Learning to hear in signs

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I had to take a course for college and I decided to take sign language. Even though in this area, I havent seen to many people whom are deaf. My spouse, a few years ago, has had a neighbor who had a daughter who was deaf ( well call her L.). After thinking about it, I realized, around here, everybody was learning to speak spanish and not to much interest was into sign language. I felt that deaf people were just as important as the alians who came to America to find freedom. Where was the freedom for the deaf? My spouse said the girl (L) was a violent young person. She couldnt understand why she was the way she was, and she lashed out at her family with hate. The police was called several times and once she ran off with a couple of older men who tried to have their way with her. From what her parents and the police said, this girl bite and scratched her way out of a serious attack. She was placed in a home for the deaf. There she attacked the male workers and did some very serious damage to one of the male nurses by scratching the mans face and cutting his cheek which resulted to several stitches was needed. My spouses daughter befriended L and they were like sisters. Being which hearing people who werent her parents seemed to calm her down. It seemed that she blamed her parents for her dissability, then she blamed the one place she didnt want to be. The last my spouse heard and seen of L, she had a husband ( who was also deaf) and a baby boy. She seemed to have accepted her deafness and her baby was born with his hearing. Maybe my spouse and daughter showed L, that no matter what, even people who are not her parents, can care for her and be a good part of her life, without wanting anything, but just to care.

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Rain maker

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Rainmaker

The Rainmaker is a movie that takes the viewer on the ride with a lawyer during his first trial. This is not only his first trial, but this is his first experience as a lawyer. Rudy is newly hired into a firm with one of his first cases being a "Rainmaker." He gets involved with this family he met at a workshop that was held The University of Memphis. He commits to help the family because an insurance company is scamming them. Their policy has been denied on several occasions because the company claims they don't cover the bone marrow transplant procedure that the young man needs. Rudy eventually wins the case, but not without his share of shadiness. Rudy's claim to being a lawyer is that he wants to clean up the game and give the people a lawyer that they can trust. Rudy does the best he can but he has to play hardball because a crafty veteran lawyer that knows ever trick in the book opposes him. Rudy's morals are tested when he and his partner figure out that the opposition bugs their phone. Rudy then pretends to tamper with the jury selection. Later in the case, his partner searches through the trash to find some documents. Rudy also calls a witness that was not interviewed by the defense. Throughout this case, Rudy has two other lower profile cases that come into play from scene to scene. They seem minor but one in particular causes Rudy to engage in some practices he ought not be involved with. He accidentally commits a homicide by killing an abusive husband. He acted as a lawyer to young lady that filed for a divorce after he met her a hospital when he was getting treated for her injuries. The incident occurred because he went with her to her home to collect her things and her husband came home to find them. Rudy actually met the young lady through some illegal ambulance chasing that he engaged in as he started the movie. The movie is filled with mistakes made by Rudy but he does an overall stellar job on his first case.

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Supervisory skill

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NUMBER ITExecutive summary

Mission statement

Cheap Custom Essays on Supervisory skill

In order to become the top ten leaders in the field by the end of the first finacial year in New Zealand, the Widgetorium and its staff will provide the best quality service for its customers and suppliers. This is the key to the success of the Widgetorium museum.

Each year we must improve and maintain a collection of Widgets to have on display that is in no less that prefect condition. The collection of Widgets must contain a range that covers the old and the new, so that we cater for all guests that walk through the doors of the Widgetorium. This includes keeping track of the Widgets we have in stock and parts for any repairs so that it is easily available to people who need this information.

Keeping these ideals in mind will insure that the Widgetorium is a successful business for years to come and future generations.

Here is a brief job description of our members

¡¤ Calvin, The Director and Accountant.

Calvin is a retired accountant with spreadsheet expertise.

¡¤ Thao, The Conservator.

Thao will be in charge of repairing and maintaining the Wigets that will be on display at the Widgetorium.

¡¤ Mathew, The Receptionist.

Mathew is in charge of backing up the information on the network that will be set up when the Widgetorium opens. Also in charge of the front desk for incoming guests.

¡¤ Mike, The Display Artist.

Mike deals with setting up and maintaining the displays for the Widgets in each department.

¡¤ Rose, Customer Service Representative.

Rose is involed in producing the newsletter that will be up and running with the company and guides guest through the museum when they visit.

¡¤ Dean, Registrar and Curator.

Dean works closely with Thao and is in charge of organizing the current collection of Widgets into five different categories.

Overview of the current situation

Job description

The director and accountant of Widgetorium are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Widgetorium under policies developed by the Board of directors.

In the administrative area this includes supervision of the staff, development and oversight of the budget suspending, maintenance of the Widgets and facilities. Other resonsiblity include

¡¤ Financial Management

Develops the budget; manages the total budget, including all contracts; oversees the billing process, accounts payable, accounts receivable, and the preparation of financial statements; and maintains a cash flow projection.

¡¤ Personnel Management

Oversees and/or conducts all staff recruitment activities; hires and evaluates staff; provides initial orientation training for all new staff; arranges for ongoing staff training, tailoring such training to meet individual staff needs; supervises staff or oversees supervision which is provided by subordinates; implements personnel policies and submits recommendations to the Board for policy revisions, and oversees benefit plans.

Future situation

The following is a brief explanation of what our futures will be

Goal

Within 1 year

¡¤ Establish brand identity through the use of 00 surveys

¡¤ Loyalty cards used to generate 0% of all museum revenue

¡¤ Maintain a return of business of 0% of all museum patrons

¡¤ Get listed on 10 web search engines, with the company being return in the first 5 results of .org sites in NZ

¡¤ Become top 10 attraction rated through the use of a customer survey

¡¤ Keep prices current and within 5% of the competitors

¡¤ 10% profit after the first year and retain profit every year after

¡¤ Website updates to be competed at least once a month

¡¤ Website to attain at least 10,000 hits per year

In order to achieve this goal we will have to

¡¤ High level of training of staff throughout current and future employment

¡¤ Effective management information systems

¡¤ User friendly and easy to use accounting systems

¡¤ Accurate Widget Inventory / Tracking / Security system

¡¤ Reliable and easily updateable web server with the website easy to access and user friendly with low minimum data overhead.

User needs as an accountant

¡¤ Be able to create daily, weekly, monthly and annually financial reports.

¡¤ Keep track of business transactions (purchase and sales)

¡¤ Record business transaction

¡¤ Keep track of the company¡¯s financial situation

¡¤ Reporting on customer activity

¡¤ Inventory control and management

¡¤ Planning and scheduling

¡¤ Invoicing

¡¤ Order entry

¡¤ Cash flow management

User needs as a director

¡¤ Planning future development

¡¤ Budgeting

¡¤ Payroll

Review of available software

Small business manager

Price range $1500-$4500

Small Business Manage is a product from Microsoft Great Plains. It is commonly used in New Zealand¡¯s retail industry. It offers a lot more functionality than a basic accounting package but is it a lot more affordable than some other high-end systems.

Small business manger also integrates with most of the office product that Microsoft produced (such as MS office), which help measure and improve business performance. Small Business Manager also has many other advantages

¡¤ Easy to install, setup, and learn

¡¤ User-friendly

¡¤ Customizable

¡¤ Scales with business needs

¡¤ Integrates with industry specific software

¡¤ It is very secure and reliable

Advantages

Designed specifically for small, growing businesses, Small Business Manager is an affordable, easy-to-use financial and business management solution that helps you work more productively, access the information you need to make informed decisions, and effectively integrate with other business applications, including Microsoft Office and bCentral Web services.

