IROQUOIS (The Iroquois Confederacy is comprised of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora)

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IROQUOIS BIOGRAPHIES

Bonvillain, Nancy. Hiawatha Founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. New York Chelsea House Publishers; 1. 118 pages. (North American Indians of Achievement). (secondary).

This is a biography of Hiawatha, the Iroquois leader who united the independent nations of the Iroquois into one confederacy. The laws and rituals associated with the confederacy are discussed, as is its power from the 17th through the 0th centuries. Includes a chronology, a reading list, and an index.

Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Hiawatha Messenger of Peace. New York, NY Margaret K. McElderry Books; 1. 5 pages. (elementary) .

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This is a well-written account of the life of Hiawatha, the Iroquois leader who founded the national government that united the five Iroquois tribes in the 15th century. The early events of Hiawathas childhood are recreated based on accounts of traditional Iroquois life, and frequently the book incorporates more than one interpretation of events in his life. Regarding Iroquois influences on the U.S. Constitution, the author states, ...many historians claim that all Americans live according to some of Hiawathas and the Peacemakers ideas. Illustrated with a map and many photographs, including paintings by contemporary Iroquois artists. Includes a bibliography and an index.

Josephy, Alvin M. Jr. The Patriot Chiefs A Chronicle of American Indian Resistance. New York, NY Penguin Books; 161. 64 pages. (secondary).

This book describes the life stories of nine outstanding leaders in the Indian resistance movement, from different times, places, and nations. The author explains that While this is not a history of American Indians...the subjects were selected to provide variety in Indian backgrounds and culture, geographic areas and historic periods, and particular large-scale problems that led to crises and conflicts. Arranged chronologically, they help to convey in ordered sense a narrative outline of much Indian history. Although it was published 0 years ago, this book remains one of the best written and most readable books of its kind. Included are biographies of Hiawatha, King Philip, Pope, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Osceola, Black Hawk, Crazy Horse, and Chief Joseph.

McClard, Megan; Ypsilantis, George Riccio, Frank, illus. Hiawatha. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Silver Burdett Press; 18. 1 pages. (Alvin Josephy, Gen. Ed. Alvin Josephys Biography Series on American Indians). (upper elementary/secondary).

This biography of Hiawatha describes how this Iroquois leader was instrumental in establishing peace and union among the Six Nations of the Iroquois, through formation of the Iroquois League. The importance of wampum as a record of law and history in association with the League is also discussed. The book describes the early part of Hiawathas life based on oral traditions, since there are no written historical records. Includes black-and-white drawings.

IROQUOIS TRADITIONAL STORIES

Bierhorst, John; Parker, Robert Andrew, illus. The Woman Who Fell From the Sky the Iroquois Story of Creation. New York, NY William Morrow and Company, Inc.; 1. 8 pages. (lower elementary).

Sources are cited for this version of the Iroquois story of the sky woman and the creation of the world. This story explaining why there are two minds in the universe--one hard, and one that is gentle--may be complicated for young readers, for whom it is intended. Illustrated with beautiful full-page, color paintings. e/star/Iroquois/Northeast/legend.

Bierhorst, John ed.; Zimmer, Dirk, illus. The Naked Bear, Folktales of the Iroquois. New York, NY William Morrow & Co.; 187. 115 pages. (lower and upper elementary).

This collection contains sixteen Iroquois folktales retold in simple language suitable for elementary students. According to the introduction, the happy endings and the sense of evil punished and virtue rewarded in these stories, collected 1880--180, reflect 00 years of European influence. Accompanying notes explain cultural information that may be unfamiliar to readers. The illustrations tend toward cartoon-like caricatures, detracting from the editors apparent concern for accuracy. Includes a bibliography.

IROQUOIS NON-FICTION

Chadwick, Edward Marion. The People of the Longhouse. Toronto, Canada The Church of England Publishing Co., 187. 166 pages. (secondary).

