Benjamin Franklin

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Exemplify how, when a man off a boat loses (or nearly loses) his life, that event is interpreted differently, but in ways consistent with their eras ideology, by Captain John Smith, William Bradford, and Ben Franklin.

Captain John Smith was a southern planter/colonial writer. He did not believe as much in the will of God and the whole belief that everything happened according to the Lord.

William Bradford on the other hand, described two different incidents with men overboard. One incident was with a mean and nasty sailor. The pilgrims were sick and hungry and the sailor did nothing but be mean to the people aboard the ship. Finally he died and was basically thrown overboard. That shows that God did not deem him worthy of life. His next example was of a pilgrim who fell overboard in a sea storm. He was somehow able to get back onto the ship and he became a Puritan after that, believing strongly in God and holding God as the reason he survived.

Finally, Ben Franklin wanted moral perfection. A man fell overboard because he was drunk and Franklin saved him because morally, thats the right thing to do.

4. Read the following excerpt from a letter written by the famous Eighteenth century American naturalist and scientist William Bartrum. Then, explain the ways in which this letter is typically neoclassic.

You query which of the tribes of Indians I have visited are the most polished in their religion, in their manners, in their language, and in their government. If adopting the manners and imitating the customs of the white people is to be termed as civilization, perhaps the Cherokees have made the greatest advance.

But I presume, if we are to form and establish our judgments from the opinions and rules laid down by the greatest doctors of morality, philosophers, and divines, either of the ancients or moderns, the Muscogulges must have approbation and engage our esteem.

Their religion is, perhaps, as pure as that which was in the beginning revealed to the first families of mankind. They have no notion or conception of any other God but the Great Spirit on high, the giver and taker away of the breath of life; which is as much as to say that eternal Supreme Being who created and governs the universe. They worship none else.

They pay a kind of homage to the sun, moon, and planets, as the mediators of ministers of the Great Spirit in dispensing His attributes for their comfort and well-being in this life. They have some religious rites and forms, which are managed by their priests or doctors, who have made the people believe, by their cunning and craft, that they have a supernatural spiritual communication with invisible spirits of good or evil, and that they have the power of good and evil. They make the people believe that, by conjuring, they can bring rain, fine weather, heat, cooling breezes, bring on or curse sickness, etc....

This letter is typically Neoclassic for several reasons. First of all, Bartrum confirms what he is saying out of experience. He looks to the Lord for truth on the subject matter hes writing about and he does not believe that what he believes is in fact the absolute truth. Religion is very important. He looks for consensus among authorities such as the greatest doctors of morality, philosophers, and divines especially those of ancient times. Secondly, Bartrum sees their religion as pure. He acknowledges their belief in the Great Spirit on high. He sees the fact that the Cherokee people believe in one God and that good is rewarded as evil in punished. Bartrum wrote this letter thinking like a Neoclassic, believing in the God above, seeing the Cherokee people living in a pure religion and he contrasted this religion to that of the very earliest times, the purest of all religions.

5. Contrast Benjamin Franklins approach to Moral Perfection in his Autobiography with your own approach to bad habits in your life.

Benjamin Franklin hoped to reach moral perfection in his eyes as well as in the Lords eyes. He knew that he could not rely on his own sense of reason and therefore chose to rely on ancient philosophers. He thought of all the things he wished to become or do without and made a list. Then he went about working on each one separately until he no longer had to think about it. To approach my bad habits in life, it would be more than just moral perfection. I believe that no one can be perfect in the eyes of God so I strive to try harder to do the right things than to look perfect all the time or act in a certain way.

7. The Neoclassicists believed that a perfect God could create only a perfect world which was governed by perfect natural laws. How did this belief in the natural laws governing man influence

(a) Michel-Gullaume Jean de Crevecoeurs explanation of why Americans love their country more than their fatherlands;

(b) Thomas Paines reasoning in the Crisis, No. 1 and

(c) Thomas Jeffersons reasoning in The Declaration of Independence.

(a) Michel-Gullaume Jean de Crevecoeurs explanation of why Americans love their country more than their fatherlands comes directly from the belief in natural laws. In the countries in which the Americans had come from, they were persecuted because of their beliefs, actions, or way they lived their lives. Now, in the New World, people felt they should be able to worship their God and believe in whatever they wanted to believe in. Crevecoeur explained that Americans love their new country more than their father lands for the basic reason that their new country offered more freedom and laws that were fair.

(b) Thomas Paines the Crisis, No. 1 spoke of freedom and its cost. In his nonfiction writing, he explains that God is still in control and he said that God will side with the Americans in the war against Britain for freedom because the Americans do well in their new world and are being persecuted anyway. Paine believes that a reaction to a threat on Americas natural laws is okay and that fighting back is the only just part about war.

(c) Thomas Jefferson believed heavily in the natural laws and the rights that the Americans should be entitled to. In his Declaration of Independence Jefferson spoke of the Americans God given right to happiness (soon). He said that if the British government did not grant them Gods items (rights), then they had the right to rebel. His declaration included a series of complaints again King George and how he had abused the Americans natural laws/rights.

Extra Credit

A. The neoclassicists held a basic distrust of the opinions of just one person, a few persons, even a minority. Briefly explain

(a) how Benjamin Franklins comments on Eating Fish in his Autobiography show this distrust and

(b) how this belief might have enhanced the persuasiveness of Thomas Paines attack on the opinion of the Amboy tavern owner in the Crisis, No. 1.

a. Benjamin Franklin

b. Thomas Paines the Crisis, No. 1 suggested the ideas of a basic neoclassic. The Amboy owner is a Tory and Paine believes that he should care more about America and be less loyal to Britain, the country causing all the problems in the New World.

B. Very briefly describe the frontiersman as Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecouer describes him.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecouer describes the frontiersman as wild and lawless. He describes them as having experienced misfortune and now looking for a new beginning in the northern woods. Frontiersmen are lazy, greedy, and in debt. They have no government and they live off wild animals. He explains, however, that in 10-1 years they will become more civilized.

C. What common notion about America was originated by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur?

He expressed the notion that no matter where each American came from and no matter what his beliefs were or where he resided in the new world, each man (and woman) loved their country dearly. He developed the theory that America was a great melting pot, a blend of nations. He explained the coming of the people to America as a scientific experience; that people came to the New World leaving behind prejudices and customs to begin with new laws and a new government.

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