-Source Microsoft package evaluation, www.microsoft.com

System requirement

Small Business Manager can be run on most of the operating system. Internet explorer 5.5 or later is required.

System Recommended

Processor Pentium 00

Hard Disk Space 175 MB free

RAM 64 MB or 18 MB for Windows 000 or Windows NT

Video SVGA (800x600) with 16-bit video driver

CD-ROM Optional

Network Card -bit

Best enterprise suit

Price range $000-$4500

Best Enterprise Suite is a product from Best Software. It is very reliable, robust and integrated series of applications covering all areas of business accounting and directing needs, include

¡¤ Accounting

¡¤ Budgeting

¡¤ Distribution

¡¤ Human resources

¡¤ Payroll

¡¤ Financial reporting

¡¤ Electronic commerce.

Best Enterprise Suite is designed exclusively for small business, typically companies with 0 to 5 employees. The product leverages Microsoft tools, technology and architecture to provide a flexible, scalable and full-featured e-business management solution.

Best Enterprise is also designed to be integrated into other applications, including Web sites and e-commerce applications.

Best Enterprise Suite offers functionality in a variety of areas. Its budgeting function can help the director to improve their business control while increasing the efficiency of the budgeting process.

Best Enterprise Suite has also won several awards, including three consecutive Microsoft Best Technology Integration Awards for leading the industry in technical superiority, as well as three consecutive Software Technical Assistance Recognition (STAR) awards for outstanding customer service. In addition, Best and Best partners provide professional application training and implementation to provide a smooth and effective transition to Best Enterprise Suite.

Source accounting software review, www.yahoo.com

Advantages

¡¤ Best Enterprise Suite is developed with only Microsoft tools.

¡¤ First to market with mid-market Windows accounting. Best customer support available.

¡¤ Lots of modules, easy to use, number 1 selling system for mid-market.

System requirements

System Recommended

Processor Pentium 00

Hard Disk Space 175 MB free

RAM 64 MB or 18 MB for Windows 000 or Windows NT

Video SVGA (800x600) with 16-bit video driver

CD-ROM Optional

Network Card -bit

Internet application Web browser, Internet Explorer 5.5 or above

Oracle small business suite

Price $100/year

The Oracle Small Business Suite is an integrated, easy-to-use application to handle all business processes, including

¡¤ Finance

¡¤ Accounting

¡¤ Report generation

¡¤ Customer support management,

¡¤ Employee management.

Its most exclusive function is that it allows the user to import QuickBooksdata or Peachtreelists into the application.

Oracle small business suite is specifically designed for business with up to 100 employees.

Advantages

¡¤ Save time and money by automating manual business processes.

¡¤ Access key information from anywhere, at anytime even from multiple locations.

¡¤ Increase sales and improve service, with a complete view of your customer.

¡¤ Improve efficiencies by giving customers, employees and suppliers self-service access.

¡¤ Complete set of modules for the entire small business - Financials, CRM, Human Resources and more. No software to purchase, simply access your data through the secure ASP interface.

¡¤ Use the powerful Oracle database system to run your entire small business. Software is accessed via the internet as an ASP application.

System requirement

System Recommended

Processor Pentium 00

Hard Disk Space 175 MB free

RAM 64 MB or 18 MB for Windows 000 or Windows NT

Video SVGA (800x600) with 16-bit video driver

CD-ROM Optional

Network Card -bit

Internet application Web browser, Internet Explorer 5.5 or above

Accubooks 000

Price range $700-$1000

There are some important features of Accubooks

Flexibility - AccuBooks 000 is written in Microsofts Visual FoxPro. This means that your data is easily accessible via Access, FoxPro and a number of other database systems.

Fast - a true -bit application, AccuBooks 000 offers excellent performance.

Modular - as a modular system, AccuBooks 000 provides just the functionality you need without having to wade through unneeded options.

Easy to use - AccuBooks 000 offers a multiple-document interface. This means you can have as many windows open as you like and you can instantly jump between them at any time.

Multi-tasking - with the advanced interface, you no longer have to finish one task before starting on the next. Now you can work on many things at the same time.

Proven - AccuBooks 000 has been deployed in over 00,000 organizations around the world.

Easy Upgrade form Peachtree, QuickBooks and DacEasy - if you are using a low end system, we will BUY it back from you when you upgrade to AccuBooks 000.

Advantages of using Accbooks are

¡¤ Fast, networkable, easy to set up and learn. Excellent upgrade path from QuickBooks & Peachtree. Great reports and well-designed screens

¡¤ Fast and very customizable. Strong international system and excellent for manufacturing

¡¤ Sold with source code, extremely flexible, Access and SQL Server versions available.

System requirement

System Recommended

Processor Pentium 00

Hard Disk Space 175 MB free

RAM 64 MB or 18 MB for Windows 000 or Windows NT

Video SVGA (800x600) with 16-bit video driver

CD-ROM Optional

Network Card -bit

Business works

Price range $1500-$5000

Business Works provides the tools that the small business need to manage the business more effectively.

Combining robust features and high-level performance through 11 fully integrated modules and multi-user networking capabilities, Business Works gives user the power to run your growing business with maximum efficiency. Its so easy to learn that virtually anyone; even those with little or no accounting experience can operate the software.

Here are some special features for this product

¡¤ Award winning ease-of-use

¡¤ Seamless integration with Microsoft Office, GoldMine and many industry leading applications

¡¤ Over 50 built-in presentation-quality management reports

¡¤ Customized forms and reports

¡¤ Complete audit trail

Robust inventory control features provide serial number tracking, multiple warehouse management capabilities and multiple costing and pricing methods for complete inventory management

System requirement

System Recommended

Processor Pentium 00

Hard Disk Space 175 MB free

RAM 64 MB or 18 MB for Windows 000 or Windows NT

Video SVGA (800x600) with 16-bit video driver

CD-ROM Optional

Network Card -bit

Conclusion

Accounting package analysis

There are several processes that I went through

¡¤ Gather useful information about each software including the price, function, review, etc.

¡¤ Compare different software to find out the best 5

¡¤ Narrow down the result by applying

Criteria which taken into consideration

¡¤ The cost of the product

¡¤ The functions provided by the product

¡¤ The compatibility with eh existing software

¡¤ The review of the product

¡¤ Payroll system.

Small business manager

Small business manager

Strength

¡¤ It is the most compatible one, as our company mainly use Microsoft product.

¡¤ It integrates with Microsoft office application and web based services.

¡¤ It is designed specifically for small size company.

¡¤ It has a very user-friendly interface and it is very easy to use.

¡¤ It can be easily transfer to other high-end application.

Weakness

¡¤ It is relatively expensive

¡¤ It does provide as many functions as other software. Such as account payable and account receivable.

Best enterprise suit

Strength

¡¤ It provides many functions, which the other software doesn¡¯t. For example, inventory management, cash management and advance planning and scheduling.

¡¤ It integrates with most of the software in the market

Weakness

¡¤ It is relatively expensive

¡¤ It is designed for mid-class company.

