Abnormal psyc terms

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CHAPTER 1

· Personal and cultural points of view come into conflict to cause abnormal behavior.

· Myth of mental illness notion that rather than reflecting mental illness, abnormal behavior is simply different or wrong or a reasonable response to an unreasonable situation.

· Theorists believe that abnormal behavior is due to something wrong with society.Custom Essays on abnormal psyc terms

· It was originally believed that abnormal behavior was caused by evil or the devil.

· Look at diagram attached. (1.1)

· Trephination a procedure in which holes are dilled in the skull; thought to be used by Stone Age people to release the evil spirits that cause abnormal behavior

· Exorcism a treatment for mental illness that involves driving out the devil or evil spirits thought to cause disorder.

· Hippocrates an early Greek physician who proposed that abnormal behaviors resulted from the imbalance of humors (fluids) in the body.

· Humors fluids in the body, whose imbalance was thought by early Greeks to cause abnormal behavior.

· Asylums institutions developed primarily during the Age of Enlightenment in which the mentally ill could take refuge.

· Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem the first hospital specifically for the mentally ill-London

· Philippe Pinel a physician who began improving the conditions and care of mentally ill patients.

· William Tuke an English Quaker who founded a retreat for the mentally ill.

· Benjamin Rush a physician who introduced humane care of mental patients in the United States. Involved bleeding patients, mental illness was due to excessive blood to the brain.

· Dorothea Dix A New England school teacher who waged an active campaign to build mental hospitals in the U.S.

· Moral Treatment one of the first psychological treatments to be used for mental patients; it involved providing better living conditions for patients and treating them as normal individuals.

· Franz Mesmer a French Physician who believed that disorders were due to imbalances of magnetic fluids and who is considered to be the father of hypnosis.

· Mesmerism the original term for hypnosis

· Jean-Martin Charcot A French physician who thought that illnesses were due to a weak nervous system and treated them with hypnosis.

· Hysterical disorders physical disorders for which a physical cause cannot be found.

· Explanations for anxiety stress, learning, incorrect beliefs, physiology

· Sigmund Freud An early neurologist who suggested that abnormal behaviors were the result of stressful experiences that were stored in the unconscious and continues to influence the individual.

· Anna O. A patient who played an important role in Freud's thinking about the causes and treatments of abnormal behavior.

· Unconscious a portion of the mind in which anxiety-provoking memories are stored.

· Psychoanalysis developed by Freud, patient goes back over earlier experienced to find and understand the one that is causing current symptoms.

· Pavlov discovered Classical conditioning

· Thorndike identified operant conditioning

· Watson conditioning to understand and treatment of abnormal behavior in humans.

· Behavior therapy patients unlearn abnormal behaviors

· Beck cognitive therapy

· Cognitive therapy patients learn to replace incorrect beliefs with more accurate beliefs.

· Prehistoric evil spirits …..tortured to drive out spirit

· Greek and Roman physiological problems (humors)…..treated with diet and lifestyle change

· Dark Ages devil is thought to cause abnormal………mentally ill are persecuted or killed as witches

· The age of enlightenment protected in asylums and later in hospitals….due to emotional stress and strain….moral treatment

· The modern era chemical imbalances, structural problems, learning, incorrect beliefs, suggestibility, unconscious conflicts

· Black humor depression

· Yellow humor anxiety

· Blood humor rapid mood swings

· Phlegmatic humor dull or sluggishness

CHAPTER

· Stressor a situation that requires a major adjustment or something that could cause us stress.

· Stress negative emotion when something bothers us beyond our normal limits

· Expectancy theory of classical conditioning individuals come to realize that a stimulus predicts the occurrence of an event

· Exposure used for getting rid of fear where the stimulus is exposed to the fear but nothing bad is allowed to happen

· Group psychotherapy Family therapy Time-limited psychotherapy

· Horney a neo-freudian who believed that anxiety is due to interpersonal conflicts

· Jung a neo-Freudian who believed that we are influenced by a collective unconscious.

· Collective unconscious we have stored all of the experiences that occurred to our ancestors over the entire course of evolution.