This book, describing the history of the Iroquois from the creation of the League of Nations to the time of the books printing (187), opens with the following statement Unlike most Indian Nations, whose history is generally little more than vague tradition, interesting to few but ethnologists and other scientists, the People of the Longhouse, Iroquois, or Six Nations...possess a reliable history of respectable antiquity.... Following this, the author explains that the book neither pretends to be exhaustive nor attempts to deal with the wider subjects of Indian origin, life, and customs generally...no especial claim to originality is made by the writer, for much of this work is founded upon the authorities mentioned.... Like other books of this period, the information it contains, some useful in an historical context, is tainted with the Eurocentric attitudes and stereotypes of the period. For example, when describing the traditional longhouse dwellings of the Iroquois, the author states As the people advanced in civilization their primitive long houses became gradually superseded by separate dwellings, more in accordance with the manner of their white neighbours.... The book covers subjects from history and territory, to information on chiefs, laws, marriage, customs, dress, dances, clans and totems, and detailed lists of personal names. The book also contains a reprint of a paper titled, Remarks on the Indian Character. Includes black-and-white illustrations and photographs, a pronunciation guide, and an index.

Cutler, Ebbitt; Johnson, Bruce, illus. I Once Knew an Indian Woman. Boston, MA Tundra Books; 185. 7 pages. (secondary).

This book describes a Canadian womans recollections of an Iroquois woman, Madame Dey, whom she saw on summer vacations in the late 10s-10s. Madame Dey emerges as an exceptional person, who sticks to her values, rising above the world of pettiness that surrounds her.

Doherty, Craig; Doherty, Katherine M. The Iroquois. New York, NY Franklin Watts; 11. 64 pages. (upper elementary).

The focus of this Iroquois ethnography is on traditional life, the book covers such topics as subsistence, religion, daily life, and the Iroquois League. Because of the use of the past tense, it is not always clear whether the activities described are still being practiced today. Little more than one page is devoted to contemporary life. Unfortunately, the book uses reproductions of old prints that are not informative and tend to reinforce stereotypes. The relationship between the text and the illustrations is not clear.

Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois. New York, NY Chelsea House; 188. 18 pages. (Frank W. Porter, III, Gen. Ed. Indians of North America). (upper elementary/secondary).

This description of the Iroquois who traditionally lived in what is now upstate New York discusses the origin and formation of the League of the Iroquois, traditional life, the effects of Euroamerican contact and economy on the Iroquois, and the devastating series of wars with other tribes on their western and southern borders. The book also describes the impact of the American Revolution on the Iroquois, the reservation period and the accompanying social, political, and military decline of the Confederacy, and the development of the longhouse religion founded by prophet Handsome Lake. Effects of the removal policy and continued loss of land through federal and state pressures are documented, as are recent attempts of the modern Iroquois to make the transition to a new economic system while continuing to fight for their land and rights. Illustrated with archival photographs, maps, and a color photographic essay on Iroquois false-face and husk face masks. It is important to note that many American Indians find depicting masks and using them for classroom activities offensive. Includes a glossary and an index.

Hill, Bruce; Gillen, Ian; MacNaughton, Glenda. Six Nations Reserve. Markham, Ontario Fitzhenry & Whiteside; 187. 64 pages. (Inside Communities Series). (elementary) .

This short, well-organized presentation about the Six Nations Iroquois Reserve in Ontario, Canada is told as a first-person narrative by Carla, a fictitious Onondaga girl. The book describes contemporary life on the reserve and provides some historical information on the Iroquois. Thoughtful discussion questions for students are included. Illustrated with profuse black-and-white photographs of the reserve that give a feeling for contemporary life.

Hofsinde, Robert (Gray-Wolf ); Hofsinde, Robert, illus. Indian Costumes. New York, NY William Morrow and Company; 168. 4 pages. (upper elementary).

This simple reference on the traditional dress of various American Indian tribes makes distinctions between clothing used for everyday purposes, warfare, and ceremonial occasions. White the author uses the word costume, more appropriate would be the terms clothing, dress, and regalia. Stereotypical Indian dress is a popular costume for Halloween and western movies. Includes detailed black-and-white illustrations.

Hofsinde, Robert; Hofsinde, Robert, illus. Indian Warriors and their Weapons. New York, NY William Morrow & Co.; 165. 6 pages. (upper elementary).

