Marketing Report Dog Food

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Dog Food Marketing Report

ACS 0a - 00

Fall 00

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Historical Perspective 1

Marketing Strategy Analysis

Target Market Analysis 1

Product Analysis

Price Analysis

Place Analysis

Promotion Analysis

International Perspective 4

Legal Issues 5

Conclusion 5

References 6

Appendix (if necessary) 7

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Since the first commercial pet food, a dry dog biscuit was developed on the early 1860s by James Spralt, of Cincinnati Ohio (Report of Feb, 17). Like other high volume commercial products today, the marketing of dog food developed from the Production Orientation to Marketing Orientation period in hundred years. From 1860 to 145, the marketing management philosophies of dog food focused on the Production Orientation. Consumers could only purchase low quality dog food and supplies from the pet store.

However, after World War II, the market expanded sharply. In the 160s, dog food products became closer to their present forms (Report Aug15, 001). Since the 170s, new technology has spawned new ingredients from dry foods to semi-moist, new textures and nutrients for pet foods. This is a sign that the market was developed into the Marketing Orientation.

During the same time, more and more business became aware of the concept of Market Segmentation including the pet food industry. Dog food companies target the consumers from who purchased the general products to who consumed the specific requirements of dog foods. In recent years, the Positioning of most dog food companies transferred from supplying the fundamental products to the premium and super premium quality items. In addition, the dominant marketing trend in the pet food is the industrial consolidation.

MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS

Target Market Analysis

Market segmentation Successful dog food companies choose the Multi-segment Targeting Strategy. They use a variety of bases for positioning, such as Price, Quality and product class e.g wet dog food vs. dry. They mainly Segment consumer markets by Demographic segmentation. For example, the typical purchasers of pet food tend to be above-average in income, middle-aged, white, and to have children living in the household, particularly children age 6 or over. Accord In the recent years, as the positioning of pet foods transferred from the fundamental products to the premium and super premium quality items, the dominant marketing trend in the pet food is consolidation. For examples, in 15, Nestle has acquired Alpo, and Heinz has acquired Quaker. (Report Jan, 000 and Feb 17)

Market size and growth The whole pet food market is growing steadily. For example, the U.S pet food market is $10.4 billion in 001, up .0% over 000. Since 1, the market has grown at annual rates in the .0% to .5% range. Dog foods occupy 58% of the pet food market share in terms of dollars. (Report of June, 00)

Factors in future growth Positive factors the size of the dog pet population is currently at an all-time high. Consumers heightened nutritional awareness, baby boom demographics and industry consolidation. Negative factors Slow-growth economy and potential of rising commodity prices.

Market projections Overall, the pet food market is projected to rise to just over $1. billion in 006 and 11% increases over 001.

Marketers Two types of pet food marketers generalists and specialists, with the market dominated by the generalists. Top three in pet food Ralston-purina, Nestle and Heinz¡¯s.

Consumers According to Simmons Market Research Bureau, 4% American Adults own one or more dogs (Report Jan1, 15). The most significant demographic factor in owner ship of dogs is the presence of children in the household. The consumers can be divided into four types according to product forms. The first group of dog food consumers mainly consumes dry dog food that the market share is %. The second group mainly purchases dog snacks which the market share is 5%. The third group chooses canned dog food that the market share is 1%. The last group consumes semi moist dog food which the market share is 4%.

Product Analysis

The dog food industry is a highly competitive one. In 001, 11.5 billion was spent in the pet food market and this number is growing by 6% annually(1). Companies have tried to meet every niche of this growing market by producing deep product lines to address customer preferences. Food technicians have been learning more about dog preferences in order to improve their products. They¡¯ve found that dogs prefer products which are sweet or salty and enjoy both rough and creamy textures. They also prefer products which are amorphously shaped and dense. Four major dog food categories attempt to meet fido¡¯s needs and preferences. They are Dry Food, Wet Food, Puppy Food, and Dog Snacks(?). Dry Food is usually packaged in bags, sacks, and stand up pouches(1). It contains approximately 55% starch, a type of meat, and preservatives(). Dry food helps clean a pet¡¯s teeth as they crunch their way through it.(4) Wet food is usually sold in thermoformed PP/EVOH/PP trays with peelable lids(1). Pets prefer wet food over dry; however, it is costly and messier. Puppy food comes in both dry and wet food types. It is formulated specifically for the beginning stage of the life cycle(4) and should not be changed frequently(5). Dog snacks come in a variety of forms such as bones and biscuits. They usually have a lower nutritional value; however, dog snacks are also becoming healthier. Product brands are established around nutritional value and pet enjoyment. With such companies as Nestle, Procter and Gamble and ????? competing in the dog food industry, entrance is difficult and advertising is fierce.

Price Analysis

Pricing is an essential part of Dog Food marketing, since it directly influences consumer decision making in the grocery store. According to Resenfeld (187), some market research indicates that dog owners spend more time browsing in the pet food aisle than they do at any other aisle in the supermarket.

Dog Food prices vary widely with each individual product, and product line. In the dog food industry, since there are several different marketing approaches that are being used, individual product prices tend to reflect these differing approaches. Some dog food product lines incorporate the use of a Prestige Pricing to differentiate themselves on the shelf as a premium dog food. These include ¡°FOOD A¡±, ¡°FOOD B¡±, ¡°FOOD C¡± (See Appendix A). (Pets.com)

Odd-Even Pricing and psychological Pricing are being used in all cases as all prices end in odd numbers and are just below the full dollar value. (See Appendix A)

Place Analysis

Historically, dog food has been selectively distributed. Recently pet food products are being distributed intensively. Grocery stores, department stores, specialty pet supply retailers, and convenience stores all sell dog food. Lately, even premium products are making their way into grocery stores and department stores(8). Generally, customers prefer shopping here as it is quicker and simpler then making a separate trip to buy food for their pet. The department store Wal-mart started selling pet supplies due to their high profit margins and they already have an estimated $billion in pet supply sales which almost matches annual sales of industry leader Petsmart(7) In 000, Canadian Grocerers saw overall dog food sales reach $15 million (up 5%)(8) In the same year, grocery stores accounted for 47% percent of dog food sales.(8) The move to intensive distribution was spurred by market research in the 0¡¯s which showed that approximately 70% of U.S. pet food buyers never shopped at specialty pet supply retailers(). In order to compete the specialty stores are moving from a ¡°product and vendor focused business model to a paradigm designed to create long term relationships with a customer segment defined as the pet enthusiast¡±(10) In a further attempt to expand distribution of pet food companies have begun to sell dog and cat food online. This product placement attempts to circumvent the cumbersome and inconvenient process of shopping for pet food do to the bulk size and weight of these items.(10)

Promotion Analysis

The principle idea behind promotion is that retailers try to communicate the differential advantage that their product has over competitors. However, conveying product information to the consumer has become more of a challenge in the pet food industry since the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada has set forth guidelines. The guide talks about all claims concerning pet food products included in labelling, advertising, promotional materials, and all other forms of marketing in connection with the sale of these products (1). Nonetheless the guide is restricted to the labelling and advertising of pre-packaged pet food only, and does not apply to pet treats. However, these are only guidelines, and are not enforceable through law.

The dog food industry is involved in three of the four areas of the promotional mix. These include advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. Much of the advertising of dog food takes place in dog enthusiast magazines such as Dog World, and Modern Dog Magazine. These magazines act as medium to connect dog owners with promotional information aimed at dog health and longevity.

The dog food industry uses more of a consumer sales promotion, instead of a trade sales promotion. These promotions include coupons/rebates, premiums, sampling, and point of purchase displays. Many times at local pet food stores or even grocery stores there are coupons that are displayed on shelf, or in point of purchase displays for the consumer to receive a discount. However during the mid-nineties the total number of coupons issued for dry dog food fell three percent, due to a hostile price war (). Recently companies have decided to offer coupons through a new source, the Internet. Butchers Pet Care offered 1,000 money-off vouchers through their website (4).

Since there is not much publicity surrounding dog food, some producers have to make their own fanfare; this is called public relations. The Hills Pet Products division of Colgate Palmolive has sponsored a dog sled journey to the North Pole (). By simply sponsoring an event, the companys name may be mentioned throughout the media.