Oracle small business suite

Strength

¡¤ It is very secure and reliable as it is supported by Oracle.

¡¤ It allows free online upgrade. User can upgrade the software online by downloading the extended components.

¡¤ It is designed specifically for small business.

Weakness

¡¤ It is relatively expensive as 100/year can be considered as a long-term investment. As long as the user is using the software, he/she will have to pay for it each year, which makes it the most expensive one in long-term.

¡¤ It is not user-friendly, as some applications still require the user to access from command line interface.

¡¤ It can only be ran on ASP.

Accubooks 000

Strength

¡¤ It is less expensive compare to other software on the list.

¡¤ It provides many mid-class accounting software features and functions.

¡¤ It is quite flexible as it is written in Microsoft¡¯s Visual FoxPro, which means that data can be easily accessible via Microsoft Access, FoxPro and a number of other database systems, such as SQL.

¡¤ It has been deployed in over 00,000 small companies around the world.

Weakness

¡¤ It is not user-friendly

Business works

Strength

¡¤ It is very easy to use

¡¤ It allows the users to customize the form and reports they produce.

¡¤ It provides many mid-class acouting function.

Weakness

¡¤ It is relatively expensive

¡¤ It is not very compatible with Microsoft product. For example, it does not work with Ms office.

Recommended solution

It is recommended that Microsoft Small Business Manager be used as the accounting software.

Microsoft Small Business Manager is the most cost-effective product compare tot eh others.

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Gender

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on gender. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality gender paper right on time.

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Browne, Beverly A. "Gender stereotypes in advertising on children's television in the 10's a cross-national analysis." Journal of Advertising. 7(18) 8. Infotrac. Online. 6 November 1.

This article examines gender stereotyping and their effect on children. It explains that all women have always been depicted as "dependent and emotional". Through television, children "might acquire negative stereotypes" and this brings concern to the parents and teachers. Children understand the gender stereotypes on television and take that into their everyday lives.

Browne, Beverly A. Gender Stereotypes in Advertising on Childrens Television in the 10s A Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Advertising. Spring 18. Infotrac. Online. November 8, 1.

In this article, the author examines sex role stereotyping in television commercials aimed at children. Results concluded that boys are depicted as more aggressive, active, knowledgeable, nd instrumental than In order to effectively study gender or any other demographic such as race or class, generalisations need to be made about people who are all different individuals. In the case of gender in lifestyle magazines we can conclude that magazines target their audience according to gender in order to appeal to a specific audience that is still broad enough to ensure high sales, to ensure continued readership and to attract certain advertisers by being able to guarantees a certain 'type' of reader.

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In doing this the magazines are using gender stereotypes but also perpetuating them. Consider the following questions

• Does nature or nurture make young women want to wear make-up and young men want to drink and fight?

• To what extent does the content of magazines like those mentioned here encourage men and women in their choices?

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Crap os good

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In the past few years' violence has raged our culture. It has taken the lives of adults and children alike. Our culture has been based on violence for some time, and has sky rocketed in the past few years. Ever since violence has become more popular on TV real life has become more violent itself. Our culture has been terrorized by violence too long, and it has to be restrained from our children. Violence in Television has recently become the main focus for

many parents of young children. Due to so much of the violence,

television stations are now forced to put certian ratings on TV programs. At

first many stations were hesitant to put this system on their stations, Order custom research paper on crap os good

but now it is located on every station.

Many parents state that acts of violence are committed by many

teens today due to them watching too much violence on television.

Take for example Beavis and Butthead. Several years ago a child set

fire to his home after watching this particular episode. Another

child that was watching this show saw Beavis and Butthead stab a

person in the eye wiht a pencil, needless to say the child committed

the same act of violence.

The V Chip is a new invention that enables parents to edit what

their children watch. It is used so that parents can block out a whole

TV program in itself. Hopefully this will discourage youngsters from

being so violent.

Bullies in the movies

Although physical violence is portrayed often on screen, few movies have yet conveyed the nastiness of a serial bully and what its like to live with or deal with such a person.

In Fatal Attraction, Demi Moore sexually harasses Michael Douglas who then has a hard time proving his innocence. Nice idea to make the harasser a female ... bullying is not a gender issues, as over 50% of 00+ cases reported to the UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line involve a female serial bully.

In September 1, ITV screened Walking on the Moon, a chilling drama about a boy being bullied at school which showed the nastiness of bullying with its tragic and inevitable conclusion Alfred Hitchcock was a master of chilling suspense, with the Bates Motel in Psycho a classic in horror. In Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal Lecter is the archetypal psychopath, a chilling (and for Anthony Hopkins, Oscar-winning) portrayal.

The Crucible portrays the Salem with trials of You could be nearer to a psycho than you think ... who does this remind you of in your life? Jekyll & Hyde nature, always controlling, abusive, compulsive liar, provocative, immature, aggressive, constantly criticizing, manipulative, deceptive, refuses to communicate and cooperate, charming when s/he needs to be - click serial bully for the full description. DSM-IV, the psychiatrists bible, estimates the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (one of the main personality disorders for a psychopath) in the general population at 1 in 0 for males and 1 in 100 for females. I estimate the prevalence of sociopathic behaviour (psychologically violent people) at 1 in 0 for both males and females.

I believe half the population are bullied or harassed or abused ... click here to see how youve been bullied during your life. If you have, this site provides insight and practical information to understand an deal with it. If you havent been bullied yet, the information on this web site will enable you to spot it and deal with it early on before the damage is done. So...

TV Violence

Violence on TV affects how children view themselves,their world, and other people. In fact, experts warn that viewing violence can have lifelong harmful effects on children's health. Parents have the power to limit the influence TV violence has on a child. Watch with your child and talk about the violence they see to put it in perspective. Help children become smart about TV violence!

Did you know...

By the time children complete elementary school, the average child will witness more than 100,000 acts of violence on TV, including 8,000 murders.

Children may be exposed to about 5 violent acts per hour during prime time and an average of 6 violent acts per hour during Saturday morning children's programs.

The more violence children watch on TV, the more likely they may act in aggressive ways, become less sensitive to others' pain and suffering, and be more fearful of the world around them.

Teach your child TV smarts...

Explain how violence is "faked" for TV shows by using special effects, stunts, editing and other production techniques that make the violence look more realistic.

Point out that TV often makes hurting or killing someone seem funny or thrilling.

Discuss the consequences of the violent act�the punishment of the aggressor and the pain of the victim and the family.

Help your child think of nonviolent solutions to TV stories and talk about how violence is not an acceptable, quick solution to problems.

Take control...

Limit the amount of violence children watch on TV.

Monitor your own TV use and video tape your favorite shows that contain violence to watch when children are not around.

When you purchase toys, be aware that superheroes might reinforce aggressive play behavior in your children.

Write letters with your children to TV stations, advertisers, the FCC, and Congress to tell them how you feel about violence on TV.

Generously funded by Pacific Life Foundation.

�17, Center for Media Education

Overview

Released in February 16, the Mediascope National Television Violence Study (NTVS) is the initial report of an ongoing three-year research project into violent content in U.S. television programming. The projects purpose is to assess ratings and advisories, and to review educational TV initiatives.

The impetus for the study came in August 1, when Illinois Democratic Senator Paul Simon called for an independent study of violence on American TV. Sen. Simon warned the broadcast networks and cable companies that Congress would introduce legislation if they did not address the issue themselves.