The weapons, fighting methods, clothing, and charms worn for battle of seven representative tribes---the Ojibwa, Iroquois, Sioux, Blackfeet, Apache, Navajo, and Crow---are the focus of this book. There is very little discussion of the causes for warfare, or the historical context in which wars were fought. Illustrated with black-and white-ink drawings of traditional dress and weapons.

Job, Kenneth; Whitman, Shirley, illus. Indians in New York State. King of Prussia, PA In Education, Inc.; 18. 47 pages. (elementary) ?.

Short chapters describe traditional Iroquois lifeways and history up to the Revolutionary War. The Iroquois are compared and contrasted with their Algonquian neighbors. Each chapter is followed by suggested activities and multiple choice questions on the reading. The text contains spelling errors (i.e. chief Powhatan is misspelled two different ways) and generalizations, such as an explanation of the term Indian file. The writing style is problematic, including frequent use of italicized words and exclamation marks.

Wheeler, M. J.; Houston, James, illus. First Came the Indians. New York Atheneum; 18. 6 pages. (lower elementary).

This book contains simplistic and short descriptions of the Creek, Iroquois, Ojibwa, Sioux, Makah, and Hopi. In the two-page section titled Indians Now, the author emphasizes that American Indians live much like other Americans in rural and urban areas, are employed in a variety of occupations, and hold on to many of their traditions. Includes black-and-red illustrations.

Wolfson, Evelyn. The Iroquois People of the Northeast. Brookfield, CT Millbrook Press; 1. 64 pages. (upper elementary).

This historical overview of the Iroquois describes traditional life, the French and Indian Wars, the establishment of reservations, and the Iroquois Confederacy today. The book opens with Facts About the Iroquois, a summary of Iroquois life written in the past tense that gives the false impression that there are no Iroquois today. While the historical perspective documents events and changes to Iroquois culture, it does not capture the dynamic nature of Iroquois culture change and adaptation are not presented in positive ways. The section on the Confederacy today discusses politics, but not the contemporary everyday life of the Iroquois. Illustrated with many fine color reprints, drawings, photographs, and maps. Includes a section on important dates in Iroquois history, a glossary, bibliography, and index.

IROQUOIS FICTION

Baker, Betty; Lobel, Arnold, illus. Little Runner of the Longhouse. New York, NY Harper C Child books; 18. 6 pages. (I Can Read). (lower elementary) ?.

This is the story of Little Runner, who wishes to participate in a False Face ceremony to earn freshly gathered maple syrup. This story has no basis in Iroquois culture. Little Runners reference to the False Faces as funny masks, and his capricious response towards them, leads one to question the accuracy of the cultural attitudes presented in the story. The illustrations are stereotypical; for instance, adults have hooked noses.

Banks, Lynne Reid. The Indian in the Cupboard. Garden City, NY Cornerstone Books; 188. 1 pages. (upper elementary) ?.

A nine year-old English boy, Omri, receives a plastic American Indian toy, a cupboard, and a key for his birthday, and finds himself in an adventure when the toy comes to life. The book objectifies American Indians and is replete with stereotypical attitudes. Little Bear, the Indian, speaks Hollywood Indian, for example, 'You touch, I kill, the Indian growled ferociously. Although this book is popular with children and educators, its offensive treatment of American Indians makes for inappropriate reading.

Banks, Lynn Reid; Geldart, William, illus. Return of the Indian. Garden City, NY Scholastic Inc.; 188. 1 pages. (upper elementary) ?.

In this sequel to The Indian in the Cupboard, Omri finds Little Bear (the plastic toy Indian) close to death and in need of help. Like the original book, it abounds with stereotypes, for example 'Astonishing these primitives, said Matron. 'Perfect control over the body. None over the emotions. Includes black-and-white illustrations.

Banks, Lynne Reid; Philpot, Graham, illus. The Secret of the Indian. London, England William Collins Sons & Co., Ltd.; 18. 144 pages. (upper elementary) ?.