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Internationally, there has been a large increase in the amount of dog food purchased. From 14 - 18 dog food sales have grown worldwide by 16.5%, with the largest increase in Eastern Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region (5). With even more potential growth to occur, Doane Pet Care Enterprises, the pet food maker for Wal-Mart, has decided to open a plant in Europe to try to establish themselves as the largest provider of dry pet foods in Europe (6). Even Norway has partnered with an Alaskan firm to carry a dog food produced by Kobuk Fuel and Feed Company, which has been tested as the best dog food in the world (10). In Japan there is an established market, where one in five families own a dog (), but many manufacturers are trying to institute new products in the market. Vanguard International Foods has recently begun to sell home made dog food, with a mix of fresh chicken, sardine, and tuna (7), as well as a low calorie dog food that is suited to dogs that require weight loss (8).

The United States market is similar to Canada. The pet food market, which includes both dog and cat food, has grown at an annual rate between .0% and .5% since 1 and had a market of $10.4 billion in 1 (11). By 006, the American pet food market is projected to rise to over $1. billion, a 17% increase over 01 (11).

LEGAL ISSUES

There are several legal issues that affect the Pet Food market in general. The most obvious issue is the government quality control regulations that apply in a given market. According to the Pet Food Institute (00), quality control is implemented in the United States Federally through, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in each state through feed laws and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), and through the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). In Canada, quality control is not implemented nationally by the government, but is instead promoted by both the Pet Food Association of Canada (PFAC), and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA). The PFAC and the CVMA in turn use the AAFCO as a source for their standards. In Canada it is up to the consumer to ensure that at least one of these three associations logos are displayed on the package to ensure good quality pet food.

Other legal issues which faces pet food manufactures in Canada, are the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and by the Competition Act. These two acts are in place to define what information must be provided, and to ensure that information provided to consumers on packaging is both true and verifiable. A government guideline is currently being developed by the Government of Canada¡¯s Competition Bureau (00) to explain in detail what the good labelling practices for pet food include. These regulations deal with such issues as, how pet food names reflect their ingredients, the requirements for ingredient lists and the presence of guaranteed product analyses.

In addition to these standard legal issues, there are also legal issues that may affect the dog food industry indirectly through their suppliers. This is exemplified in a recent court case decided in June of 00, where producers of vitamin B4, an ingredient in dog food, were found guilty of price fixing between 188 and 18 (¡°4 Companies¡±, 00). The implications of this could have an affect on both the cost of dog food ingredients, as well as the consistency of supply of these ingredients in the future.

These individual cases as with all of the above legal issues, while initially appearing as insignificant and minor inconveniences, could cause major problems for manufacturers if not monitored closely.

CONCLUSION

Since the first dog biscuit was developed in the early 1860s, the dog food industry has enjoyed tremendous growth. It has gradually moved from production oriented industry to a marketing oriented one. Successful companies have utilized multi-segment targeting with position, price, quality and product class as bases differentiation.

The US pet food market reached 10.4 billion in 001 due to an all time high dog population and heightened nutritional awareness. Four main dog food categories have arisen to meet customer demand Dry food, Wet Food, Puppy Food, and Dog Snacks.

Prices within the industry vary widely with each individual product and product line. Dry food is generally healthier and cheaper then wet food; however, dogs prefer the taste of wet food over dry. Often prestige pricing is employed to differentiate one product from another.

Pet food has moved from a selective distribution system to an intensive distribution system. Dog food can be found at grocery stores, department stores, specialty pet supply retailers, and convenience stores.

This intensive market exposure has led to intensive promotion. The dog food industry uses consumer sales promotion to attract customers. Coupons/Rebates, premiums, sampling, and point of purchases displays are but some of the techniques employed.

Internationally, the dog food industry is also in the growth stage. Worldwide sales increased by 16.5% from 14 ¨C 18 with no signs of slowing down. Due to an increase in nutritional awareness quality control has become an important issue in pet food industry. In Canada the industry is self regulated with the Consumer Packaging and Labelling overseeing package guidelines. However, most dog food manufactures look to the guidelines established by the US (AASOMETHING) to insure quality production.

REFERENCES

4 Companies Found Liable in Price Fixing Of Vitamin B4. (00, Jun 15). New York Times,

p. 1.0. Retrieved October 0, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts

Butchers Pet Care Boosts Website Activity. (00, October 10). Precision Marketing, p. 5.

Retrieved October , 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

Canada. Competition Bureau. (00, October ). Guide for the Labelling and Advertising of

Pet Foods ¨C Draft. Retrieved November 4, 00, from http//strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/incb-bc.nsf/vwGeneratedInterE/cp01141e.html

Liesse, Julie. (14, February 7). Dog Food Fails to Fetch Coupons. Advertising Age, 65(6),

6. Retrieved October 4, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

MarketLooks The U.S. Pet Food Market. (00, July ). Packaged Facts, p. 1. Retrieved

November 4, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

Pacific Research Consulting. (00, May 5). Fish Dog Food. New Food Products in Japan,

7(5), 1. Retrieved October , 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple

Databases.

Pacific Research Consulting. (00, October 5). Dog Food Home Style Can Series.

Cosmetics & Toiletries & Household Products Marketing News In Japan, 5(10), 1.

Retrieved November , 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

Pet Food Institute. (00) Pet Food Report A consumer¡¯s guide to pet food.[Created by the Pet

Food Institute]. Retrieved October 0, 00, from http//www.petfoodreport.com/

Rosenfeld, J.P. (187). Barking up the Right Tree. American Demographics, May 187; , 5,

40. Retrieved October 0, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. ABI/Inform Global database.

Sowinski, Jay. (1, July -8). Pet Food Maker Eyeing European Markets. Nashville Business

Journal, 15(7), 0. Retrieved October , 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts.

Multiple databases.

The Japanese Market for Pet Food. (18, April). Focus Japan, 5(4), 5-. Retrieved October

, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

Ulman, Neil. (18, December 15). Polar Adventure, Primal Lure. Wall Street Journal, p. 1.

Retrieved October 4, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple databases.

Worlds Best Dog Food Goes to Norway. (188, December 5). Alaska Journal of Commerce,

1(4), 14. Retrieved October 0, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple

databases.

World Trends, Euromonitor Report. (000, March). Petfood Industry, 4-16. Retrieved

November 1, 00, from Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Multiple Databases.

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Love in The adventures of Tom Sawyer

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Definition of Love

In The Adventure of Tom Sawyer love plays an enormous role in affecting Toms behaviour. Emotions are very powerful. When they are strong emotions like love, they have a way of overriding our logic and reasoning. There are many types of love and emotions based upon love. There is today's love, Tom era love, love of a woman, and the love of a parent. The emotions based on love are jealousy, self- sacrifice, and something that can be confused with love is lust. All these emotions are prevailent throughout the novel.

In today's society there are many definitions of love. Every person develops their own interpretation of love including myself. I believe love affects girls a lot more than guys. However, I believe that love is your best girl friend. They make you a better person for being around them. You can tell him/her anything without fear of judgment or reprisal. They will listen when you need to talk and cheer you up when you are down. It is reciprocal of course. Tom and Becky have this relationship of openness (CHAPTER 14).

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Jealousy is a very powerful emotion. It can cause many other feelings like anger resentment hatred. It usually happens when someone you love is with another. You cant stand to see them together because you wish it was you. Becky and Tom make each other jealous each other jealous (CHAPTER 18)

If you love someone you will care for their well being. Movies are always portray a guy risking his life to save the girl. Even sacrificing their own life to save theirs. It is a selfless act that is done out of pure emotion. Self Sacrifice Tom taking beckys punishment (CHAPTER 18 - 0)

Types of Love love of a parent, love of a woman (CHPATER 18)Aunt Polly makes him whitewash to teach him responsibility (CHAPTER 1)

Lust - can be confuse with love (CHAPTER 18)

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Koreans in Japan

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Koreans in Japan

Lee, Sook-Kyoung

I have a friend named Asami. She studied at my home university as an exchange student. Last winter, we went to Thailand together for sightseeing. At that time, I found she got a Korean passport. Her real name is Choi, Mami, and shefs Korean national. I could not believe that because she looked like a perfect Japanese. She told me she did not know she was Korean until she became a junior high school student. Her parents hid the fact protecting her from ethnic discrimination. I think that is also why she is using her Japanese name.