To conduct an independent study of violence on cable television, the National Cable Television Association chose four universities and Mediascope, a non-profit media education organization. The broadcast TV networks chose the UCLA Center for Communication Policy for the broadcast television study. Its findings were released in the Television Violence Monitoring Report of September 15.

The Mediascope study examined ,6 cable television programs to learn more about the context in which television violence was most likely to pose harmful psychological risks to viewers.

Researchers at the four universities looked at

A content analysis of violence in television series, daytime television, TV movies, specials, childrens shows and music videos

Research on violence in reality programs, including tabloid news, talk shows, police shows and documentaries

Studies on how TV ratings and advisories influence childrens viewing decisions

The effectiveness of anti-violence public service announcements, and of educational initiatives by the TV industry

Framework of the Study

This study is the most elaborate and comprehensive assessment ever conducted of the context in which violence appears on TV. Precise quantitative content analysis techniques were used. This allowed researchers to evaluate differences in the contexts of Violence. The analysis identified three primary types of harmful effects associated with viewing violence

Learning aggressive attitudes and behaviors

Becoming desensitized to real world violence

Developing a fear of being victimized by violence

The risk of these effects is influenced by how the violence is depicted. The study analyzed context at three levels

How characters interact with one another when violence occurs (a violent interaction)

How violent interactions are grouped together (a violent scene)

How violence is presented in the context of the overall program

Additional analyses were conducted on reality-based programs to examine how violence in non-fiction may be discussed (as opposed to visual depictions).

For the study, violence was defined as any overt depiction of physical force or the credible threat of such force intended to harm an animate being or group of beings.

The definition of violence also include depictions of physical harm that resulted from unseen violence.

Facts and Figures about How Programs were Studied

Researchers working on the National Television Violence Study randomly selected programs on cable TV channels over a 0 week period to create a composite week of content for each source.

The study monitored programs between 6 a.m.and 11 p.m.

A total of 17 hours was watched each day, seven days a week.

A total of 11 hours of television programming per channel was viewed.

In total, some ,500 hours of TV programming were examined. This includes ,6 programs, of which 84 were reality-based shows.

Key Findings

The context in which most violence is presented on TV poses risks for viewers.

The majority of programs analyzed in the study contain violence, but the context for these acts of violence is more important. By watching such depictions, viewers risk

Learning to behave violently

Becoming more desensitized to violence

Becoming more fearful of being attacked

The contextual patterns recur across most channels, program types and times of day. That means there are substantial risks of harmful effects from viewing violence throughout the TV environment.

Perpetrators go unpunished in 7% of all violent scenes.

When violence is presented without punishment, viewers are more likely to learn the lesson that violence is successful.

In all 47% of violent interactions show no harm to victims, and 58% show no pain.

Only some 16% portray the long-term negative effects of violence, such as psychological, financial or emotional harm.

A total of 5% of violent interactions on TV involve handguns.

Only 4% of violent programs emphasize an anti-violence theme.

TV violence is not usually explicit or graphic.

Less than % of violent scenes feature close-ups on the violence, and only 15% depict blood.

The industry norm for violence on TV is 57% of programming, but there are notable differences in how violence is presented across TV channels.

Public broadcasting

18% of programming is violent, with the least risk of harmful effect.

Premium cable channels

85% of programming is violent, with the highest risk of harmful effect.

Broadcast networks

44% of programming is violent, and the context is as problematic as on other channels.

There are also some important differences in the presentation of violence across types of TV programs.

Movies are most likely to present violence in realistic settings (85% of the time), and to include gory violent scenes (8% of the time).

Childrens programs are the least likely of all genres to show the long-term negative consequences of violence (5% of the time), and they frequently portray violence in a humorous context (67% of the time).

Ratings and Advisories

The first year of study explored how ratings and advisories are currently used, and the role they play in the viewing decisions of children, parents and university undergraduates.

More than 00 children (aged 5 to 14), and an additional 70 parent-child pairs, participated in the study.

Results of content analysis

Fewer than 4% of shows use advisories like viewer discretion is advised. The content that prompted the concern is rarely indicated.

56% of movies on the three premium cable channels use content codes to indicate the presence of violence.

Only 15% of programs that contain violence have an advisory or content code.

81% of movies on premium cable channels have Motion Picture Association of America ratings.

The research suggests that ratings and advisories can influence how children choose programs

For boys (especially those aged 10-14), parental discretion advisories made programs and movies more attractive.

For girls (especially those aged 5-), viewer discretion advisories made programs less attractive.

There were other characteristics besides age and gender that affected how children responded to ratings

Children whose parents took more control over their TV viewing were less likely to choose programs with advisories or ratings like PG-1 or R.

Children who had been frightened by a show in the past were less interested in viewing programs with advisories or ratings like PG-1 or R.

Assessment of TVs Anti-Violence Messages

Overall TV Programming

Only 4% of violent programs have a strong anti-violence theme.

Only 1% of reality programs that depict violence present any alternatives to violence or show how it can be avoided.

Special TV Messages

Seven studies tested responses to a sample of 15 anti-violence public service announcements (PSAs) created by the TV industry, and an award-winning program on conflict resolution. The respondents included more than 00 adolescents drawn from a middle school, a training school for boys and a university. Preliminary findings appear below.

Preliminary Findings of 15 anti-violence PSAs were rated as interesting. No evidence was found that the PSAs or anti-violence program significantly altered the adolescents attitudes toward the appropriateness of using violence to resolve conflict. Most slogans like stop the violence seemed to promote positions already held by viewers, even those with a history of violent behavior. Narrative PSAs were more interesting to audiences than talking heads, but also were more frequently misinterpreted.

Although some celebrity endorsers stimulated interest, their lack of credibility sometimes undermined the anti-violence message especially if they were perceived as promoting violence in real life or in their jobs (e.g. sports, acting).

Messages promoting pacifist themes like just walk away were not realistic to adolescents who had experience with violence. But these scored better with younger students with less exposure to violence.

Young people may be more affected by depictions of family suffering as a potential consequence of violence, than they are by death.

Network promotions and sponsor tags attached to PSAs appear to compete for valuable time and audience attention.

Recommendations for the TV Community

Produce more programs that avoid violence.

When violence does occur, keep the number of incidents low.

Show more negative consequences of violence.

Provide non-violent alternatives to solving problems.

Consider emphasizing anti-violence themes.

Schedule programs with high levels of violence, including reality programs, in late-evening time periods.

Increase the number of program advisories and content codes, but be careful not to make them too attractive to children.

Provide information about advisories and the nature of violent content in programming guides.

Limit the time devoted to identifying the sponsor, station or network during public service announcements (PSAs), so the name doesnt compete with the message.

Recommendations for Policy and Public Interest Leaders

Recognize that context is an essential aspect of TV violence. The basis of any policy proposal should consider the types of violent depictions that pose the greatest concern.

Consider the feasibility of technology that allows parents to restrict access to inappropriate material.

Test anti-violence PSAs with target audiences before production, including the credibility of spokespersons. Provide target audiences with specific and realistic actions for resolving conflict.

When possible, link anti-violence PSAs to school-based or community efforts. Target 8- to1-year-olds, who may be more responsive to the message.