In this story, Omri engages in adventures with his plastic toys---Little Bull, son of an Iroquois chief, and Boone, a Texas cowboy---who come to life in contemporary England. Omri and his friend Patrick, who temporarily goes back in time to the wild West, find it increasingly difficult to keep their family from learning their secret. As with all the books in this series, Omri is presented as the powerful controller who determines the fate of the Indian characters, who must look to Omri for all their needs. Stereotypical language is pervasive in the book, such as when Little Bull says, Omri wake! Day come! Much need do!.

Girion, Barbara. Indian Summer. New York, NY Scholastic Inc.; 10. 18 pages. (secondary).

Teenaged Joni and her family accompany her pediatrician father to the Woodland Reservation for a month during the summer in this contemporary story. On the reservation she meets Sarah Birdsong, an Iroquois girl. Although both girls are skeptical of one another and their differing cultures, they slowly learn to understand and appreciate their differences during their summer together.

Katz, Welwyn Wilton. False Face. New York, NY Dell; 10 Mar. 176 pages. (upper elementary).

The action in this fictional story set in contemporary London, Ontario, centers around the discovery of two ancient Iroquois False Face masks. The masks, which retain their power to inflict or divert ill, cause conflict between the thirteen-year-old heroine, Lanie, and her mother. All characters in the story are non-Native, with the exception of Lanies friend, Tom, who is half-Iroquois. Only Tom recognizes the dangers of the masks and eventually returns them to the bog where they were found. The story is well-written, fast-paced, and exciting, and introduces the issues of repatriation and Indian and non-Indian prejudice. However, the use of the masks as the basis for an exciting adventure story demeans their sacred character.

IROQUOIS MOHAWK BIOGRAPHY

Bolton, Jonathan, and Wilson, Claire. Joseph Brant Mohawk Chief. New York, NY Chelsea House; 1. 10 pages. (Liz Sonnenborn, Series Ed. North American Indians of Achievement) (secondary)

This is an informative biography of Joseph Brant (174--1807), the Mohawk leader who represented his people to their British allies. Brant sought to protect Iroquois lands from being taken over by Euroamericans. He was a leader in an alliance of midwestern and southern tribes to battle the spread of non-Indian settlers, and successfully negotiated with the British to secure land for the Iroquois in Canada. No cultural information is included in the biography. An introductory essay on American Indian leadership outlines the differing characteristics necessary for successful leadership. Illustrated with reproductions of black-and-white prints and maps. Includes suggestions for further reading, a chronology of the life of Joseph Brant, and an index.

IROQUOIS MOHAWK NON-FICTION

Bonvillain, Nancy. The Mohawk. New York, NY Chelsea House; 1. 11 pages. (Frank W. Porter, III, Gen. Ed. Indians of North America). (upper elementary/secondary).

This comprehensive guide examines the Mohawks history from earliest origins to the present. A Northeast longhouse culture, the Mohawk originally lived in the area that is present-day eastern New York State. The book includes information on Early, Middle, and Late Woodland cultures, Iroquoian history, settlement areas, traditional activities, contact with Europeans and Americans in the 18th and 1th centuries, and the Handsome Lake religion. A final section discusses the lives of contemporary Iroquois. Includes a bibliography, Mohawk-at-a-Glance, a glossary, and index. Illustrated with archival and contemporary black-and-white photographs, maps, and illustrations.

Duvall, Jill. The Mohawk. Chicago, IL Childrens Press; 11. 45 pages. (A New True Book). (lower elementary).

This short, easy-to-read description of the Mohawk covers social and political history including the importance and use of wampum and the Great Law of Peace and how it influenced the U.S. Constitution. Illustrated with maps, paintings, archival and contemporary color and black-and-white photographs. Includes a glossary and an index.

IROQUOIS MOHAWK FICTION

Peck, Robert Newton. Fawn. Boston Little, Brown and Company; 175. 14 pages. (secondary).