Today, approximately 700,000 North and South Korean nationals are dwelling in Japan. Although the vast majority of them were born in Japan and use Japanese as their first language, relatively few possess Japanese citizenship. It is because Japanese nationality is based on lineage, meaning that Korean descendants are not automatically awarded Japanese citizenship. Including Koreans who are naturalized and some children of Korean-Japanese intermarriages, on estimated 1% of the 10 million people in Japan are either North or South Korean nationals or Japanese nationals of Korean descent. Order custom research paper on Koreans in Japan

In Japan, there have been many problems related to Korean residents in Japan, and these problems continue in the present. They cannot be solved without understanding Koreans living in Japan. To understand Koreans living in Japan, the following should be discussed what brought them to Japan, what their legal status is in Japan, and how they have been treated. Also, identity crises of Koreans who belong to the new generation in Japan cannot be excluded because that is one of the big problems that the Korean community in Japan is faced.

Historical Background

After the annexation of Korea in 110, Koreans were forced to become the subjects of Imperial Japan. The occupying colonial policy imposed severe control on Korea. The Japanese government confiscated a significant amount of land from Korean landowners from 110 to 118. From 10 to 14, Japanese authorities initiated a project to increase rice production in Korea and exported the major part of the rice to Japan causing serious famine among Koreans. As a result, the life bases of many Koreans were devastated. Many Koreans left their country for Japan in search of jobs in order to escape the poverty at home.

Movement of Koreans between Japan and Korea (117-1)

Year Number crossing to Japan Number returning to Korea Number Residing in Japan Annual Increase

117 14,01 ,7 10,085 10,085

118 17,10 ,05 18,60 8,605

11 0,68 1,7 6,1 8,

10 7,47 0,47 ,46 6,550

11 8,118 5,56 46,051 1,58

1 70,46 46,6 70,187 4,16

1 7,5 8,745 77,87 7,650

Between 1 and 145, many Koreans were forcibly brought to Japan to work under even more severe conditions. During this same period, the Japanese military forcibly brought many young Korean women to serve them as gcomfort womenh. When Japan was defeated by the Allied Forces in 145, it is estimated that there were approximately ,00,000 Koreans in Japan.

On August 15, 145, Japan was defeated in the World War II. This meant that Koreans were liberated from Japanese colonial ruling. Many Koreans who resided in Japan at that time returned to Korea. However, between 500,000 and 600,000 Koreans remained in Japan because they had no other choice.

For the Koreans who were forcibly brought over, Japan must have been nothing more than a country against which to bear a grudge. In Japan, they had no freedom and were forced to work under severe conditions in coalmines, military plants, and construction sites for airports and huge tunnels for military use. Furthermore, they believed that their families were eagerly awaiting their safe return. There must have been no reason for them to remain in Japan.

On the other hand, those Koreans who had come to Japan earlier were different. As a result of their life bases in Korea having been demolished by Japanese colonial policy, they made the choice to come to Japan and start over again. At first, they were single migrant laborers. Gradually, this pattern transformed as they brought their families from Korea to settle in Japan. Although the Japanese discriminated against them by giving them low wages and by making them work under bad working conditions, they somehow managed to make a living. When Korea was emancipated by Japanfs defeat in World War II, these Koreans also would have liked to return to Korea. However, their families were in Japan, and they had lost their economic bases in Korea. It must have been very unlikely that they could return and start over again in Korea. Between 500,000 and 600,000 Koreans decided to remain in Japan. Other factors such as social and economic disorder in Korea and the division of Korea into two countries fortified this decision.

Legal Status of Koreans in Japan

The ROK (Republic of Korea)-Japan Normalization Treaty was signed on nd of June 165 and went into effect on 18th of December 165. The agreement on the legal status of Koreans in Japan consisted of three major parts scope and eligibility to apply for permanent residence, grounds for deportation, and subsequent legal treatment.

By this agreement, about 51,6 Koreans applied for permanent residence. To be able to obtain the certificate of eligibility, which needed for the permanent residence, one had to prove that he or she had lived in Japan for a long period of time and that he or she was South Korean national. By 174, 4,66 Koreans were granted permanent residence. The Koreans who obtained legal status by this means were called gpermanent resident aliens by treatyh. However, some 50,000 Koreans did not attempt to apply for permanent residence because of ineligibility, allegiance to North Korea, and other reasons. Japanese government did not officially recognize the government of the Democratic Peoplefs Republic of Korea in the north, and it was only after 18 that Japan granted permanent residence to individuals supporting North Korea.

Even though many Koreans achieved permanent resident alien status, there are still grounds for deportation. They will be deported if they fall into one of the following categories persons who are sentenced to imprisonment for a crime against the head of a foreign state, or a diplomatic envoy, which may be prejudicial to the interest of Japan; and persons who are sentenced to imprisonment for more than three years for violation of narcotics control laws or are charged with crimes more than three times or are sentenced to more than seven years imprisonment for the violation of any Japanese law.

The treatment of Koreans in Japan subsequent to the determination of their legal status is spelled out in Article 4 of the agreement, which states@gThe Government of Japan shall pay due consideration to the matters concerning education, livelihood protection, and national health insurance in Japanh for those granted permanent residence. In spite of this agreement, Koreans were excluded from many social welfare benefits even though they are subject to equal taxation.

If the Koreans want to acquire Japanese nationality, they should meet the standards of the Nationality Law of Japan. As a matter of fact, almost all Korean resident in Japan are technically eligible for naturalization. One of the major obstacles, however, that prevents Korean residents from being naturalized is gA person of good behaviorh clause in the provisions. In the absence of a clear definition of what constitutes ggood behaviorh, anyone with a simple police record is unlikely to pass the rigorous scrutiny by the Ministry of Justice.

Discrimination against Koreans in Japan

Educational Discrimination

gThose who attend Japanese schools should be treated equally and others differentlyh

In the area of education, most school age Koreans in Japan attend public or private Japanese schools, the majority using Japanese names. That is, they receive their education not as Koreans but as gJapaneseh, are raised without the least knowledge of the Korean language, and are exposed to Japanese prejudices and discrimination in school and society.

Some Korean students attend ethnic schools. Most of these schools are sponsored by Chongryun, which supports the Democratic Peoplefs Republic of Korea. The Education Ministry, however, refuse to recognize these schools as authorized educational institutions on the grounds that these ethnic schools do not comply with the Japanese governmentfs guidelines. The guidelines require that Korean children be educated only in Japanese language and learn Japanese history with Japanese-language textbooks. Consequently, graduates of ethnic high schools cannot take national university entrance examinations.

Employment Discrimination

Private firms often refuse to employ Koreans because of ethnic discrimination. Koreans are also excluded from holding civil service positions because such positions require Japanese nationality. Although in recent years employment discrimination has lessened somewhat in the wake of movements against discrimination, historically, most Koreans have been limited to low-level occupations like day laborers or self-service jobs.

Here is an example related to the employment discrimination. In 170, Pak, Chong-sok, using his Japanese name, successfully passed a company test for Hitachi and received an official note of hiring. As is customary in Japan, to complete his personnel file, the Hitachi Company asked him to submit a certificate showing his family register. It was then that the company learned of his Korean nationality. A few days later, Pak received a letter of rejection from the Hitachi Company on the ground that he had committed perjury by providing false information. He decided to file a suit against the Hitachi Company and won the case in 174.

In addition to the educational and employment discrimination, Koreans in Japan continue to encounter housing discrimination and are turned down for apartments by real estate agents. When they announce intention to wed a Japanese, they meet with opposition by Japanese parents. Actually, the Korean population in Japan continues to encounter discrimination in virtually all areas of life in Japan.

To oppose ethnic discrimination, Mindan (148), which supports South Korea, and Chongryun (155), which supports North Korea, were established. However, the leaders, who were first generation ethnic Koreans, considered Japan merely a temporary home, giving priority to Korean unification rather than the problems of discrimination in Japan. Consequently, these movements never developed into full-fledged, radical movements to fight discrimination in Japan and to demand full civil rights. Today, movements for the human rights of Koreans in Japan are primarily led by Mintohren (National Council For Combating Discrimination against Ethnic Peoples in Japan), which consists of the third and fourth generation ethnic Koreans and some Japanese. It was established as a result of the Hitachi employment discrimination case, but it created small groups to battle ethnic discrimination on a regional level throughout the country. Since the 170s Mintohren has contributed greatly to eliminating ethnic discrimination against Koreans in Japan and is still struggling against discrimination to achieve its ideal of living together.