Recommendations for Parents

Watch TV with your children. In this study, children whose parents took more control over their TV viewing were more likely to avoid inappropriate material.

Encourage critical evaluation of TV content.

Consider a childs developmental level when making decisions about what to watch.

Be aware of the potential risks associated with viewing TV violence. These include learning aggressive attitudes and behaviors, fear, and desensitization or loss of sympathy towards victims of violence.

Recognize that different kinds of programs pose different risks.

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Your Home Computer Network

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Note This is a C paper. Half-assed researched and poorly written in my opinion

Introduction

American society, who doesn't want stuff done bigger, faster or more efficient? Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV) that weigh more than 100 sumo wrestlers roam our streets. Big beefy engines that can generate enough power to run a small city muscle small sport compact cars. Electric-gas hybrid cars that give 50 miles per gallon are appearing out of nowhere. Aren't we fascinated by technology?

So, I ask again, do you want your home network done bigger, faster and more efficient? Of Course you do. With more than 0 million households having multiple computers in their household, having a home network is a logical step forward. We have grown accustomed to the three listed above as technology progresses; your home network shouldn't be compromised.

Help with essay on Your Home Computer Network

Having a network is a great thing. Multiple computers can share files without having to deal with diskettes and compact discs that can tally up the cost. In addition, a network can let computers talk to each other and allow for a group of computers to use one printer.

Setting up a home network can be a daunting task. There are just so many wires, hubs, switches, hardware, software, etc. to be placed everywhere; God knows what a person can use all the equipment for. I can throw all the necessary parts to set up a home network in front of someone without any networking knowledge and that person will just look at all the fancy things in awe. Now, in their state of puzzlement, the person is likely to call 11 and ask for help and/or hire someone who can put together a home network. It's just pure craziness. That should not happen at all.

Setting up a home network IS NOT a scary thing to do. Fancy equipment and gadgets should not force one into a nervous breakdown. A home network is as simple as plug and play. There are three main ways of running a home network power lines, phone lines, and Ethernet. I will show and explain how the three works and finally bring you the ultimate solution to solve your home networking woes.

Power-Line Networking

Every household has several power outlets therefore making power line networking more convenient and probably the easiest to set up. Power line networking won't give you the outright quick speed that you demand, but the simple ease of setup may have you thinking about sacrificing speed for ease. The only devices needed would be a USB port, a network adapter, a switch to link multiple computers together, an adapter to the wall (Figure 1.1), and of course, a wall outlet. The setup that I am going to talk about is from a company called GigaFast Ethernet (www.gigafast.com) which is a part of the HomePlug organization, a new industry standard for power line networking (www.homeplug.org) .

Gigafast Ethernet's power line setup is relatively cheap ($/adapter and up) and very easy to set up. They really have applied the ease of plug-n-play into what they developed. The great thing about the power line unit is that you would not need to run any new wires anywhere; it is that simple. Laying out the network will take no more than 0 minutes. What will be needed to be done is simply plug the two (or more) Gigafast units into the wall outlets, let them initialize, attach your PCs, and you are good to go. All the necessary software and drivers are provided already with the product, or if not, the drivers are available for download on their website. Furthermore, with a power line network, rather than running cables throughout your home, power line network utilizes your home electrical system as a means to transfer data. Power line network's range isn't bad with a range of 00 meters. Even the most spacious home can benefit from the range of power line technology. Figure 1. will illustrate how a power line network should work.

As I said before, power line network utilizes "no new lines" technology and transfers data via electrical lines. This is a good setup if you don't have the slightest technological knowledge of how to set up a network or if simple small files are the only things that need transferring over the network. Although it is capable of transferring a decent 14 Mbps, electronic interference plays a vital role in blocking bandwidth. A video or sound clip that is being transferred and/or played across the network can experience grainy pictures and sound that skips. In addition, this networking option is only opened to Windows operating systems. Apple, Linux, and any other operating systems are out of luck if they ever thought about using power line network as a means to set up their network.

Another pitfall for power line networking would have to be the security risks involved. Although Gigafast and many other HomePlug products uses 56-bit DES encryption, which is some pretty good encryption, it is still very prone to eavesdropping and other security risks. A good example would be if your neighbor also has the same setup as you do. With the two of you having the same exact equipment, you two are linked to the same Local Area Network thus your privacy won't be as private as you might have thought.

All in all, power line networking and the Gigafast unit is a very capable tool to get you started on your home network if you are a Windows user. Mac and Linux users look elsewhere. If you are looking for something quick and easy to set up with having a rocket science degree, this little network system may be just right for you. It is fairly priced as low as $ from TigerDirect (www.tigerdirect.com), so the price is very right. In addition, it does not require long bulky wires and takes only one adapter and one wall mount to get you started. If the thought of power line networking doesn't do it for you, other options are available. Maybe a phone-line network maybe more suited for you.

Phone-Line Networking

Phone-line networking is similar to power-line networking in that it uses existing wiring to transfer data from point A to point B. Phone-line networking also seems to be the "no new lines" technology that is gaining the most momentum in the networking world. While this technology does share the same line that carries voice from a regular phone and data via DSL connections, the frequencies of the data transmission is totally different from each other. For example, analog voice may be transmitted at 00 Hertz, DSL may be transmitted at 8 Kilohertz and the network data may be transmitted at 4 Megahertz. To put it in layman's term, these three were created to co-exist with each other using different radio waves and frequencies so there is no interference between the three. And in a case where interference can happen, filters are available to keep any and all interfering out.

Setting up a phone-line network is not as easy as the power-line network but it is still uncomplicated and can be just as simple. The most important thing and probably the hardest job of the phone-line network will be trying to find all the phone jacks in your home and prepare the network. Once you have that down, it is good to go and everything else will fit in place. To use the phone line for data networking, you must install a network adapter that supports the phone-line; TigerDirect has these adapters available starting at $6. a piece. These cards install in the exact same manner as an Ethernet card, but their connector is a telephone line connector. Some of the adapters will connect to your computer using a USB port and others will be built-in PCI cards. You can use a standard RJ-11 telephone cable to connect the adapter to the telephone outlet. The data transfer rate with this setup will allow up to 10Mbps, a little slower than the maximum transfer rate of power-line network but it is a lot more efficient and consistent. Figure .1 will show you how you can link the computers to each other

As Figure .1 shows, it really is another plug-and-play setup. All you need to do is get the appropriate network adaptor, install it onto a computer, run a phone cable to a phone jack, and do the same for any other computer you want to be a part of your home network. With a price starting at $150 to hook up two computers, it really isn't that bad for a startup home network. In addition, the network will be more efficient and not as prone to interference as its other "no new line" technology buddy. But for the know-it-alls and more advanced network savvy, Ethernet networking is the way to go.

Ethernet Networking

Ethernet networking is by far the most used anywhere. Whether it is a simple home network as what we're doing here, or a big office building like the Capitol Records building, Ethernet is the way to go. Although it is the most difficult to set up out of the three, it is the most efficient and the fastest. Transfer rates for Ethernet can be up to 100Mbps, which is ten times faster than phone-line networking. In addition, it also has the bigger market support for it as you can find basically everything you need to run an Ethernet network with simple ease.