Sixteen-year-old Fawn, the son of a French Jesuit and grandson of a Mohawk warrior, witnesses the battle between the French and the English at Fort Ticonderoga in 1758. While the Mohawk have aligned themselves with the English and the Huron with the French, Fawn does not choose sides. He believes only the American Indians have a right to the land for which the Europeans are fighting over. Fawn saves the life of young colonist Ben[edict] Arnold from Connecticut, who in turn advises him on the movement of the English, so that Fawn can help his father who has chosen to fight along with the French. This is a story of a young boy who reaches his manhood and tells his father to return to France, while he joins Ben in Connecticut to learn to farm. The dialogue in this book is unrealistic and trite.

Peck, Robert Newton. Jo Silver. Englewood, FL Pineapple Press; 185. 1 pages. (secondary).

Sixteen year-old Kenny Matson hikes alone into the Adirondack wilderness in upstate New York in the hopes of finding Jo Silver Fox, a Mohawk writer-turned-hermit, whose work he admires. He finds the author, now a blind elderly woman living alone in the mountains, and spends several days with her. Through a mystical connection, Jo feels that Kenny is, in spirit, her daughter who died in childhood, as well as the link connecting Jos soul to that of Kennys prep school teacher Dr. Gray. 'Yesterday...she said, 'I called you my spiritual daughter...because no sooner had you arrived...I knew you were my lanyard...linking me to a past from which I ran. But more, connecting me to a third person. Someone whose face is only a blur. A face with no name. The book presents little accurate information on American Indians. At one point, Jo tells Kenny, 'In case you havent heard, we Mohawks are obsolete. Dinosaurs of yesterday. And the improbable mystical link between the characters is another example of stereotyping American Indians as close to nature and spiritual. Not recommended as a source of information on American Indians.

IROQUOIS SENECA TRADITIONAL STORIES

Powell, Mary, ed.; Reade, Deborah, illus. Wolf Tales Native American Childrens Stories. Santa Fe, NM Ancient City Press; 1. 8 pages. (elementary).

These short stories from the Cherokee, Omaha, Seneca, Pawnee, Tlingit, Sioux, and Tsimshian describe the special attributes and power of the wolf and its interaction with other animals, including humans. Following each story is information, adapted for young children, on the historical and contemporary location of the tribe. Sources are provided for each of the stories. Illustrated with black-and-white and monotone drawings.

IROQUOIS SENECA NON-FICTION

Duvall, Jill. The Seneca. Chicago, IL Childrens Press; 11. 45 pages. (A New True Book). (lower elementary).

This is a short, easy-to-read description of the traditional life and political history of the Seneca. A few pages are devoted to Ely S. Parker, the first sachem of the Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse), who later was appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by President Ulysses S. Grant. Illustrated with black-and-white archival and contemporary photographs. Includes a glossary and index.

IROQUOIS SENECA FICTION

Porter, Donald Clayton. The White Indian Series. Reprint of 180 ed. Boston, MA Bantam; 184. (secondary) ?.

This series of seven novels relates the story of Renno, the son of white settlers, who is adopted into an Iroquois tribe when his settlement is raided in the late 17th century. The books describe Renno as extraordinary, unique, and possessing godlike qualities, and repeatedly emphasize, in both subtle and blatant fashion, how his white blood makes him somehow superior to the American Indians with whom he lives. When Rennos mother encourages him to marry in War Chief, book three of the series, Renno wanted to protest that he knew virtually every eligible young woman in the entire Seneca nation and wasnt interested in any. When he does decide to wed, it is to a white woman. Although somewhat disturbed by Rennos American Indian upbringing, the bride-to-bes mother reassures herself that the questionable Renno is acceptable as a husband for her daughter, because he was reared an Indian, to be sure, but its plain he was the son of colonists.... The books use stereotypical references such as savage, primitive, hot-blooded, and Indian phlegm when describing Indian characteristics.

http//www.kstrom.net/isk/stars/starmenu.html

It was white men (discovering it at the end of the 1th century) who named it Medicine Wheel, terminology they applied to anything Indian observed or told them they didnt understand. White men of the Sheridan Chamber of Commerce -- particularly as tourism in the Bighorn National Forest got underway as economically significant to the town -- made a huge mystery of it, and ignored the fact that there are at least 40 other wheels on the high plains (mostly in Canada), as well as some sites far removed, both spatially and culturally.