Identity Crises among Korean Youth in Japan

The ascribed gself hof Korean youth in Japan has dual components the gassimilatedh self and the gdissimilatedh self. The assimilated self, on the one hand, emerge in the natural process of growing up. Without questioning, he or she internalizes Japanese culture, acquiring and using Japanese as their mother tongue. He or she has many aspects of culture in common with the surrounding Japanese majority in terms of ways of thinking, ways of feeling, values, lifestyles and so on. He or she cannot stop being aware of what a gJapanizedh identity he or she has.

On the other hand, the gdissimilatedh self distinguishes him or her from the Japanese majority in the sense that he or she maintains some elements of ethnic heritage. The degree of conformity to Korean ethnicity varies depending on individual circumstances such as the degree to which ethnic customs are practiced at home, attendance at ethnic schools, and residence in a Korean enclave. Nevertheless, whatever extent to which he or she holds Korean ethnicity, his or her ways of thinking, ways of feeling, values and lifestyles cannot be exactly same as the dominant Japanese ones.

In this situation, the vast majority of Korean youths in Japan are facing identity crises. They adopt Japanese pass names instead of Korean ethnic names. They conceal their ethnic origins in front of their Japanese peers and neighbors. Many of them have negative self-esteem or self-dislike, and some of them wish from the bottom of their hearts that they were Japanese. However, the problem is that no matter how truly they wish they were Japanese and no matter how well they act Japanese, their existence as being something different is often exposed by the Japanese people around them on diverse occasions.

There are four ways in which younger generation Koreans in Japan resolve their identity crises. First is gmutual cooperationh. Mutual cooperation symbolizes the mentality of people, whose core agenda is the realization of a society based on the recognition of ethnic differences but free of ethnic discrimination. That is, their aim is to solve the problem of social discrimination through gsocial changeh accomplished at the local level, starting with their own communities and neighbors.

Second is gresident foreign nationalh. It is the expression that represents the mentality of people, whose core agenda is to contribute to the gdevelopmenth and gunificationh of Korea. Consequently, they do not seek to assimilate into Japanese society but hold awareness as resident foreign nationals. However, having taken this position, it is difficult for them to transcend their position as foreign nationals and demand various rights. Thus, they generally manifest a strong element of gself-isolationh in their battle against ethnic discrimination.

Third is gsuccess in society using onefs abilityh. It represents the mentality of people, whose core agenda is the realization of self through assertion of individualism. They are not particularly concerned with ethnic Korean history, and nor do they feel an attachment to either Japan or Korea. Their chosen response to social discrimination is to liberate themselves through social mobility.

The last is gnaturalizationh. The core agenda of the naturalization-oriented people is to become Japanese. Typically, these people are raised in an environment surrounded only by Japanese, the entire family adopting a Japanese name and concealing their Korean ethnicity. They believe that by assimilating they can exist without experiencing ethnic discrimination.

So far, I have outlined history background of Koreans in Japan, their legal status in Japan, discrimination against them, and identity crises among younger generations. Korean residents in Japan are the victims of the Japanese colonial rule over Korea. The vast majority of them are the third or fourth generation, and they were born in Japan and speak Japanese as their first language. There is no reason for them to be discriminated in Japan, but they have been suffering from the discrimination. In recent years, discrimination against Korean residents has lessened thanks to movements against it. However, it is still prevalent and hurting Korean people.

Since North Korea admitted that secret agents of the country kidnapped 1 Japanese citizens in the 170s and 80s in the summit talks between Kim Jong Il and Koizumi Junichiro on 17 September 00 in Pyoungyang, Korean schoolboys and schoolgirls in Japan have been subjected to unwarranted attacks, unfair treatment, abuse, and blackmail. These incidents show that Japanese people neither accept Korean residents as their neighbors nor recognize the human rights of Korean residents in Japan.

To solve these problems, the Japanese government should try to guarantee the human rights of Koreans lawfully and give correct history education in Japan. Also, it would be appropriate to promote majority-minority interactions, reduce the imbalance of power, and help to dismantle the persisting discrimination. In other words, mutual understanding and cooperation between Koreans and Japanese are desperately needed for resolving the Korean residentsf problems and establishing a society where structural assimilation has been achieved while cultural diversity is openly acknowledged. Without those efforts, problems related to Korean residents in Japan would be repeated over and over again.

1. Weiner, Michael. The Origins of the Korean Community in Japan, 110-1. London Manchester University Press, 18

. Lee, Changsoo and De Vos, George. Koreans in Japan Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA University of California Press, 181

. Fukuoka, Yasunori and Tsujiyama, Yukiko. gMINTOHREN Young Koreans against Ethnic Discrimination in Japanh. HAN. 1. http//www.han.org/a/fukuoka.html/ (5 December 00)

4. Fukuoka, Yasunori. gKoreans in Japan Past and Presenth. HAN. 16. http//www.han.org/a/fukuoka6a.html/ (8 November 00)

5. Fukuoka, Yasunori. gBeyond Assimilation and Dissimilation Diverse Resolutions to Identity Crises among Younger Generation Koreans in Japanh. HAN. 16. http//www.han.org/a/fukuoka6b.html/ (1 November 00)

6. S.H.Cho. gU.N. Urges Japan to Stop Discrimination against Korean School Children and Educationh. Choson Sinbo. 18.

http//www.korea-np.co.jp/pk/046th_issue/8061001.htm/ (1 January 00)

7. Choe, Hong Ryul. gReport to UNESCO on Human Rights Violationh. Choson Sinbo. 18. http//www.korea-np.co.jp/pk/046th_issue/8061007.htm/ (1 January 00)

8. gKoreans Suffer Attacks, Blackmail Due to Abductions Issueh. Choson Sinbo. 00. http//www.korea-np.co.jp/pk/185th_issue/0010107.htm/ (0 December 00)

. gLegal Line for International Residents in Japanh. The UMJ. 16-001.

http//www.tabunka.org/newsletter/legal.html#anchor117555 (1 January 00)

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Hospitality

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Experience

My significant experience was going to Hospitality Careers Academy. At the academy, I learned so many things. It introduced me to the business world of hospitality. There are thousands of fields to enter in the hospitality careers.

I went to the Hospitality Career Panel for a week. There I visited and shadowed different people from different fields in hospitality. The fields that I shadowed were Sales Manager, Marketing Production, and Hotel/Restaurant/Tourism Management. People that I interviewed from these fields seemed very intelligent. They knew so much about their jobs and were very influential. I'm glad that I got to interview different people in the hospitality careers.

I learned so much about hotels. First, I thought hotels were just about checking in and out customers but is much more than that. Hotels is mostly about management. The hotels that I visited were well managed. I also learned about customer services. At the hotel that I stayed in, customer service was amazing. They help me and served me everything that I needed. Customer service is the first impression made about the hotels.

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There were about twenty-five more students at the Hospitality Careers Panel. I had the chance to meet new people and get to know them. We also had different groups. In

groups, we had to plan a business party where business men and women from all over the nation came. We had to present our plan on the last day of the panel. There were some hotel managers and owners who came to see our presentation.

I believe knowing a little about business is very helpful in the future. Also get to

make connections of people by meeting new people. This Hospitality Careers Panel is one of my references to the future now, and it was a great experience.

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Fashion in 18th century France

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Assignment 1-the shift of fashion

Before the French Revolution in 178, fashion in France was much more understated and subtle.

After the French Revolution, a great change took place in the area of fashion. Ideas of freedom and self expression were much more common, and the fashion world was an obvious place for these ideas to take place.

France became the center of the fashionable worldCheap custom writing service can write essays on Fashion in 18th century France

Dress became more striking and elaborate. Fashion shifted from being stiff and quite uncomfortable to looser and more comfortable,while still staying quite fashionable.

At this time in France there was more freedom and people began to dress the way they wanted. Now that the working class had a greater sense of freedom and equality, they started to move away from their dull, every day clothing. Also, with the development of the sewing machine and other vast fabric producers, clothing became much easier to produce in large quantities. With fashion being mass produced, the price of it went down considerably and almost everyone could now afford even elaborate and highly decorated pieces of clothing.