Setting up an Ethernet network takes a few more steps and more cables to lay but all the effort will be well worth the time. With this type of network, you will need one phone cord, one phone jack, and you will have to lay your own set of RJ-45 cables since you don't have any existing cables established. In addition to the cables, you will need a router to transmit and direct the data that is being sent and received from the computers, a Network Interface Card(NIC) and a modem. A cable or DSL modem will also be needed along with a high-speed Internet connection subscription. These devices won't add up to cost that much being that a router can be had for $., a NIC starts at $7.7 and a 5ft. cable cost $.; prices courtesy of TigerDirect. In addition, DSL/Cable modems can be found on EBAY (www.ebay.com) for around $40 although when subscribing to certain DSL service, the modem can be free.

With all the cool new gadgets in tact, it is time to set up the network. For simplicity's sake, lets say you just got that new DSL service you've always wanted and have two computers that would like to share the quick download speed of your DSL. Figure .1 will show a diagram of how to set up the DSL network via the modem and router

Basically, what you'll have to do first is plug a phone cord from your phone jack into your DSL modem. The DSL modem will have one female plug for a regular RJ-11 phone jack (figure .); stick the phone cord into the modem and that part will be done. Next would be making sure the data gets in and out of the network. In order to do that, a category-5 (RJ-45) cable will be needed to connect the modem to the router. When the router is connected and is up and running, that is when you can direct the bandwidth to each of the computer. A few simple steps are needed before everything is up to par. Simply grab a Cat-5 cable, plug it into your NIC, run the cable and plug it into the router, configure the software on your computer, and your new home network is ready to go. The hardest part would be configuring the network. Under Windows 000 and/or Windows XP, the network configuration is very simple to do. Click on the Start button on the bottom left hand corner to get everything started. Scroll up to Settings and go to the Network and Dial-Up Connection and select Make new connection. Right click on the network connection for your local area network. The following three items should be present. Make sure each one is check. You will be binding software to your NIC.

1) Client for Microsoft Windows

) File and Printer sharing for Microsoft Windows

) NetBEUI

If you do not have these components, use the 'install button to add them.

You are now finished configuring your network, now to configure your computer name and workgroup. The computer name is what you are known as on the network. It allows others to identify your computer, share and swap files and do other things. A workgroup assembles your computers together and helps each computer find themselves, think of it as making sure all the coins are sorted into their right rolls. Right click on the my computer icon on your desktop and click properties. Select the Network Identification tab. This screen shows your current computer name and workgroup. If you need to change it, click the properties button. Make sure you are part of a WORKGROUP and not a domain. These are the steps needed to be taken to ensure the network is running properly. (Part of the home configuration help courtesy of www.homenethelp.com)

As I said earlier, an Ethernet Network will be a lot faster and more efficient than both Phone-Line network and Power-Line network. A total cost of an Ethernet Network can end up costing less because you don't need multiple adapters running into each computer. Rather, if you want to expand your network all you really need is an inexpensive NIC and a Cat-5 cable long enough to connect the it from the computer to the router.

The Suggestion

All three networking options each have their own distinct advantages and disadvantages and all are very capable of doing what they are intended to do. Although power-line networking and phone-line networking has the advantages of being the easiest to install, Ethernet networking is the way to go.

There are many things that led to the decision to go with Ethernet networking. First, you have to factor in the efficiency and speed of the entire network. Power-Line networking is the most prone to bad signal failures. If you have lots of appliances or just multiple things plugged into your wall sockets, they all will pose as threats to the network. Moreover, the transfer rates are just inconsistent and slow. Not a good choice in today's world where files are just getting bigger and bigger and video streams are ever so popular. The only thing I can see why a power-line network would be choice if I was super lazy to route any new cables, and wall sockets are basically at every corner of your home. Phone-line networking is more efficient than power-line networking in that it uses a form of Frequency Division Multiplexing to split the three different data types. Doing so, it allows everything to co-exist peacefully without any sort of chatter. That is the good thing about it; the bad thing is the transfer rate is still pretty slow at a snail pace of 10Mbps. In addition, phone jacks can be harder to find that wall mounts and may even be harder to find and route than an Ethernet network. And now, to crown the champion of home networking (Drums rolling); Ethernet networking. Ethernet networking is the hardest to install in that you do need to lay new wires. The good thing is that it is super fast at 100Mbps, and is the most efficient. There is no interference involved because the cables are shielded and protected. It is just the most logical choice when setting up a home network because of the headache-free maintenance, no worries involved. With the previous two, you had to look out and be careful because they are prone to failure.

All in all, Ethernet networking is what you should stick with. It is truly superior to power-line networking and phone-line networking. The market support for it is also greater. In addition, a basic Ethernet network for two computers will end up costing around $70 minus a modem to start up. That would include two NICs, two 5 ft. Cat-5 cable, and a router. That will actually end up costing less than two power-line adapters which retails at $ each.

Conclusion

All in all, as we are just in the infancy of the 1st century, home networking will just get faster, more efficient, and even cheaper. With computers being a lot less expensive, the home PC will take over every room just as the television has. The ability to allow each computer to access each other and permit them to talk to each other is the greatest thing since sliced bread. With the advancement of technology, especially in the telecommunications field and computer field in general, there are many ways to run a network but there are three main options have become industry standards.

Please note that this sample paper on Your Home Computer Network is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Your Home Computer Network, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Your Home Computer Network will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Analysis of Poe

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The short story takes place in Italy during the time of the carnival. Montressor, the main character and narrator in the story, seeks revenge on Fortunato, his acquaintance. Montressor has told fortunado that he has found Amontillado (A light Spanish wine) and it is in the hands of Luchesi. Furtunado does not agree that a man like Luchesi could know what such a magnificent wine would taste like. When the two men arrive to the vaults, no one is around. They go into the vaults, which is where montressor tells furtunado that he is apart of the Mason, an exclusive organization. He does not believe him so they continue on. Montressor chains fortunado to the wall. He then begins to stone him in the crypt and leave him to die. The final words from the story are in Latin and they say, "May he rest in peace."

Poe has two different themes for most of his stories. This falls under the category of Terror. The theme of the story I believe it to be primarily about pride and revenge. Montressor finds pride in the fine wine he has found then takes revenge on Furtunado using the wine against him.

Poe shows the dark and vengeful side of a human being. In no point in the story does Montressor show any remorse for Furtunado. Poe has a great way of taking thoughts that has been set back to our subconscious level and bringing them more to our attention like killing and revenge and pride.

A lot of Poe's life shows through in his writings. He always seems the have alcohol in his stories and he was an alcoholic. He always has betrayal from men and his foster father dictated his life. But I have always enjoyed this story because its shows how inhumane people can be. And how sick peoples' minds can be but at the same time how interesting it is to here about what happens in the story.

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I also enjoy the way Motressor plays with Furtunado. The way he pretends to have only good intentions for furtunado. He doesn't let him realize what is going on until it is very late. At the end of the story for a second you may think that Montressor will not go through with it but in the end he does and suprises the reader.

After you are finished with the story, you still have no idea why Montressor wants to kill Fortunado so bad. It doesn't seem significant at all throughout the story. What concerns us the most is the reaction itself, despite the cause or consequence. These are the types of feeling I have been brought up to disregard because of society we live in today.

So overall I enjoyed the story. I enjoy many of Poe's stories but I enjoy this a little more because it involves the one thing everyone in civilization today wants to do but cant…revenge.