One of these (Cahokia in Ohio) has been called An American Woodhenge because of similar astronomical sightings from a large circle of postholes, all that remains. The -henge and the interest of astronomers in solar, lunar and star sighting relationships, comes from a 160s analysis of the famous Stonehenge in England. In the late 160s British astronomer G.S. Hawkins showed with astronomical computations that the ancient circle of huge megaliths was a solar-lunar and stellar analog computer made by pre-historic Celtic tribespeople. This gave Eddy, then an astronomer (whose speciality was the sun) at the High Altitude Observatory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, near Boulder, Colorado, the idea to make an exact survey of the Bighorn wheel, and observations and computations following the methods used by Hawkins. To see if the rocks, the mountain, sun, stars and the spatial directions could tell us something people have long forgotten. He found that they could, that nature itself speaks to those who know how to interpret, via astronomy, geometry, and mathematics. Generally, the methods used -- at least until the excitement this discovery occasioned -- are not known to anthros.

was supplied by the U.S. Forest Service Bighorn district office is taken (probably in the late 170s) looking due east (there is a red east marker at the edge of the windswept bare shoulders stepped drop-off). Snow is still visible on the distant ridges and forest below, but has been blown clear of the shoulder here. The wheel is about 0 feet in diameter, though its not a perfect circle. The central cairn (solar backsight) is about 1 feet in diameter. It was about 4 feet tall when I visited it in 178. The sunrise sighting cairn is at the lower right from this photo angle, separated from the wheels rim by a 1 foot spoke extension. It is U-shaped, longer than wide, and open at the end toward the circles center. You can stand or sit in this cairn -- I slept in it, lying stretched out in my sleeping bag, then I sat up -- to sight the solstice rising sun along the spoke and through an old dead branch I placed in the central cairn. Behind you will be a steep precipice, down to the Bighorn River valley, across which there are visible snowy summits of high peaks that bound Yellowstone National Park, 100 miles away. On the front lower left of the wheel is the starsight cairn. Across the rim, on its eastern side, are the cairns used as backsights for sighting the dawn-rising stars Aldebaran, Rigel, and Sirius, as calculated and discovered by astronomer John Eddy in 17-4. At the right is a cairn that lines up with dawn-rising of the southern bright star Fomalhaut, as discovered by Jack A. Robinson, in 180.

The ancient geology of Medicine Mountain has formed a very special place, perhaps unique in all the world. Regardless of when the Wheel was built up there, there is every likelihood it has always been sacred to Native peoples, because its special character, an acient sacredness long predating the existence of humankind and even animals, can be felt. Thats probably why the Wheel was built there, actually.

Tourist desecrations might have been worse, probably would have been, except for years of determined protective efforts by the Medicine Wheel Alliance, an organization that got its start through the Northern Cheyenne Cultural Commission. In 188, the Forest Service made a developmental proposal for the wheel, which was protested by people from Northern Cheyenne, Crow, Arapaho, Sioux, and Blackfeet tribes, who later formed the protective organization.

Anthros seem mainly to have asked the Crow about the wheel (their reservation in Montana is nearest, and there is a small, damaged wheel near Fort Smith on their present rez land), Northern Cheyenne may know more about it. The Wheel figures in an unsuccessful treaty-based land claim filed by the Northern Cheyenne in 1, just inside (its shoulder precipice forming part of) the boundary of land including the Bighorns and Powder River country they maintained the U.S. took illegally).

According to Northern Cheyenne Bill Tall Bull in 188, Ive had to hide myself up there (from the Forest Service) while conducting ceremonial prayers on the mountain. Rangers have been known to kick Indians off the mountain. Many times I had to hide from them and the tourists while there for prayer.How sad, when I head this, just 10 years after I was up there all alone, it wasnt famous then

After my night alone up there seeing the solstice sun rise right on the ancient altars lineup I went to the home of a traditional woman elder friend at the nearby Northern Cheyenne rez. No one there could tell me much about it, then, except that It was up there that the instructions were given for the first Sun Dance. The Wheel itself was said to be those instructions.

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