feed Company, which has been tested as the best dog food in the world (10). In Japan there is an established market, where one in five families own a dog (), but many manufacturers are trying to institute new products in the market. Vanguard International Foods has recently begun to sell home made dog food, with a mix of fresh chicken, sardine, and tuna (7), as well as a low calorie dog food that is suited to dogs that require weight loss (8).

The United States market is similar to Canada. The pet food market, which includes both dog and cat food, has grown at an annual rate between .0% and .5% since 1 and had a market of $10.4 billion in 1 (11). By 006, the American pet food market is projected to rise to over $1. billion, a 17% increase over 01 (11).

LEGAL ISSUES

There are several legal issues that affect the Pet Food market in general. The most obvious issue is the government quality control regulations that apply in a given market. According to the Pet Food Institute (00), quality control is implemented in the United States Federally through, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in each state through feed laws and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), and through the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). In Canada, quality control is not implemented nationally by the government, but is instead promoted by both the Pet Food Association of Canada (PFAC), and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA). The PFAC and the CVMA in turn use the AAFCO as a source for their standards. In Canada it is up to the consumer to ensure that at least one of these three associations logos are displayed on the package to ensure good quality pet food.

Other legal issues which faces pet food manufactures in Canada, are the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and by the Competition Act. These two acts are in place to define what information must be provided, and to ensure that information provided to consumers on packaging is both true and verifiable. A government guideline is currently being developed by the Government of Canada¡¯s Competition Bureau (00) to explain in detail what the good labelling practices for pet food include. These regulations deal with such issues as, how pet food names reflect their ingredients, the requirements for ingredient lists and the presence of guaranteed product analyses.

In addition to these standard legal issues, there are also legal issues that may affect the dog food industry indirectly through their suppliers. This is exemplified in a recent court case decided in June of 00, where producers of vitamin B4, an ingredient in dog food, were found guilty of price fixing between 188 and 18 (¡°4 Companies¡±, 00). The implications of this could have an affect on both the cost of dog food ingredients, as well as the consistency of supply of these ingredients in the future.

These individual cases as with all of the above legal issues, while initially appearing as insignificant and minor inconveniences, could cause major problems for manufacturers if not monitored closely.

CONCLUSION

Since the first dog biscuit was developed in the early 1860s, the dog food industry has enjoyed tremendous growth. It has gradually moved from production oriented industry to a marketing oriented one. Successful companies have utilized multi-segment targeting with position, price, quality and product class as bases differentiation.

The US pet food market reached 10.4 billion in 001 due to an all time high dog population and heightened nutritional awareness. Four main dog food categories have arisen to meet customer demand Dry food, Wet Food, Puppy Food, and Dog Snacks.

Prices within the industry vary widely with each individual product and product line. Dry food is generally healthier and cheaper then wet food; however, dogs prefer the taste of wet food over dry. Often prestige pricing is employed to differentiate one product from another.

Pet food has moved from a selective distribution system to an intensive distribution system. Dog food can be found at grocery stores, department stores, specialty pet supply retailers, and convenience stores.

This intensive market exposure has led to intensive promotion. The dog food industry uses consumer sales promotion to attract customers. Coupons/Rebates, premiums, sampling, and point of purchases displays are but some of the techniques employed.

Internationally, the dog food industry is also in the growth stage. Worldwide sales increased by 16.5% from 14 ¨C 18 with no signs of slowing down. Due to an increase in nutritional awareness quality control has become an important issue in pet food industry. In Canada the industry is self regulated with the Consumer Packaging and Labelling overseeing package guidelines. However, most dog food manufactures look to the guidelines established by the US (AASOMETHING) to insure quality production.

REFERENCES

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Pet Foods ¨C Draft. Retrieved November 4, 00, from http//strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/incb-bc.nsf/vwGeneratedInterE/cp01141e.html

Liesse, Julie. (14, February 7). Dog Food Fails to Fetch Coupons. Advertising Age, 65(6),

6. Retrieved October 4, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

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In The Adventure of Tom Sawyer love plays an enormous role in affecting Toms behaviour. Emotions are very powerful. When they are strong emotions like love, they have a way of overriding our logic and reasoning. There are many types of love and emotions based upon love. There is today's love, Tom era love, love of a woman, and the love of a parent. The emotions based on love are jealousy, self- sacrifice, and something that can be confused with love is lust. All these emotions are prevailent throughout the novel.

In today's society there are many definitions of love. Every person develops their own interpretation of love including myself. I believe love affects girls a lot more than guys. However, I believe that love is your best girl friend. They make you a better person for being around them. You can tell him/her anything without fear of judgment or reprisal. They will listen when you need to talk and cheer you up when you are down. It is reciprocal of course. Tom and Becky have this relationship of openness (CHAPTER 14).

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Jealousy is a very powerful emotion. It can cause many other feelings like anger resentment hatred. It usually happens when someone you love is with another. You cant stand to see them together because you wish it was you. Becky and Tom make each other jealous each other jealous (CHAPTER 18)

If you love someone you will care for their well being. Movies are always portray a guy risking his life to save the girl. Even sacrificing their own life to save theirs. It is a selfless act that is done out of pure emotion. Self Sacrifice Tom taking beckys punishment (CHAPTER 18 - 0)

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