During this time period in France, there was much less of a line between the classes and what each class should or could wear. Now, a middle class person of society could dress like a noble, and a noble could dress like a peasant if they were so inclined.

People would now wear clothing that was suited to their lifestyles, instead of simply just wearing what they were told to wear. For example, men adopted the short jacket suit, which was much better suited to an active lifestyle than the traditional lomg tailed suits.

Womens clothing also evolved during this time period. Their dress became less strict and more open. The style was less restrictive. Curves were now shown off, instead of hidden away.

Fashion in France would continue to evolve and become more forward.

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Career Planning

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Career Planning

In the article I read "Career development strategies for teens" it gives you very important information to use as a guideline. The article states that at this point in a young adults' life the main thing to do is get an education. While in school you gain useful skills that will help you when searching for a job. Some of these skills are communication skills and being able to work with others. Another thing that should be done at this age is participating in internships or doing volunteer work. These programs will give you and up close and personal look at the career involved. This way you will be provided with necessary information such as what skills are needed and if you have to receive any special on the job training. This way the person will be able to evaluate the situation and determine if this is a job that they really want before taking unneeded courses.

When taking the time to sit down and write out a career plan, it is important that the person remembers not to make it a life long plan. Making a plan for the rest of your life is not good because things change and different events cause things to happen. The best way to solve this problem is to write a five-year plan. This way you can actually visualize how things may turn out. It is essential that a young adult keep in mind to balance the expectations in their life. In order to do this you should listen to the advice of the people around you and at the same time remember to follow your own path. This way you will be able to create a balance between the expectations you set for yourself along with the expectations of others who are important to you.

Most importantly a young adult must remember to live life the way that they feel. It is not necessary for you to feel tied down to any situation. When a person uses these tools to set a career plan they are left with something that they can live by and stay committed to.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Career Planning

Please note that this sample paper on Career Planning is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Career Planning, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Career Planning will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Studying

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First of all I would ask her why she waited till the night before to cram for the test. I would also ask her if she was studying at all during the week. I would also ask her what class she was studying for so I would better be able to help her study for it.

The first part of my advice would be to have her take a 15-minute break for every hour of studying. When you cram for a test for 10 hours straight without any breaks it is still considered one hour of studying. This is because your brain needs those 15 minutes to take in, and "file" away the things you studied, if you study for too long without a break, your mind can't keep up with the "filing" and you start to lose the information you studying first.

My second part of my advice would be to get good nights sleep. Many time s a good nights sleep is much more valuable then studying for 10 hours straight. With more sleep your brain will be less stressed and able to function better. With more sleep your brain will also be able to recall memory better from the studying. One hour of sleep is usually better then an extra hour of cramming.

I would suggest using "x5" cards for studying, especially for vocabulary quizzes. The index cards should be colored for quick reference. When using index cards you should also write important words with red ink so that your mind will remember those words better. With index cards it is also easier to separate the information from what we know to what we don't know, that way we can easily study what we don't know.

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When studying you must always start studying at least the week before the test and study slowly, and cramming the night before a test is never useful. You should also study the way you feel most comfortable. When studying it is always useful to use index cards. You should always get good nights sleep before a test, that way you'll have good memory retention

Please note that this sample paper on studying is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on studying, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on studying will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Protection of Minority Rights in a democracy

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Freedom means diversity. This simple truth is nowhere more evident, and more relevant, than with the peoples and countries that constitute today's global society. None of these is homologous in ethnic, cultural, or religious terms. Globalization and the increasing movement of people across borders threatens to kill off the 'nation' state once and for all. However, the dominant or majority cultures in countries around the world seek to impose their identity on other groups with whom they share a territory.

Attempts to impose cultural uniformity often come at the expense of minority rights. To avoid marginalization, minorities often intensify their efforts to preserve and protect their identity. The hardening of opposing forces assimilation versus preservation can cause increased intolerance, ultimately leading to armed ethnic conflict in a worst-case scenario. African slavery, the Holocaust, and the relatively recent war in Kosovo, are only a few of history's brutal examples of humanity's selfish nature. In examining Thomas Hobbes' views on the natural state of man (as a selfish being with little or no concern for the well-being of others), it becomes evident that the protection and promotion of minority rights is essential in order to save humanity, essentially from itself.

Minority rights must be protected at all costs. Although some individuals believe that the will of the majority is paramount to the protection of minorities, opponents of such a belief will argue that the protection of minorities is, in fact, the protection of the majority. To illustrate this point, one only needs to compare history and present times to recognize the subtle fact that the Caucasian male, which once constituted a majority in Canada and the United States, is now a statistical minority. Therefore, a majority ethnic, cultural, or religious group must take steps to ensure the protection of minority rights in the event they become a minority, thus protecting their own rights. President John F. Kennedy addressed this same principle when he said, "[This nation] was founded on the principle that all men are created equal and that the rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened." The need to protect minority rights is obvious, but a highly opinionated debate has risen on how to protect minority rights. The extent to which minority rights are protected must consider the role of governance inside state borders, the role of governance and mediation beyond state borders, and the debate over affirmative action.

Good governance plays a vital role in involving minorities in society and protecting their rights and interests. Through recognition, dialogue, and participation, all the citizens of a diverse society can form a greater understanding of one another's concerns. Socialist Robert Owen, for example, believed that education was a way to eliminate crime and prejudice. Therefore, greater understanding equals greater tolerance for the ever-present diversities in society. The media and education have important roles in this regard, as do political representatives and community leaders. Write your The Protection of Minority Rights in a democracy research paper

Discrimination against minorities is battled most effectively in courts of law and state legislatures. Proper legislation is the first step towards ensuring minorities are protected in society. Such efforts are backed by the rule of law and the corresponding belief that even if individuals do not agree with court rulings or legislative policies, citizens are bound to obey this policy. If they disagree, they have the option to lobby the legislature or sue in the courts, rather than rampaging in the streets. Governments may also protect the rights of minorities, and all people for that matter, by entrenching basic liberties in a constitution. Such is the case in Canada and the United States where a Bill of Rights limits the ability of government to trespass upon certain individual liberties. It also places certain liberties beyond the reach of majorities to protect present and future generations. This credo of individual equality forces people to confront their prejudices against certain groups. Although nations with individual rights entrenched in their constitutions may not be free from discrimination, the existence of such a constitution is a public commitment to ending all vestiges of racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious prejudice.

Although no country has a perfect record on minority rights, a country like Finland, for example, has worked hard to implement legislation in order to promote ethnic relations among its population and act as a role model for pluralism and tolerance in multicultural societies. Swedish Finns represent the largest minority (6% of the population) yet still enjoy exceptional status in society. This can be attributed to the fact that Swedish, in addition to Finnish, is an official language in Finland. The people of Finland have recognized the right for Swedes (and their language) to be recognized under the law and have made accommodations to help preserve their cultural heritage. In recent years, the government has made significant efforts to address the question of land ownership by the Saami, the indigenous peoples of Finland and neighboring Scandinavian countries. In addition, Finland amended its 11 constitution in February of 1 to shift power from the president to the parliament and made additions regarding individual human rights.

State authorities need to ensure that minorities enjoy the fundamental right to equality, both in written legislation and in society. Actions taken by states to accomplish this include higher maximum penalties for racially motivated crimes, the use of ethnic monitoring and employment targets to ensure minorities are not underrepresented in various fields of work, and the establishment of human rights institutions and minority advisory bodies. Local governments, civic organizations, and non-governmental organizations are important in carrying out these tasks. For example, law enforcement officers, legal councils, and judges need to be aware of what constitutes racial discrimination and racially motivated crimes. Changing the composition of police forces may be appropriate to reflect the multi-ethnic communities they serve. Above all else, it is critical that minorities integrate themselves into their communities and take a proactive position towards ensuring their rights are fully recognized.

Although the measures available to governments are quite effective in combating minority prejudices, there are some special instances where these measures fail to protect an ethnic, linguistic, or religious group as a whole. When such a group is not isolated within a defined state boundary, instead the group is present in several states, difficulties may arise. While some governments and their respective societies may be able to protect such a group, others may not be able or willing to make any needed concessions. As a painful result, the need for international governance, or regulation beyond borders becomes necessary.