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Ekonomika

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In this article called " Global Financial Instability framework, events and issues" by Frederic Mishikin, he states that global economy has experienced severe bouts of financial instability in the last five years, and that these instabilities have had devastating impact on crisis in countries. For example in Mexico GDP fell from 4% to6%. In Asian countries like Korea and Indonesia it fell from above 5% to below5%. So the key questions that today's policy makers face are how to reduce risk of global financial instability and how to show how economic instability damages economic activity. As for the question of why financial instability occurs, Mishikn offers several key contributors to this phenomenon. Deterioration in financial sector balance sheets, increases in interest rates, increases in uncertainty and deterioration in non-financial balance sheets. Deterioration in financial sector balance sheets causes banks to have substantial contraction in their capital so they can either cut back on their lending or they can try to raise new capital. Since it is hard to raise the new capital at low cost, they are forced to contract their lending which slows down economic activity and in some sever cases can lead to banks panic. Increase in interest rates can have negative effect on banks balance sheet, directly causing a decline in net worth of their assets. During increased uncertainty it is harder for lenders to screen good credit risks from bed ones and this leads to different moral hazards that slow down economic activity. Most critical factor of the all is deterioration in non-financial balance sheets. If borrowers suffer a widespread deterioration of balance sheets, it worseness both adverse selection and moral hazard problems in financial system. In conclusion Mishkin states that in order to promote soundness and safety of financial system is crucial to prevent future financial instability. This can be achieved trough economic policies in both international and domestic financial systems.

Please note that this sample paper on Ekonomika is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ekonomika, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Ekonomika will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Singapore Australia Free Trade Agreement

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Introduction

Free trade is an important component of International Economics. The objective of this report is to examine the latest Singapore Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) and the benefits it brings or will bring to Australia. It examines Free Trade Theory and discusses it in Relation to Australia. It further examines its advantages and disadvantages. The Report then provides an overview of SAFTA, its benefits to Australia and its criticism in general.

Free Trade

In the past trade used to be controlled by the government as good and services have been traded around the world for years. Free trade is an essential part of national and international economic policy. It is also part of a much wider movement towards deregulatory free market policies.

More recently, it has been recognized that some countries are better at producing certain types of product than others. That is the country can produce the good more cheaply, quickly or efficiently. Hence, countries specialize in producing the goods that they can produce most efficiently, and to trade their surpluses of those goods for the products they cannot produce, or are less efficient at producing. This is known as the principle of free trade. Free trade occurs when there are no barriers put in place by governments to restrict the flow of goods and services between trading nations.

If each country decides to be self-sufficient and produce its own food and clothing both countries will be using some of their resources in a less efficient way. Each country should produce goods that are cheap to produce in their country and exchange that for products for which the cost is high in their country. This would mean all the free-trading nations can realize a larger real income from the given supplies of resources available and each countrys output will be greater than it would otherwise have been. Therefore, they will both be better off.

Free trade increases competition and discourages monopoly. Domestic firms are forced to lower their cost of production due to increased competition by foreign firms. This would force firms to be more innovative in both the product quality and production methods therefore could result to economic growth. With free trade the resources are allocated more efficiently and there is higher standard of living for the world as a whole and the welfare of nations can also be better through free trade. Free trade can increase real national product but decrease social welfare if it shifts the distribution of income and wealth in an unfavorable direction.

Free Trade Theory

Figure 1 Free Trade (Source Perloff, 00)

When trade barriers, such as tariffs and subsidies are put in place, they protect domestic producers from international competition. More competition means higher risk and this could affect a countries wealth. There are many barriers of free trade that exist in order for countries to protect themselves.

They can impose taxes such as tariffs on imported goods. This would make foreign goods more expensive hence consumers have to pay more. However this protects the domestic producers because they do not have to compete against cheaper foreign imports. Tariff distorts consumption and production i.e. it destroys both the equality of MRT (slope of transformation) and TOT (terms of trade) and the equality of MRS (slope of substitution) and TOT.

A country could introduce subsidies. Where a firm thinks a good is more attractive to produce than it was before. Usually they end up making the wrong decision. Perfect equilibrium no longer exists and the production line is distorted hence production is worse off. i.e. MRT and TOT line is destroyed however it does not upset consumption i.e. MRS and TOT are equal.

Free trade is not the same in all countries as some countries have more barriers to free trade in order to protect themselves than others. Some countries impose quotas, where only a limited amount of a specific good may be imported during the year.

Australian Perspective to Free Trade

Australia benefits from trade as they have a surplus of resources they sell the surplus to other countries and use the export dollars to buy other goods and services. Australia's GDP ratio was 15 percent in the past but now has risen to 0 percent because of the increase in exports and imports. Australia's industrial base has become stronger due to the increase in exports.

Australians have seen a change in the standard of living due to an expansion of imports, as this has benefited consumers and businesses due to an extensive range of products to choose from. Reducing tariffs have saved Australian families an average of $1000 per year. They have also seen that exporters pay more to workers than non-exporters because they sell to a bigger market hence sell more and earn more profit. There has also been a study conducted stating that removal of tariff would create 40000 jobs in years. Export is good for Australia as it is important for economic growth and job creation (Trade 00).

Free Trade Advantages

Free Trade increases production where countries specialize in the goods in which they have the comparative advantage. It lowers opportunity cost of producing. International trade increases the size of the firm's market, economies of scale, increases productivity and lowers cost.

When trade opens up it increases competition hence goods and services can be purchased at a lower price. Consumers are also about to choose form a wide variety of goods and services. Increased competition encourages innovation, the use of new technology, marketing and distribution methods. There is also economic growth, better living standards and an increase in the level of income for the countries involved in free trade

Increase in exports leads to appreciation of currency. For example, when exporting goods overseas Australia can gain currency from other countries that it sells these goods to, hence there is a foreign exchange gain. The appreciated currency can be used to purchase luxury imports such as cars. It makes imports relatively cheap.

Free Trade Disadvantages

Removal of trade barriers can cause structural unemployment in short term. Since workers in other countries may have lower wages, production of some goods may take place in other countries causing a loss of jobs in the higher wage country.

As economies become dependant on global markets, there is greater instability introduced from international trade cycles. The Asian economic crisis in 18 and economic slowdown in the global economy in 001 illustrate this situation.

Some countries comparative advantage may not be an advantage. This would make them specialise in goods that do not have potential to grow in the future. Also, new industries may find it difficult to establish in a competitive market if there is no short-term protection by the government.

SAFTA

The Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed by the Australian and Singapore Trade Ministers in Singapore on 17 February 00 (DFAT 00). Signature of SAFTA followed by ten rounds of negotiations after the agreement between Prime Ministers John Howard and Goh Chok Tong in November 000 to conclude an FTA. The agreement became operational on 8 July 00 (Free law 00).

Overview of SAFTA

The SAFTA is intended to strengthen trade and investment links between Australia and Singapore. In accordance with the agreement, Singapore and Australia will eliminate tariffs on all goods imported from the other country from the date this agreement came into effect. For Australia, it means duty free entry of beer and stout (all other products enjoy duty free entry into Singapore). The parties have also agreed not to use export subsidies and not to apply safeguards measures against each other. A FTA (free trade agreement) for Australia will further enhance linkages with south-east Asia. The broader objective of this policy is to promote trade and investment liberalisation around Asia and the Pacific.