· Compensation defense mechanisms through which we work extra hard to overcome some real or imagined weakness

· Intellectualization a defense mechanism through which we focus on the objective, non-emotional details of an otherwise emotional situation

· Neo-Freudians theorists who accepted Freud's basic ideas but differed with him over the question of what causes anxiety

· Adler a neo-Freudian who believed that we are influenced by our feelings of inferiority

· Structural approach to personality Freud's theory that the personality consists of id, superego, and ego, id.

· Pleasure principle concept controlling the id, which seeks immediate pleasure

· Unconscious the bottom level of personality, where we have stored anxiety-provoking memories or feelings that cannot be recalled but that continue to influence us.

· Preconscious The middle level of personality, where we have stored memories that can be recalled.

· Conscious top level of personality, which contains the thoughts and feelings of which we are aware at any time.

· Defense mechanism distort reality to avoid stress and reduce anxiety

· Repression defense mechanism through which we force anxiety provoking thoughts and feelings into the unconscious

· Suppression a defense mechanism through which we intentionally avoid thinking about anxiety-provoking material

· Denial reinterpret anxiety-provoking material to make it less threatening

· Projection attribute our personality characteristics to other people

· Object displacement we express a feeling toward one individual that should be expressed toward another

· Drive displacement we express one feeling (drive) instead of another one that is threatening

· Regression return to an earlier stage in life in which we were more secure and successful

· Identification take on the personal characteristics of another person

· Rationalization give a good reason instead of the real reason for a behavior

· Steps leading from stressors to abnormal behaviors

o Awareness and appraisal

§ Realize there Is a stressor and it poses danger

o Coping

§ Try to solve the problem constructively

o Stress

§ If coping fails, you experience the unpleasant physiological and psychological aspects of stress.

o Defense

§ To reduce stress, you may use defense mechanisms which can lead to abnormal behaviors

o Abnormal behaviors

§ Anxiety, depression, headaches, muscle tension

·

CHAPTER

· Cognitive approach- abnormal behaviors caused by incorrect beliefs

· Nerve tract-chain of neurons

· Pre-synaptic neuron the neuron from which a nerve impulse is leaving

· Post-synaptic neuron the neuron to which a nerve impulse is going

· Catabolism process of chemically breaking down neurotransmitters at the synapse

· Blocking agents chemical that fit into receptor sires on neurons and thereby block the entry of neurotransmitters.

· Inhibitory neuron a neuron that makes a connection with either a presynaptic or a postsynaptic neuron, whose firing inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses by that neuron.

· Hormones stimulate activity

· Genetics determine inherited characteristics

· Diasthesis-stress model notion that physiological factors such as genes can establish a predisposition to a disorder, which can then be triggered by stress

· Biological traumas physical injuries or disease, which often influence brain development or functioning.

· Koro a disorder that involves anxiety stemming from the belief that the genitalia are retracting into the abdomen and that the process will result in death

· Sociocultural approach the notion that social and cultural factors can play important roles in abnormal behavior

Chapter 4

· Diagnostic system systems used to group sets of symptoms into various disorders.

· DSM-IV-The manual containing the diagnostic system currently used in the U.S.

· Reliability degree to which an individual with a given set of symptoms will receive the same diagnosis when examined by different individuals or by the same individual at different times.

· Validity the degree to which an individual will receive the correct diagnosis

· Decision tree sets of questions about symptoms that eventually lead to diagnoses.

· Checklists of symptoms an alternative to diagnostic labels for rating individuals on various dimensions

· Structured interview an interview in which the interviewer follows a specific set of questions.

· Unstructured interview an interview in which the interviewer does not use a specific set of questions but instead follows leads as they come up.

· Objectivity personality tests tests of personality that consist of objective item or questions that individuals respond to.

· Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) revised version of a widely used objective test for assessing psychiatric disorders and personality

· MMPI-A used to diagnosis adolescents

· Projection an individuals attribution of his or her own personality characteristics and feelings to other people or to inanimate stimuli, such as inkblots

· Projective Personality Tests an individuals attribution of his or her own personality characteristics and feelings to other people or inanimate stimuli, such as inkblots.

· Rorscach Test a projective personality test in which the individual tells what he or she sees in a series of inkblots.

· Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A projective personality test in which the individual test in which the individual makes up stories about what is going on in a series of pictures.

· Incomplete sentences test a projective personality test in which an individual completes sentences such as "what makes me most hungry…."

· Draw-a-person test

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