Analysis of the current state of affairs will give insight into the need for international protection of minority rights. The case of the Roma provides critical insight into the problems faced by the world today. The majority of the estimated ten million Roma, more commonly known as Gypsies, live primarily in Europe, and they make up the continent's largest minority group. Roma reside in other parts of the world as well, including North and South American, Australia, and India. At first, the Roma were generally well received in Europe, but their unfamiliar customs and "closed" society soon aroused widespread harassment. Dating back as early as 14, when the Christian conquest replaced Muslim rule in Spain, Roma have been a clear target for persecution and discrimination. This tendency towards ethnic hatred further developed in France and England, where government policy repressed the Roma to the point of being exiled. Beginning in the 15th century, the Hungarian and Romanian nobles went so far as to enslave the Roma, a trend that lasted for over four centuries.

Discrimination against Roma, however, intensified during World War II, when the Nazi's extended their persecution of Jews to include Roma as well. As many as 500,000 Roma perished in concentration camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau and Lublin-Majdanek. In post-war Europe, the Roma were subject to government-sponsored forced assimilation programs designed to deprive them of their distinctive language and culture. In France, their access to campsites has long been restricted in an attempt to force Roma to abandon their nomadic lifestyle. Attempts to assimilate Roma, ironically, have been countered by plans to segregate them as well. In the Czech Republic, for example, one municipality proposed the building of a four-meter high wall in order to separate Roma housing from the non-Roma community is a clear example of the attempt to disengage Roma communities. In Central and Eastern Europe, there has been a systematic routing of Roma children to "special" schools for the mentally disabled. Several European countries have policies barring Roma from restaurants, swimming pools, and discotheques. In addition, the geographic distribution of Roma throughout the world presents a considerable impediment for the Roma to overcome if they wish to enjoy basic human equality.

The case of the Roma presents a considerable dilemma in the fight against minority discrimination. Since inequalities in governmental policies and social environments afflict the Roma in so many countries, it appears that there is a need to confront the situation with the global Roma community in mind, instead of directing efforts to address individual Roma populations in each respective nation. Thus, the use of international governance may prove to be the best solution for combating social and institutionalized prejudice against minority groups, such as the Roma.

Born out of the horrors of the Holocaust, the United Nations is all too aware of the dangers of intolerance when it comes to minority groups. The United Nations and its agencies have advocated protecting and promoting minority rights and identities within multi-ethnic states. For example, the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, in 1 as a "point of reference" for the international community. It includes a list of rights that entitle minorities to enjoy and preserve their culture, participate in decisions at the national level, speak their own language, and worship in the religion of their choice, among others. States are requested to take an active role in the field of education to encourage public understanding of the history, language, and culture of minorities.

International organizations such as the United Nations and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) are capable of influencing government policy regarding minority rights in non-member states. If a country is known to neglect the rights of minorities within its borders, the organization will lobby the government for change. Economic sanctions may be imposed to halt economic trade between the nation and member countries. The United Nations may also limit financial aid to the country to force it to change its policies. If these methods do not work, the organization may go as far as to invade the nation to force changes with military force. Such was the case when NATO began a campaign of air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when it refused to accept an international peace plan that would have granted autonomy to the Yugoslav province of Kosovo. This was the home of many ethnic-Albanians suffering persecution by Serbian forces. As the Secretary General of the United Nations has said, "At both the human and the financial level, a culture of prevention is more beneficial than a culture of reaction." The main objective and contribution of the United Nations, in this respect, is to prevent conflicts before they happen.

Although international organizations such as the United Nations and NATO are effective in aiding in the protection of minorities across the globe, a debate arises over the actions of such organizations. Many people believe that the United Nations and its policies, for example, represent a brutal disregard for a nation's sovereignty. Even though each member nation must ratify UN resolutions in their own legislature for the policies to take full effect, many people believe nations are forced to accept United Nations policy to ensure membership in the UN and maintain good will with other countries. Despite these objections and criticism, human rights are a primary concern for these organizations, especially the United Nations. Minority rights must be protected to this extent in order to achieve equality in our global society. Countries that have pledged support of minorities within their borders have the moral obligation to ensure minorities outside their borders receive at least basic human equality. A nation's sovereignty should be sacrificed if the people within those borders, especially those representing visible minorities, are being neglected or persecuted.

In the 0th century, efforts by local, federal and international governments have been successful in laying the groundwork for ensuring equality among ethnic, linguistic, and religious minorities through legislation and guarantees of basic human freedoms (i.e. Constitutional assurances). As the next step, governments and civic organizations have taken steps to integrate minorities into society. Education, special interest groups, and political representation are a few of the measures taken to promote societal equality. However, none is more controversial than the proposal for affirmative action, or so-called "reverse racism (or discrimination)," in government and institutional policy.

Affirmative action is essentially an attempt to remedy the effects of past biases against racial minorities and women through programs of varying degrees of preference to minorities and women in admission, employment and advancement opportunities in government agencies, businesses, and universities. Supporters of affirmative action contend that it is a temporary measure used to assure fair treatment for members of groups historically subject to discrimination. Various programs are designed to bring minority groups' involvement in business and higher education up to par with their percentage composition in society. Critics, however, argue that affirmative action runs counter to the concept of a "color-blind" Constitution, violates the principle of advancement based on merit, aggravates racial and gender hostilities, and evokes feelings of inferiority in those affirmative action is designed to help. The debate over affirmative action is highly contested on both sides, and the fact that the United States Supreme Court has ruled in favor and against affirmative action on several occasions indicates that the debate will not be ended any time soon.

Personally, I am a member of a visible ethnic minority and I do not support any move towards affirmative action. Although I have not, members of my immediate and distant family have suffered considerable social and institutionalized racial discrimination in Canada, and countries around the world. I will admit that affirmative action is effective in increasing minority participation in business and universities, however, I feel affirmative action does not aid in the fight against racial and gender persecution. I sincerely hope that any future university entrance acceptances or corporate positions I may gain are based on merit and qualifications, not on membership with a visible minority group. Affirmative action is not the answer to promoting minority equality.

In conclusion, even though many governments in the world today still neglect the rights of minority groups within their boundaries, we have seen that discrimination and intolerance can be fought through the use of legislature and constitutional guarantees. Minorities and majorities alike, have the right to a meaningful life free from persecution. It is the moral responsibility for 'tolerant' nations such as Canada and the United States to become role models for the 1st century and take a proactive and defensive position for minority rights throughout the world.

With proper legislation protecting minority rights in place, the groundwork is laid to overcome the last major obstacle in the struggle for ethnic, religious, and linguistic equality social prejudice. Even though minorities in Canada and the United States are equal under the law, many suffer considerable hardships in society. It's a shame that it took a devastating attack on the United States that horrific morning of September 11th, for a nation with such a long history of social prejudice and intolerance to overcome their differences to stand up against a foreign enemy. The household slogan, "United We Stand," is faintly ironic in the sense that it took an outside attack for the United States to stand up against hatred and prejudice, when the attacks were coming from the inside for decades. I, for one, hope that more people realize this truth and that a lesson can be learned from this terrible tragedy.

Finally, government legislation and intervention can only go so far in the protection of minority rights. Programs to integrate minorities, such as affirmative action, may create more problems than they fix. Perhaps there is also a limit to what governments and civic organizations can offer for the elimination of social prejudice against minorities. They only solution I can offer is education. The more people know about differences in society, the more they will accept them. Enlightenment is the key to acceptance. Acceptance is the key to freedom.

Once again, freedom means diversity, but does diversity mean freedom?