Singapore is Australia's largest trade and investment partner in the south-east Asian region. It is Australia's seventh largest trading partner. Australia's merchandise exports to Singapore during year 00 were valued at AUD 5.4 billion making it sixth largest export market. Imports from Singapore were valued at just under AUD 4 billion making it eight largest source of imports. Singapore was also the third most important source of investment in Australia in year 001-00 in terms of 'proposed' total final direct investment. It is worth to note that most of this investment can be attributed to the acquisition by Singapore Telecommunications Ltd of Cable & Wireless Optus Ltd for a consideration of AUD 14 billion. While the Singaporean economy experienced a significant dip in the wake of the East Asian economic crisis, a return to traditionally high levels of growth is predicted. The potential for increased exports of services (particularly financial, telecommunications, legal, educational and professional) to Singapore was identified by a number of the Australian companies consulted during the negotiations for SAFTA (Free Law, 00).

SAFTA agreement further guarantees increased market access for Australian exporters of services, particularly in education, environmental, telecommunications, and professional services. It is aimed at providing a more open and predictable business environment across a range of areas including competition policy, government procurement, intellectual property, e-commerce, customs procedures and business travel (DFAT, 00).

Benefits to Australia

Singapore has been a free port with minimal tariff protection since late 18th century. Most of the Australian goods exported to Singapore had little or no tariff previous to this agreement. After this agreement, all goods including Beer and Stout will enjoy tariff free entry into Singapore (Free Law, 00).

Service industry of Australia is the one that will significantly benefit from SAFTA. In particular Australian exporters of financial, professional and telecoms services. Both countries have to deliver a comprehensive and transparent negative lists of services sectors. Negative list of the industries will include the sectors which are not be covered by the Agreement and everything else is to be included (Free Law 00).

Singapore has undertaken to ease Wholesale banking licenses over time. Conditions are also eased for establishing joint ventures involving Australian Law firms. Australian law degrees recognised in Singapore doubled from 4 to 8 (Free Law 00).

Singapore has also committed to liberalise residency requirements for Australian professionals. Mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) between Australian architects and engineers and Singapore is underway. Short term entry for Australian business people extended from 1 month to months. Long-term business residents in Singapore granted total stay up to at least 14 years. Spouses of business people can work as managers, specialists, office administrators (DFAT 00).

The SAFTA is also intended to strengthen the position of Australian investors in Singapore, by providing formal protection against expropriation. Investment restrictions in Singapores government linked companies, which is an important element of its economic infrastructure and strategy will also be made more transparent. Australian firms will get national treatment status that is they will be treated same as local firms in government procurement by some 47 Singaporean government agencies. There will be stronger intellectual property protection in government tender processes (Free Law 00).

Singapore government has also committed to address anti-competitive business practices, with consultation-upon-request for any such practices of concern to Australia. Singapore government will also apply competitive neutrality disciplines to government business enterprises, which implies that such entities will not be allowed any net benefits by reason of their government ownership alone (ACCI 00).

There are many other benefits including paperless trading, promotion of ecommerce, etc. The benefits are large in number but their significance and criticism is examined in next section (Free Law 00).

Criticism

According to Australian Camber of Commerce and Industry, the overall macroeconomic impact of SAFTA is going to be modest. Previous to this agreement 84% of imports from Singapore entered Australia tariff free. 15% of imports are subject to general tariff upto 5% while remaining 1% attract tariff of more than 5%. Thus any adjustment effects on the manufacturing sector as a whole from the SATA will be extremely small.

Economic modelling commissioned by the Australian Government on the SAFTA found that the impact of tariff elimination on manufacturing was too small to reliably estimate (Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 00).

Another source has raised concerned about ownership of business in Singapore. Singapores data suggests that 60% of the economy is government controlled. Singapore government owns housing apartments where 0% of population dwells, Government owns road, airlines, telephone providers, food industries, etc. Permitting such government enterprises to own businesses in Australia will strengthen Singapore governments presence in decision making in Australia. Currently government run Singapore telecommunications owns a share in Optus Communications, Victorias power grid. The source estimates that Singapore government directly or indirectly controls $40 billion of Australian investments in critical industries whereas Australias investment in Singapore is $14 billion (Ellis 00).

Some Critics have warned that bilateral or regional free trade agreements could undermine efforts to open up trade on a global scale. But both countries have stated that they are strong supporters of world trade liberalization.

Conclusion

The ASFTA will play an important part in the trade and foreign policies of both the countries. Like the Free trade theory suggests that free trade leads to specialisation and increased competition. Increased competition leads to better prices for consumers and thus general welfare improves. Australias strength lies in the services industry. ASFTA will liberalise trade of services provided by Engineers, Architects, Accountants and Lawyers.

The question arises about who will benefit more? Is it going to be one way trade? From the research carried out by the team it seems that in dollar terms Singapore will benefit more than Australia. As mentioned before Singapore has traditionally been an open port. Thus Australian manufacturers of export goods have always benefited. The team envisages that it is the Singapore manufacturing industries that will benefit in comparison to Australia. But it will definitely be an opportunity for Australian services industries to specialise.

In conclusion, SAFTA will further enhance Australias linkages with south-east Asia and in particular with Singapore, one of the most dynamic countries within the region. It will be a step towards liberalisation in Asia Pacific region, which includes worlds big trading giant such as China, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, etc.

References

· 4 March 00, Singapore - Australia free trade agreement, done at Singapore on 17 february 00, and Associated exchange of notes, Free Law. Available at http//www.freelaw.net.au/au/other/dfat/nia/00/1.html. (Access Date 8 October 00)

· December 00, Australia-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Australia.

· Ellis E, Singapore Fling, Bulletin, Volume 10. No 47. Available at http//bulletin.ninemsn.com.au/bulletin/EdDesk.nsf/0/67c45f560cdfbcfca56c68001b58?OpenDocument. (Access Date 6 October 00)

· Free Trade Agreement, 00, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Available at http//www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/australia_singapore_agreement.html. (Access Date 6 October 00)

· Free trade and protection advantages and disadvantages of free trade, Available at http//hsc.csu.edu.au/economics/global_economy/tut7/Tutorial7.html. (Access Date October 00)

· Free Trade, Oxfam. Available at http//www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/milkingit/information/the_issues/free_trade.htm. (Access Date October 00)

· Perloff J. Intermediate Mircoeconomics, Agricultural & Resources Economics University of California at Berkeley. Available at http//are.berkeley.edu/courses/ECON100A/HW/Old/ans4.pdf. (Access Date 10 October 00)

· Singapore-Australia trade pact in effect, Canberra eyes more ASEAN deals, 8 July 00. Available http//quickstart.clari.net/qs_se/webnews/wed/bn/Qsingapore-australia.RCLO_DlS.html (Access date 5 October 00)

· Trade, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Available at http//www.dfat.gov.au/trade. (Access Date October 00)

· Tuesday 01, July 00, Singapore-Australia-Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), Attorney Generals Department. Available at http//www.ag.gov.au/www/ilsHome.nsf/0/4A4E84D816B4FCCA56CD007DEA6B?OpenDocument. (Access date 6 October 00)

· Wikipedia, 0 August 00, Free Trade. Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade. (Access Date October 00)

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