I certainly hope so.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Minority Rights." The Boston Connection Newspaper. Retrieved from the World Wide Web, November , 00, http//www.caribbeancommunity.com/minorityrigths.html

"Roma." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 00. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved from the World Wide Web, November 17, 00, http//encarta.msn.com

Russell, Greg. "Constitutionalism America & Beyond." International Information Publications. Retrieved from the World Wide Web, November 17, 00, http//www.usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/democracy/dmpaper.htm

"Statement by HE Marjatta Rasi, Ambassador of Finland to the United Nations on Minority Rights." The Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations. Retrieved from the World Wide Web, November 1, 00, http//www.un.int/finland/speechd.html

"United Nations." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 00. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved from the World Wide Web, November 17, 00, http//encarta.msn.com

Yarbrough, Tinsley. "Protecting Minority Rights." International Information Publications. Retrieved from the World Wide Web, November 17, 00, http//www.usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/democracy/dmpaper11.htm

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The Great Gatsby's quest

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When you are in an university and want to stay in a dormitory, you will have to have a helpful roommate. A roommate is who you can trust and rely on. And to choose this kind of a roommate, you have be able to pick a roommate. To have academic success and spiritual success, you need to have a perfect roommate, and to get this kind of person, you should be able to pick his/her roommate.

Firstly, the person who you will be choosing will most likely have a common interest with you so there would not be very disagreements. If you have a roommate who has a totally different opinion and a vision, it is positively sure that you will not get a long with him/her for the rest of the school year, which will have a huge impact on the success.

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Last of all, the best roommate is a person who you can trust. You must have a true friend that you can trust so that you have no fear that he/she would not steal anything. By choosing a true friend you will be able to feel free. Also, you will not have an incompatible roommate if you are choosing a best friend that you have. In addition, you would not have to struggle knowing a new roommate if you can choose. Selecting a roommate insures that you have a person who you can trust. Order custom research paper on The Great Gatsby's quest

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In patriarchal religions, divinity is male; hence men see an image of themselves in the divine, while women are denied this identification with divinity. What are the cultural consequences of this?

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The ancient Middle East was the birthplace of Christianity and Islam; these faiths came to have an immense impact on human culture and religious beliefs. In one form or another religion is found in all societies, it has had a strong hold over men and women for thousands of years. All religions seem to have similar characteristics; these involve symbolism that evoke feelings of reverence and awe. This essay will explore the ancient history of Egyptian religion that can be linked to Christianity and Islam. It will show how patriarchal religion has been used for thousands of years to control the thoughts and actions of women, and how ancient scriptures have been re-written to serve the interests of men. It will consider and discuss comments and theoretical perspectives made by leading feminist writers, which include Karen Armstrong and Elaine Pagels and also text taken from The Nag Hammadi Library (10).

Ancient Egyptian religion, gave Egyptians a way to make sense of the world around them, it explained things they didn't understand, for example, the wind the sun and the darkness of night. They didn't have thousands of years of scientific knowledge to call upon, so if these things were not brought about by human intervention, they had to be super human, and therefor a God. This was usually in the image of a male.

Ancient Egyptian text recount several creation myths, the earliest and most widely known describes a dark watery primordial chaos. Out of this emptiness came a family of nine 'creator' Gods which brought forth everything in the universe. Three descendants of these were Isis, a fiercely protected mother Goddess, Osiris, God of the underworld and Seth, their ambitious brother. Osiris took his sister Isis as his Queen and they bore a son Horus. This suggests that incestuous relationships were considered normal and if Gods supported the act, Pharaohs could also. '…Osiris taught humankind how to build towns and temples he also laid down fair and just laws' (Cotterell & Storm 107) Whilst Isis '…helped Osiris civilise Egypt by teaching women how to grind corn, spin and weave'. (Ibid, p.) The women of the day had few deities to look up to; the ones they did were associated with fertility and nurturing. Religion then as now was used for social control and reflected women's social status, having said this, Isis was one of the Egyptians most revered Gods. The fundamental story of these three Gods is that Seth fought his brother Osiris and killed him. ' …When Isis heard what had happened to her husband and brother she was overcome with grief…she found his body and performed a magical ritual whereby she restored his body to life.' (Ibid 07) Nawal El Saadawi is an Egyptian feminist, and believes that this story clearly implies female superiority, but men have interpreted it very differently. She argues that the religions that were oppressive to women developed as monotheistic religions, which is a belief in one God rather than many, and became predominant and that these religions '…drew inspiration and guidance from the values of the patriarchal and class societies prevalent at the time'. (El Saadawi 180106) Female oppression is due to the patriarchal system and not necessarily due to religion although it has played its part. These three Gods became the major players in Egypt's central religious myth.

Not only were the Gods worshiped but also God Kings known as Pharaoh, they ruled over Egypt from around 100 BC, Pharaoh's in all dynasties believed themselves to be nothing less than divine. There were few female rulers, and no priestesses served in the temple, this contributed to and re-enforced the idea of male domination. Cleopatra was clearly the exception, who incidentally had only male advisors and courtiers. Her divine rule did absolutely nothing for women's social status. The same can be seen in the managerial positions that women hold in today's society. Once a woman has gained top position, which is difficult to do, she does not want nor need competition especially from another female. Therefore these rivals are kept to a minimum within the workforce. Custom writing service can write essays on In patriarchal religions, divinity is male; hence men see an image of themselves in the divine, while women are denied this identification with divinity. What are the cultural consequences of this?

Karen Armstrong argues that in many countries around the world there were few effigies of Gods as men, and as many societies developed religious beliefs, there were also many different Gods and Goddesses, and the Mother Goddess played a crucial role. She indicates that the same Goddess was known by different names in different countries and says she was;

' …absorbed into the pantheons of deities and

remained a powerful figure. She was called

I nanna in Sumner, in ancient Mesopotamia,

Ishtar in Babylon, Anat or Asherah in Canaan,

Isis in Egypt and Aphrodite in Greece. In all

these cultures people told remarkably similar

stories about her to exoress her role in their

spiritual lives.'

(Armstrong, 1 8)

She also argues that in some societies, women, within most religions have not always been subordinate, and in early history 'women were considered central to the spiritual quest' (Armstrong, 1). In the Middle East archaeologists have uncovered numerous symbols of the Great Mother Goddess. She was usually pictured as a naked pregnant woman this represented the mysteries of fertility and life and as Armstrong puts it

'The earth produced plants and nourished

them in rather the same way as a woman gave

birth to a child and fed it from her own body.

The magical power of the earth seemed vitally

interconnected with the mysterious creativity

of the female sex'

( Armstrong, 1 8 ).

She also implies that the position of women in religion began to decline due to war and invasions. The invaders brought with them male- oriented mythology and the Goddesses were replaced with powerful masculine deities. This began as early as the fourth century BC The final death of the Goddess came with the acceptance of monotheism. Von Kellenbach (14), a German feminist, criticises this belief and points out that there is no written historical record in any culture to suggest that there was a time when women were in a matriarchal paradise. The evidence rather suggests that in cultures where there were female goddesses, women were not given a greater role in society, in fact, the goddesses themselves had a lesser role than the gods.

Early in the first century Jesus of Nazareth began his first ministry and after he was crucified his followers fanned out across the empire sowing the seeds of a total transformation of belief, thus the Christian faith spread. Four hundred years would pass before this faith was accepted. This was a new monotheistic faith that took over the land, and this movement would spell ultimate doom for the Gods and Goddesses of the Pharaohs. There are many parallels between Egyptian religion and Christian teachings. The most striking similarities can be found in religious icons, such as Isis and her son Horus (the translation of this name means the one who is above) and the Christ child who sits on the lap of his mother Mary. This is also shown in the ancient Egyptian stories of the God Osiris who was killed and brought back to life and the story of Jesus who died on the cross and then miraculously resurrected. In the minds of the Egyptian Christians there would surely be parallels, this made it easier to accept a new belief and preserving Egyptian religious ideologies and traditions was a way of keeping control and maintained patriarchal beliefs and misrepresentations.

The Old Testament Bible in the first instance was translated from ancient texts, these being the writings of scholars of the time, as so was the New Testament. However in 145 in Upper Egypt a large number of primary Gnostic scriptures were unearthed which were once thought to have been completely destroyed by the early orthodox Christians; scriptures such as the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of truth. These are now referred to as The Nag Hammadi library. In many of these texts God is imaged as a unity of masculine and feminine elements, it is no wonder that the orthodox faith felt the need to rid society of these books. They tell quite a different story of Jesus and God. It says that Jesus prayed to the divine Father and Mother. These teachings obviously went against the patriarchal system prevalent at that time. It also tells of Mary Magdalene, they show her as an outspoken and trusted confidant of Jesus. She was one of his closest disciples, and to her he entrusted special teaching. They also suggest that Jesus had an emotional attachment with Mary.

'...the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. But Christ loved her more than all the disciples, and used to kiss her often on her mouth. The rest of the disciples were offended... They said to him, Why do you love her more than all of us? The Saviour answered and said to them, Why do I not love you as I love her?"'

(Gospel of Philip, 6- 64)

Pagels 18 xv

This is not so in the New Testament, she is depicted as a devoted but timid follower of Jesus and was associated with the unnamed sinner who anointed Jesus' feet in Luke 76-50. Mary the disciple and teacher had become Mary the repentant whore. This fiction was invented to undermine her influence and with it the appeal to her apostolic authority to support women in roles of leadership. This kind of ideology still appertains today in the Catholic Church, their reason for not allowing women to be ordained into the priesthood is, they say Jesus had no female disciples. Christian tradition has seriously damaged women's capacity to contribute fully to the faith.

In 1870 the Church of England formed a committee to do what had been done many, many times before this was to revise and update biblical texts. This committee contained no women, and according to Professor Karen King, this meant that texts could be re written and alternative traditions could be invented and that every variety of woman's leadership was eventually declared heretical and the evidence was erased or suppressed. Anthony Giddens argues that

'Christian religion is a resolutely male

affair in it's symbolism as well as its hierarchy.

While Mary the mother of Jesus, may sometimes

be treated as if she had divine qualities, God is

the father, a male figure and Jesus took the

human shape of a man. Woman is portrayed as

created from a rib taken from a man'.

(Giddens, 17 44)

There are many accounts of woman's association with the Devil; the story of the Fall in Genesis states that man was perfect before the fall. Eve is labelled as the temptress, the sinful one, and was the first to sin in the Garden of Eden. The serpent (the Devil) seduced her and then she seduced Adam into disobeying Gods wishes. Hence this burden has been on women ever since, and of course Adam did not reciprocate. God's judgement to Eve was

'and unto the woman he said, I will greatly

multiply thy sorrow and thy conception

and thy desire shall be to thy husband,

and he shall rule over thee.

(Genesis 16)

Many feminists and sociologists would scorn this verse and say that this was mans way of justifying women's place is society. There are many female characters in biblical stories but the prime parts are reserved for males. The texts do not indicate that at any time there were female disciples, and there is no female equivalent to Moses or any strong leading character. Thus women do not accept that they have leadership qualities.

Carlson Brown et al (18) argues 'that historical Christianity defined women as inferior, subordinate, and prone to the demonic' (p.7) and that these images have justified limitless violence against women whenever they crossed the male will at home or in society. The social consequence to this is that society assumes that when women are abused within marriage, that they themselves are responsible and have asked for it and therefore can receive no sympathy. The Catholic Church has much control over women's reproductive power, they decree that they should accept their pregnancies as God's will. This is all very well but the church is not willing to provide sustenance or money to ensure these children are well looked after. It is usually the mother who has to make the sacrifices. Their moral theology defines her sexuality as the debt of her body which she owes to her husband in the marriage contract. She is bound to serve him sexually, on demand, no matter what her own physical disposition may be. This again can be traced back to the old scriptures of how a man owned his wife. There have been many reactionaries who have resurrected the myth of women's inferiority based on their own interpretation of the Bible, so there must be an alternative way of interpreting scripture in a non sexist fashion.

This could take the form of Vertical inclusive language this is language that equally reflects both male and female aspects of God. Christian scripture and tradition has almost exclusively used masculine language, Father, Lord, King, He, despite the fact that Christian theology maintains that God has no gender. According to the theology, Gods divinity contains the perfections of both the male and female. However, because God revealed Gods self as male, Christianity has made masculine language normative in the description of God. Promoters of inclusive language argue that the use of masculine terms demonstrates and perpetuates patriarchy and sexism. Their solution would be the equal use of gendered terms. For example the use of Mother and She along with Father and He, and replacing of gendered terms with ungendered terms such as Parent and Monarch. Also, Jesus Christ could be called the Divine Child instead of Son of God. '…We must learn to speak to and about God in the feminine; …and we must learn to image God in female metaphors' (Schneiders 18670). This will enable future society to accept women as equals. The concerns of those who reject this idea say that inclusive language is political and is not a natural linguistic phenomenon. This kind of language is hard to maintain, as it has to be prompted.

The bible is a source of great influence, not only to Christians; the Old Testament influences other religions, for example Islam. The Qur'an sees itself as the culmination of the biblical tradition. Hence biblical attitudes towards women are important. Women's second-class status is very often related natural body functions, which are menstruation and pregnancy. For instance Muslim women are not allowed to touch the Qur'an, pray or visit the mosque whilst in either of these conditions. As women are in either of these conditions at least once a month, their social and psychological state must be at constant turmoil. Other written examples are the commandments revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai, which interestingly mention adultery twice. 'Thou shall not commit adultery' (Exodus 014) then a few verses later 'Thou shall not covert your neighbour's house; thou shall not covert your neighbours wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour' (Exodus 017). The repetition has a simple explanation, the first verse speaks of sexual immorality, while the second speaks of coveting one's neighbours property, among which wife is included. In ancient times slavery and marriage for women were albeit the same and women were often reduced to poverty. In today's society this also appertains, as the majority of Muslim wives are not expected to work. An explanation for this is, '…if a woman becomes self-sufficient and can singly support a family; resources from the father are no longer needed'. (Nassan, Z 186) This does become possible with industrialisation and where women do work, it has been blamed for the breakdown of traditional family structure, however families are not broken up by modern economy but by their patriarchal structures. Much of human history has been patriarchal, and patriarchy does tend to view women as property.

In conclusion, traditionally, religion does not seem to be good for women, and has tended to side with the status quo that keeps women in their place as being dutiful, domestic and dependent. The subjugation of women in this way helps maintain the belief that they are unequal, whilst men have the great advantage of having a God endorse the code he writes, and that code uses divine authority to support male dominance. Unfortunately, from a woman's perspective overcoming social injustices and human sacrifice are seen to be integral to spiritual life. Consequently no matter how much women have been devalued and subordinated, religion gives them the false belief that they will be rewarded in heaven for their suffering . After thousands of years the ideologies in patriarchal theology is deeply entrenched and it can be argued that without moral beliefs and shared values, there would be no social order and religion reinforces this. However scriptures have been re-written and re-invented by men for their gain, nevertheless what is man made can always be changed; and If women disapprove of a system, they must stay in it and change it. This will create a more balanced approach to life for both men and women in all creeds and denominations.

Bibliography.

Abdullah, Yusuf Ali; (18), The Meaning of The Holy Qur'an. Maryland Amana Corporation.

Armstrong, K; (1), The end of silence Women and the Priesthood. London Fourth Estate.

Carlson Brown,J & Bohn, C; (18), Christianity, Patriarchy and abuse A Feninist Critique. Canada Pilgrim Press

Cotterell, A, & Storm R; (1), The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology. Great Britain Anness Publishers Limited.

Daley, M; (185) The Church and the Second Sex. London Beacon Press.

De Beavuvoir, S; (15), The Second Sex. London David Campbell Publishers Ltd.

El Saadawi, N (180), The Hidden Face of Eve Women in the Arab World. London Zed books.

Giddens, A; (17), Sociology. rd Ed. Cambridge Polity Press.

Giddens, A; (001), Sociology. 4th Ed. Cambridge polity Press.

Haralambos and Holbourn, (000), Sociology. 5th Ed. London Harper and Collins Publishers limited.

King James Version, The Holy Bible. London Collins' Clear-type Press.

Pagels, E; (180), The Gnostic Gospels. London Wiedenfeld and Nicolson.

Robinson, J; (10), The Nag Hammadi Library. rd Ed. New York Harper Collins.

Von Kellenbach, (14) Anti Judaism in Religious Feminist Writing. Atlanta Scholar Press.

Please note that this sample paper on In patriarchal religions, divinity is male; hence men see an image of themselves in the divine, while women are denied this identification with divinity. What are the cultural consequences of this? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on In patriarchal religions, divinity is male; hence men see an image of themselves in the divine, while women are denied this identification with divinity. What are the cultural consequences of this?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on In patriarchal religions, divinity is male; hence men see an image of themselves in the divine, while women are denied this identification with divinity. What are the cultural consequences of this? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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